Organic Acids and Meat Preservation: A Review

Despite the application of various preservation methods, many problems are still encountered as a result of food spoilage and food poisoning. There is increasing demand for foods produced with milder treatments, and the movement towards more natural and even certified organic foods has been the fastest growing sector of the food industry over the last decade. The interest in bio-preservation of food systems has necessitated the development of new natural antimicrobial compounds from different origins, and in response to modern consumer trends and food legislation, the food industry is faced with serious challenges. Both conventional and organic modes of production are at risk of contamination, but it is possible that organic food might present a bigger problem. Organic acids have been of considerable value as food preservatives since they are also food ingredients and often naturally produced by microorganisms. However, limited data on their effects in commercial practice are available, and despite regulatory approval, organic acids are not widely accepted in commercial practice, and in particular in meat decontamination.

Susceptibility of microorganisms to the most currently used preservatives has been decreasing, and there is concern that decontamination with organic acids could result in the emergence of acid-tolerant food-borne pathogens, evolving to overcome the protective barrier of the human gastric stomach. In the evaluation and integration of new processing/preservation treatments, research objectives would have to include the identification of specific targets of organic acids—understanding the molecular mechanisms that confer high level resistance and analysing pathogen response to antimicrobials. This article provides an overview of various studies done on organic acids as preservatives and highlights aspects such as application, antimicrobial action, and future prospects. Other important issues, such as the application of functional genomics in developing new preservation methods, resistance development, and conventional laboratory procedures are also discussed.     

Evaluation of Natural Antimicrobials on Typical Meat Spoilage Bacteria In Vitro and in Vacuum-Packed Pork Meat

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of natural antimicrobials on the growth of typical spoilage bacteria from marinated pork. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of thymol, cinnamaldehyde, allyl isothiocyanate, citric acid, ascorbic acid, a rosemary extract, and a grapefruit seed extract against Lactobacillus algidus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Leuconostoc carnosum, Carnobacterium maltaromaticum, Carnobacterium divergens, Brochothrix thermosphacta, and Serratia proteamaculans were determined in a microplate assay. Combinations of antimicrobials were tested and several combinations showed synergistic effects in inhibiting bacterial growth. Single and combined antimicrobials were added to vacuum-packed pork meat to evaluate preserving effects. Antimicrobial concentrations of up to 10 times the MIC values showed no effect on total bacterial growth in vacuum packed pork meaning that although most antimicrobials inhibited the growth of spoilage bacteria in vitro, results from the microplate assay could not be transferred to the meat system. Most natural antimicrobials possess strong odor and flavor that limit their use as a food preservative. In conclusion, this study showed that the use of natural antimicrobials in meat products is limited and that bacterial quality and shelf life was not enhanced under the chosen conditions.     

天然保鲜剂在肉类食品保鲜中的应用与展望

我国肉类食品的保鲜问题一直是限制其发展的一个重要因素,而化学保鲜剂的使用又使人们的健康受到威胁。要使我国肉类食品生产走集风味和安全于一体的路线,有必要采用天然保鲜剂。天然保鲜剂具有无毒、高效、抑菌谱广等特点,本文介绍几种新型天然保鲜剂的理化性质、抑菌谱、抑菌原理,简述它们目前在肉类食品保鲜中的研究及应用情况,进而对我国肉类食品天然保鲜剂的发展前景进行展望。     

纳米技术在肉类保鲜中的应用研究进展

肉品保鲜技术能够延缓肉品氧化反应及其腐败变质,提高肉品品质和安全性。常用的保鲜方法可分为物理保鲜方法和化学保鲜方法,其中物理保鲜技术是一种有效抑制细菌或杀死细菌的保鲜方法,然而其成本高、操作复杂、难以把控;化学保鲜方法成本低、保鲜效果好,但存在潜在毒性等问题。纳米材料因其特殊结构引起表面效应、小尺寸效应、量子尺寸效应和宏观量子隧道效应的特性可减少保鲜剂的使用,并提高保鲜剂的作用效果。纳米技术在肉类保鲜中已有应用并呈现良好保鲜效果,因此利用纳米技术有望开发出低成本、高效、安全的保鲜方法。本文对肉品保鲜中常用纳米技术进行介绍,综述纳米技术在肉类保鲜中的应用,并对纳米技术在肉类保鲜中的应用进行展望。     

