Development of a time-cycled volume-controlled pressure-limited respirator and lung mechanics system for total liquid ventilation

Total liquid ventilation can support gas exchange in animal models of lung injury. Clinical application awaits further technical improvements and performance verification. Our aim was to develop a liquid ventilator, able to deliver accurate tidal volumes, and a computerized system for measuring lung mechanics. The computer-assisted, piston-driven respirator controlled ventilatory parameters that were displayed and modified on a real-time basis. Pressure and temperature transducers along with a lineal displacement controller provided the necessary signals to calculate lung mechanics. Ten newborn lambs (<6 days old) with respiratory failure induced by lung lavage, were monitored using the system. Electromechanical, hydraulic, and data acquisition/analysis components of the ventilator were developed and tested in animals with respiratory failure. All pulmonary signals were collected synchronized in time, displayed in real-time, and archived on digital media. The total mean error (due to transducers, analog-to-digital conversion, amplifiers, etc.) was less than 5% compared with calibrated signals. Components (tubing, pistons, etc.) in contact with exchange fluids were developed so that they could be readily switched, a feature that will be important in clinical settings. Improvements in gas exchange and lung mechanics were observed during liquid ventilation, without impairment of cardiovascular profiles. The total liquid ventilator maintained accurate control of tidal volumes and the sequencing of inspiration/expiration. The computerized system demonstrated its ability to monitor in vivo lung mechanics, providing valuable data for early decision making.     

1.5位pipelined ADC单级传函的数模分析

1.5位结构是构成pipelined ADC的基本单元,总结了2位向1.5位方案传函的演变过程,但对转换的最优性并未证明。在此通过理论分析揭示了ADC及其单级传输函数变换的本质,证明了在Pipeline结构中,ADC单级传输函数演变的本质是:通过单级传函的变化,使整个ADC最终的传输函数与我们所习惯使用的(或者说最初使用的),相差不大于1个LSB,同时在参考电压失调,子DAC输出失调或者增益错误方面获得一定的鲁棒性。     

Measurement of fractional order model parameters of respiratory mechanical impedance in total liquid ventilation

This study presents a methodology for applying the forced-oscillation technique in total liquid ventilation. It mainly consists of applying sinusoidal volumetric excitation to the respiratory system, and determining the transfer function between the delivered flow rate and resulting airway pressure. The investigated frequency range was f ∈ [0.05, 4] Hz at a constant flow amplitude of 7.5 mL/s. The five parameters of a fractional order lung model, the existing "5-parameter constant-phase model," were identified based on measured impedance spectra. The identification method was validated in silico on computer-generated datasets and the overall process was validated in vitro on a simplified single-compartment mechanical lung model. In vivo data on ten newborn lambs suggested the appropriateness of a fractional-order compliance term to the mechanical impedance to describe the low-frequency behavior of the lung, but did not demonstrate the relevance of a fractional-order inertance term. Typical respiratory system frequency response is presented together with statistical data of the measured in vivo impedance model parameters. This information will be useful for both the design of a robust pressure controller for total liquid ventilators and the monitoring of the patient's respiratory parameters during total liquid ventilation treatment.     

A two-dimensional mathematical model of the insulated-gate field-effect transistor

This paper is concerned with the mathematical details of a numerical model of the insulated-gate field-effect transistor; a computer-aided analysis of the device, based on this model, appears separately. A finite-difference scheme is presented for obtaining an approximate solution of a system of nonlinear elliptic partial differential equations describing the carrier distribution in such a device model. In particular, our scheme allows the device current, as a function of the applied bias voltages, to be reliably calculated. The results of numerical experiments appraising the accuracy of the method are also included.     

Power transfer capability and bifurcation phenomena of loosely coupled inductive power transfer systems

Loosely coupled inductive power transfer (LCIPT) systems are designed to deliver power efficiently from a stationary primary source to one or more movable secondary loads over relatively large air gaps via magnetic coupling. In this paper, a general approach is presented to identify the power transfer capability and bifurcation phenomena (multiple operating modes) for such systems. This is achieved using a high order mathematical model consisting of both primary and secondary resonant circuits. The primary compensation is deliberately designed to make the primary zero phase angle frequency equal the secondary resonant frequency to achieve maximum power with minimum VA rating of the supply. A contactless electric vehicle battery charger was used to validate the theory by comparing the measured and calculated operational frequency and power transfer. For bifurcation-free operation, the power transfer capability and controllability are assured by following the proposed bifurcation criteria. Where controllable operation within the bifurcation region is achievable, a significant increase in power is possible.     