天然抗菌剂纳米乳液的制备、抑菌机理及在肉类保鲜中的应用研究进展

肉类富含蛋白质、脂肪等营养物质,在加工或贮藏过程中易受到微生物的污染而发生腐败变质。天然抗菌剂作为一种肉类保鲜剂,因具有良好的抑菌活性、安全性及生物可降解性而受到广泛关注。然而,有些天然抗菌剂具有高挥发性、低水溶性、热不稳定等缺陷,导致其在肉类保鲜中的应用受到局限。纳米乳液作为一种包埋系统,能够将天然抗菌剂包埋在其内部,以提高天然抗菌剂的稳定性和抑菌活性,并改善天然抗菌剂的释放性能,从而缓解天然抗菌剂的局限性。本文综述天然抗菌剂纳米乳液的构成和制备方法,并在此基础上进一步论述天然抗菌剂纳米乳液的抑菌机理与优势以及天然抗菌剂纳米乳液在肉类保鲜中的研究进展,以期为天然抗菌剂纳米乳液在肉类保鲜中的应用提供理论基础和实践指导。     

External Concentration of Organic Acid Anions and pH: Key Independent Variables for Studying How Organic Acids Inhibit Growth of Bacteria in Mildly Acidic Foods

ABSTRACT:  Although the mechanisms by which organic acids inhibit growth of bacteria in mildly acidic foods are not fully understood, it is clear that intracellular accumulation of anions is a primary contributor to inhibition of bacterial growth. We hypothesize that intracellular accumulation of anions is driven by 2 factors, external anion concentration and external acidity. This hypothesis follows from basic chemistry principles that heretofore have not been fully applied to studies in the field, and it has led us to develop a novel approach for predicting internal anion concentration by controlling the external concentration of anions and pH. This approach overcomes critical flaws in contemporary experimental design that invariably target concentration of either protonated acid or total acid in the growth media thereby leaving anion concentration to vary depending on the pK_a of the acids involved. Failure to control external concentration of anions has undoubtedly confounded results, and it has likely led to misleading conclusions regarding the antimicrobial action of organic acids. In summary, we advocate an approach for directing internal anion levels by controlling external concentration of anions and pH because it presents an additional opportunity to study the mechanisms by which organic acids inhibit bacterial growth. Knowledge gained from such studies would have important application in the control of important foodborne pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes , and may also facilitate efforts to promote the survival in foods or beverages of desirable probiotic bacteria.     

肉制品加工中使用的辅料——防腐剂

食品防腐剂是一类具有抑制微生物增殖或杀死微生物的化合物。防腐剂抑制与杀死微生物的机理十分复杂,在食品的生产过程中,要正确选用防腐剂,注意其种类、性质、使用范围、价格、毒性、防腐剂的并用及其他因素。目前我国常用的化学防腐剂有苯甲酸及其钠盐、山梨酸及其钾盐、丙酸盐、对羟基苯甲酸酯类、脱氢醋酸及其盐类等;常用的天然防腐剂有植物来源的食品防腐剂、动物来源的食品防腐剂、微生物来源的食品防腐剂及一些新型海洋生物型食品防腐剂等。     

壳聚糖对于肉类食品防腐和保鲜的应用研究进展

壳聚糖是1种来源于蟹、虾等甲壳类动物贝壳的天然高分子聚合物.对于多种食源性丝状真菌、酵母、细菌等具有广谱抗性,并且具有很好的抗脂质过氧化作用.以壳聚糖为材料制成的包装膜,具有透气屏障的作用,可以延缓被包裹物与外界的气体交换以及包裹物自身营养成分的流失.这些特性使壳聚糖作为潜在的食品防腐剂或食品包裹材料具有很高的市场应用潜力和应用价值.本文主要对近年来壳聚糖作为食品防腐剂在延长生鲜肉、鱼、火腿制品保存期方面的研究和应用情况进行了综述.     

碱性氨基酸调控肌原纤维蛋白加工性能及肉品品质研究进展

随着《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》的实施以及消费者健康饮食观念的不断增强,“低盐无磷”健康肉制品逐渐成为肉制品行业未来的发展趋势。但是单纯减少NaCl以及多聚磷酸盐的添加量会严重影响产品的得率和品质。因此,寻求NaCl以及多聚磷酸盐的绿色健康替代物具有重要意义。近年来,碱性氨基酸——精氨酸、赖氨酸及组氨酸在肉制品行业中作为NaCl以及多聚磷酸盐替代物的研究与应用受到了广泛关注。本文综述了国内外有关碱性氨基酸对肌原纤维蛋白结构、溶解度、乳化性及凝胶性的调控作用及其内在机制的最新研究成果,并概述了碱性氨基酸对肉品品质（色泽、保水性、质构特性、氧化稳定性）的作用机理,以期为碱性氨基酸在肉类工业中的后续研究和实际应用提供理论依据。     

乳酸菌作为生物抑菌剂在肉与肉制品中的应用研究进展

生鲜肉及其制品由于含有丰富的水分、蛋白质和其他营养物质,极易受到微生物的污染,这会对肉类产业造成巨大的经济损失。基于目前人们更倾向于绿色、天然的肉类产品的消费需求,乳酸菌凭借其天然的来源、提供可持续的保护作用成为传统抑菌剂良好的替代品,但是其抑菌机制和在肉类产业中的应用未得到系统总结。本文首先概述了乳酸菌作为生物抑菌剂的主要抑菌机制,如有机酸、细菌素和竞争性抑制等作用途径,并详细总结了其应用于肉类产品时,在不同的包装方式、使用方式、代谢环境、加工方式和温度变化条件下防控生鲜肉及其制品安全性的应用研究现状;之后综述了乳酸菌应用后对肉与肉制品品质的影响,同时讨论了乳酸菌应用的安全性;最后,对乳酸菌在未来的肉类产业中的发展做了展望,以期对乳酸菌在保护肉类产品安全领域的进一步应用提供参考。     

冷却肉保鲜方法及保鲜剂研究进展

冷却肉制品的保鲜是肉类制品生产中最受关注的中心问题.无污染、无危害的天然保鲜剂和保鲜方法的研究和开发更加符合现代食品业发展的趋势,同时也是科学研究的重中之重.根据冷却肉中营养丰富、水分活度高、容易变质、货架期短等特点,并结合当今最新的冷却肉保鲜剂和防腐方法,本文比较了使用香辛料保鲜剂、中草药提取液保鲜剂和果蔬保鲜剂等天...     

Fruit-based Natural Antioxidants in Meat and Meat Products: A Review

Due to the potential toxic effects of synthetic antioxidants, natural antioxidant sources especially fruits are being preferred now-a-days for use in different meat products. The majority of the antioxidant capacity of a fruit is especially because of numerous phenolic compounds. Many of the phytochemicals present in fruits may help protect cells against the oxidative damage caused by free radicals, thereby reducing the risk of degenerative diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, various types of cancers, and neurological diseases. Various parts of the fruit including their byproducts like skin and seeds have been used in meat products. Plum has been used as plum puree, prunes (dried plum), and plum extracts. Grape skin, seed, peel extracts, and grape pomace; berries as cakes and powder extracts; pomegranate rind powder and its juice; and most of the citrus fruits have proved beneficial sources of antioxidants. All these natural sources have effectively reduced the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) values and free radical frequency. Thus, lipid oxidation is prevented and shelf life is greatly enhanced by incorporating various kinds of fruits and their byproducts in meat and meat products. There is a great scope for the use of fruits as natural sources of antioxidants in meat industry. The review is intended to provide an overview of the fruit-based natural antioxidants in meat and meat products.     

肉及肉制品保藏技术(英文)

Meat and meat products which are nutrient-rich are vulnerable to microbial contamination and influence of surrounding environment. This article summarized the history,principles,methods and influencing factors of food preservation. The common methods such as low-temperature preservation, fermentation technology,drying preservation,pot preservation,packaging technology,microwave technology,irradiation preservation and management technology were also introduced.     