连续系统数学模型的一种辨识方法

借助Mullis—Roberts评价函数的选择方法，当连续系统的脉冲响应函数已知时，根据它给出的系统信息，就能够计算出稳定的数学模型。在此基础上详细推导并给出通过计算连续系统传递函数系数的方法获得系统数学模型的辨识法，而且只要原系统是稳定的，就可以保证用该方法得到的数学模型是稳定的。     

A mathematical model of respiratory and biothermal dynamics in brain hypothermia treatment

Brain hypothermia treatment (BHT) requires proper mechanical ventilation and therapeutic cooling. The cooling strategy for BHT has been mainly discussed in the literature while little information is available on the respiratory management. We first developed a mathematical model that integrates the respiratory and biothermal dynamics to discuss the simultaneous managements of mechanical ventilation and therapeutic cooling. The effect of temperature on the linear approximations of hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation, together with temperature dependency of metabolism, is introduced during modeling to combine the respiratory system with the biothermal system. By comparing its transient behavior with published data, the model is verified qualitatively and then quantitatively. Second, model-based simulation of the current respiratory management in BHT suggests reduction of minute ventilation in reference to cooled brain temperature to stabilize the states of blood and brain oxygenation. Lastly, the relationship between cooling temperature and minute ventilation is approximated by a linear first-order transfer function of static gain 0.61min(-1) degrees C(-1) and time constant 8.9 h, which is used to develop a feedforward control to tune the mechanical ventilator in concert with temperature regulation of the cooling blanket. Discussion of the model encourages further studies that provide direct evidence from clinical experiments.     

A new mathematical model and control of a three-phase AC-DC voltagesource converter

A new mathematical model of the power circuit of a three-phase voltage source converter (VSC) was developed in the stationary and synchronous reference frames. The mathematical model was then used to analyze and synthesize the voltage and current control loops for the VSC. Analytical expressions were derived for calculating the gains and time constants of the current and voltage regulators. The mathematical model was used to control a 140-kW regenerative VSC. The synchronous reference-frame model was used to define feedforward signals in the current regulators to eliminate the cross coupling between the d and q phases. It allowed the reduction of the current control loops to first-order plants and improved their tracking capability. The bandwidths of the current and voltage-control loops were found to be approximately 20 and 60 times (respectively) smaller than the sampling frequency. All control algorithms were implemented in a digital signal processor. All results of the analysis were experimentally verified     

A mathematical model of the Class D converter for compactfluorescent ballasts

The time-harmonic analysis is often used to design the class D converter. Since the Q of the resonant network is often low, this analysis, in the form of the sinusoidal approximation, begins to lose accuracy. This paper explores an improved method of designing compact fluorescent ballasts via the square wave approximation (SWA), where the time domain equations are solved for the general case of arbitrary Q, duty ratio, and frequency. A precise mathematical model of the Class D converter is developed that predicts the currents and voltages of the converter and these solutions are compared with computer simulation. Nonlinear programming (NLP) is introduced as a means to design the ballast for the lowest conduction losses. The equations developed in the mathematical model are formulated into a NLP format that includes the self-oscillating case     

A mathematical model for the impedance of the cavity-backed slot antenna

A mathematical model is derived that relates the impedance of a cavity-backed slot antenna to that of an identical slot which is free to radiate on both sides of a large ground plane. The model, which utilizes empirical constants from a previous experimental investigation, provides a continuously variable function of frequency and cavity depth for the impedance of a cavity-backed slot of fixed length and cavity cross section. This function is then compared with previously found experimental values and two theoretical solutions, one using a variational method and the other using the complex Poynting theorem.     

A mathematical model of overall cerebral blood flow regulation inthe rat

In the present work a mathematical model of the cerebrovascular regulatory system in the rat is presented. The model, a generalization of our previous one, includes the reactivity of proximal segments of the cerebrovascular bed and the neurogenic and myogenic feedback regulatory mechanisms besides the action of chemical regulatory factors. The model is then used to analyze the interaction of mechanisms regulating cerebral blood flow in several conditions of physiological importance. In the first stage of the work we simulated experiments in which the neural fibers are cut and artificially stimulated with external means. According to experimental evidence, simulation results point out the existence of an escape of blood flow from stimulation. The model imputes this escape phenomenon to the antagonistic action of chemical factors working on the distal segments of the cerebrovascular bed. In a second stage, we studied the neurogenic mechanism action in a physiological closed-loop condition. With this general model, autoregulation to arterial pressure changes and postischemic reactive hyperemia have been analyzed. A comparison of simulation results with recent experimental data shows that the model is able to produce 60-70% of the experimental regulatory capacity of the cerebrovascular bed. However, some relevant discrepancies still exist between the model and the experimental results, especially as regards the dilatory capacity of small cerebral arterioles. These discrepancies underline the existence of further regulatory mechanisms working on the cerebrovascular bed, the nature of which must still be clarified.     