肉及肉制品保藏技术综述

肉及肉制品因其营养丰富,极易受微生物和周围环境因素的影响而发生腐败变质现象。本文综述了食品保藏的历史,食品保藏的原理及方法分类及引起食品腐败变质的主要因素,并简要介绍了低温保藏、发酵技术、干燥技术、罐藏技术、包装技术、微波技术、辐照技术及管理方法等常见的肉品保藏方法的原理、特点及其在食品保藏中的应用。     

肉及肉制品保藏技术(续)(英文)

Meat and meat products which are nutrient-rich are vulnerable to microbial contamination and influence of surrounding environment.This article summarized the history,principles,methods and influencing factors of food preservation.The common methods such as low-temperature preservation,fermentation technology,drying preservation,pot preservation,packaging technology,microwave technology,irradiation preservation and management technology were also introduced.     

辐照技术在肉制品杀菌保鲜中的应用

辐照是利用原子能射线的辐照能量对食品杀菌处理来保存食品的一种物理方法,其具有环保、安全、高效的特点,应用于肉制品杀菌可以有效抑制或消灭致病或致腐微生物。本文简要介绍辐照杀菌机理,国内外辐照食品现状,辐照食品的安全性评价及辐照肉类标准,并重点介绍60Co-γ射线辐照、电子束辐照以及X 射线辐照在肉制品杀菌保鲜中的研究进展,总结影响辐照杀菌效果的因素。探索了X 射线辐照应用于肉制品杀菌保鲜中的可行性和优势,展望了未来X 射线辐照作为一种先导性的储备技术应用于食品辐照领域的可能性。     

冷等离子体对肉蛋白的影响及其在肉品保藏加工中的应用研究进展

冷等离子体主要通过产生的活性氮或活性氧对肉品杀菌并降低内源酶活性,从而达到肉品保藏的目的,活性氮的存在使其可作为肉制品中亚硝酸盐的替代物,但活性粒子对肉品成分尤其是对蛋白质和脂肪的影响不容忽视,过度氧化最终导致肉品品质劣变。本文综述国内外关于冷等离子体技术在肉蛋白及肉品中的作用形式,及其对肉蛋白中肌原纤维蛋白和肌红蛋白结构和功能的调控作用及相关机制,并概述冷等离子体技术在肉品保藏加工领域的应用研究现状,以期为冷等离子体技术在肉品工业中的广泛应用提供参考。     

化学干预调控肉及肉制品嫩度的研究进展

嫩度是肉及肉制品的重要品质属性之一,影响消费者的购买意愿.化学干预技术因其成本低、投入少、能耗低、易于工业化且嫩化效果好等优点,在肉类加工领域备受关注.本文简单介绍了肉嫩度的主要影响因素,侧重综述了化学干预技术(无机盐、有机酸、外源性氨基酸及其他化学物质)对肉及肉制品嫩度的调控作用及其机制,为化学嫩化新技术的开发与应用...     

碱性氨基酸影响肉品品质及机理的研究进展

肉及肉制品在加工和贮藏过程中会出现食用品质下降、营养功能降低等问题,寻求能够改善肉品品质的绿色健康改良剂具有重要意义和经济价值。碱性氨基酸可以作为NaCl以及NaNO₂等传统食品改良剂的替代物,在工业生产与应用中受到广泛关注。作者概述了碱性氨基酸对肉品的质构、色泽、嫩度的影响,并着重从影响蛋白质的溶解度、热聚集、凝胶性、氧化稳定性、调控蛋白酶活性等方面阐述了碱性氨基酸对肉品品质的作用机理,为碱性氨基酸在肉品中的应用和推广提供参考。     

葡萄籽提取物作为肉制品保鲜剂的研究进展

天然提取的食品保鲜剂越来越受到人们的关注,葡萄籽提取物含有大量多酚类物质,具有抗氧化和抗菌活性,能够降低肉制品中脂质氧化,抑制有害微生物的生长。文中主要介绍葡萄籽提取物的保鲜机理及其在肉制品保鲜中的应用。