A mathematical model for the assessment of hemodynamic parametersusing quantitative contrast echocardiography

A mathematical model for the assessment of hemodynamic parameters using quantitative echocardiography is presented. The method involves the intravenous injection of an ultrasonic echo contrast agent. The relative enhancement of the backscattered ultrasound intensity is measured as a function of time (the time-intensity curve). From this measurement, the volume flow rate (cardiac output) and the mixing volume are calculated. Relevant acoustic properties of the ultrasound contrast agent are discussed. An in vitro experiment is performed to corroborate the theory presented     

A simple mathematical model of co-channel and adjacent channel interference in land mobile radio

A simple mathematical model is used to predict co-channel and adjacent channel interference effects in land mobile radio, valid for flat urban terrain. Results obtained, although oversimplified compared with real-life mobile radio systems, yield insights into the properties of differing types of modulation.     

A new nonlinear model of EMI-induced distortion phenomena in feedback CMOS operational amplifiers

This paper deals with distortion phenomena induced by radio-frequency interference (RFI) in analog integrated circuits and it concentrates on the effects induced by RFI on the operation of feedback CMOS operational amplifiers (opamps). In particular, the paper describes a new nonlinear model, which makes possible the prediction of upset in the opamp output nominal signal when RFI is superimposed on the input nominal signals. Such a model can be employed when the transistors of the input differential pair are driven by RFI either in strong or weak nonlinear operation. Results of experimental tests performed on a Miller CMOS opamp connected in the voltage follower configuration are presented and compared with model predictions.     

A mathematical model for slip phenomenon in a cavity-filling process of nanoimprint lithography

Squeeze flow theory has been used as an effective tool to clarify how and which process conditions determine cavity-filling behavior in nanoimprint lithography (NIL). Conventional squeeze flow models used in NIL research fields have assumed no-slip conditions at the solid-to-liquid boundaries, that is, at the stamp-to-polymer or polymer-to-substrate boundaries. The no-slip assumptions are often violated, however, in micrometer- to nanometer-scale fluid flow. It is therefore necessary to adopt slip or partial slip boundary conditions. In this paper, an analytical mathematical model for the cavity-filling process of NIL that takes into account slip or partial slip boundary conditions is derived using squeeze flow theory. Velocity profiles, pressure distributions, imprinting forces, and evolutions of residual thickness can be predicted using this analytical model. This paper also aims to elucidate how far the slip phenomenon is able to promote the process rate.     

SnO2薄膜气敏光学特性的气敏机理模型

本文作者利用表面态建立一个气敏光学机理模型。较好地解释了SnO_2薄膜的气敏效应,气敏透射光谱,气敏透过率与气体浓度的指数关系,以及饱和现象等。     

A mathematical model of cerebral blood flow chemical regulation. I.Diffusion processes

This paper proposes a mathematical model which describes the production and diffusion of vasoactive chemical factors involved in oxygen-dependent cerebral blood flow (CBF) regulation in the rat. Partial differential equations describing the relations between input and output variables have been replaced with simpler ordinary differential equations by using mathematical approximations of the hyperbolic functions in the Laplace transform domain. This model is composed of two submodels. In the first, oxygen transport from capillary blood to cerebral tissue is analyzed to link changes in mean tissue oxygen pressure with CBF and arterial oxygen concentration changes. The second submodel presents equations describing the production of vasoactive metabolites by cerebral parenchyma, due to a lack of oxygen, and their diffusion towards pial perivascular space. These equations have been used to simulate the time dynamics of mean tissue PO2, perivascular adenosine concentration, and perivascular pH to changes in CBF. The present simulation points out that the time delay introduced by diffusion processes is negligible if compared with the other time constants of the system under study. In a subsequent work the same equations will be included in a model of the cerebral vascular bed to clarify the metabolite role in CBF regulation.