超超临界汽轮机的技术特点

超超临界火电机组目前在世界已投入商业运行，火电机组采用超超临界参数也是我国发展先进发电技术可选择方向之一。作者在研究国外技术资料的基础上，对超超临界汽轮机的热力系统、部件结构、材料等方面的技术特点进行分析。     

1000MW级火电机组锅炉发展综述

介绍了国外1000MW级火电机组锅炉参数及发展情况，并对我国大容量机组锅炉的发展提出了建议。     

我国火电机组灵活性现状与技术发展

电力发展"十三五"规划中明确要求充分挖掘现有系统调峰潜力,增强火电机组的灵活性,大幅度接纳新能源入网。文中阐述了我国火电机组缺乏灵活性的现状与潜在压力,主要从系统储热改造和调峰运行策略的角度介绍了国内外关于提升火电机组灵活性技术的发展状况,其中丹麦提升火电机组灵活性技术的实例有借鉴启示,并初步提出了我国火电机组灵活性改善的路径建议。     

我国汽轮机产品的新进展与发展方向

从汽轮机产品发展的角度出发,对2010-2019年我国汽轮机一系列重要进展和下一步发展方向进行了评述,简要介绍了国外700℃火电汽轮机和1 700 MW级核电汽轮机的进展,总结了我国火电汽轮机、核电汽轮机和工业汽轮机的技术特点和新进展,提出了我国汽轮机技术下一步的发展目标和研究方向,包括发电效率50％以上机组的汽轮机、...     

国外火电机组汽轮机冷端节能降耗先进技术

汽轮机冷端对火电厂节能降耗至关重要,介绍了国外汽轮机冷端节能降耗的一些先进技术,包括凝汽器的监测、清洗、检漏技术,冷却塔注蒸汽节能技术,湿冷/空冷复合冷却技术。对国内火电机组冷端节能降耗有一定的启示和参考作用。     

开发超临界火电机组振兴电站建设和发电设备制造工业

本文论述了超临界压力火电机组的可靠性、经济性和我国发展超临界机组的现实性,并据此,提出了我国发展燃煤变压运行的超临界火电机组的目标、政策和方法,以期在1990年在上海石洞口第二电厂投运两台超临界60万千瓦火电机组.     

美国燃烧工程公司标准的转化和采用

按引进技术制造的亚临界300和600MW机组已分别于1987年6月23日和1988年12月15日相继投运,这两台机组的技术水平相当于国外七十年代末期的先进水平,对全面提高我国火电设备的产品质量将起着示范和推动作用。因此机组虽已投运,但在消化引进技术方面还要做很多工作。     

现役燃煤火电机组提升参数改造技术现状及关键问题分析

伴随我国能源结构调整政策的实施,燃煤火电机组节能减排技术得到了极大的发展,近年来国内出现了一批现役燃煤火电机组提升参数改造的典型案例。本文对提升参数改造技术的发展历程、技术特点和典型案例进行了综述。在此基础上,针对提升参数改造技术在节能潜力、机组增容、受热面调整方式、投资收益比和未来发展等方面进行了分析。提升参数改造若与现役机组延寿改造同步实施,将会提高该技术的经济性,同时也会提升改造后机组的生存几率。     

西方主要国家火电技术发展近况及动向

本文概述了美、英、西德等国近两年来火电技术发展状况,并闸明了现代火电机组发展方向——全力提高机组热效率的途径与清洁燃煤的发电方式,展示了现在世界火电技术发展的新水平与新阶段。     

基于B/S架构火电机组运行优化系统的开发与应用

文章结合我国火电机组运行管理的实际情况 ,介绍应用实时信息融合、数据挖掘、专家系统等先进技术开发的一套新的火电机组运行优化系统。该系统以机组实时控制系统为基础 ,提供了机组性能监测、参数优化、运行分析与指导、设备故障诊断以及节能管理等重要功能模块。系统基于B/S架构 ,界面友好 ,组态灵活 ,可扩展性强。实际应用表明该系统对于加强火电机组的运行管理 ,提高机组运行的经济性具有重要的工程实用价值。     

火力发电厂的脱硫技术问题及解决方案

从目前中国火力发电厂的脱硫现状和使用方法入手,提出了火力发电厂脱硫技术问题的解决方案,希望对中国火力发电厂的脱硫技术问题具有可以借鉴的意义。     

燃煤电厂烟气脱硫脱硝一体化技术发展趋势

火电厂燃煤中排放的硫化物及氮氧化物是造成大气污染的主要成分之一,经济且有效地控制燃煤电厂排放的SO2与NOx对中国这样一个以煤炭为主要资源的国家显得尤为重要。分析了中国现今的脱硫脱硝技术并着重介绍了几种燃煤电厂烟气脱硫脱硝一体化技术,分析它们的特点及存在的问题。指出具有应用前景的脱硫脱硝技术并给出建议。     

中国燃煤发电节能技术的发展及前景

我国一次能源结构决定了发电以煤电为主的基本格局,当前国内火力发电行业需要解决的两大突出问题是高能耗和严重的环境污染。2009年全国发电机组平均供电煤耗341g/(kW.h),高于330g/(kW.h)的国际平均水平。大力发展新型高效节能性火力发电技术,对进一步提高我国火力发电机组的发电效率,减少燃煤大气污染物排放具有十分重要的意义。发达国家正积极发展更高参数的超超临界火力发电技术(600℃/700℃),我国也把"超(超)临界燃煤发电技术"列入"863计划"。可以预见,在我国近中期电力事业的发展中,会把发展更高参数的超临界技术作为火电建设的主要方向。IGCC发电技术是未来煤炭能源系统的基础,被公认为是世界上最清洁的燃煤发电技术。随着煤气化技术和燃气轮机技术的不断发展和进步,IGCC将朝着大容量、高效率、低排放的方向发展。大型直接空冷发电技术是解决我国西北部富煤贫水地区火力发电的有效手段,以2×600MW机组为例,空冷机组比湿冷机组节水约80%左右。通过对火力发电机组各系统的集成与优化,可在现有超超临界机组技术不变的情况下,最大限度地利用余热回收,提高整个机组的发电效率,从而降低煤耗,实现机组在运行过程中的节能。     

我国应适当提高煤电的比重

我国2005年电源投资3228亿元,其中火电投资2270.6亿元,占70.3％;非化石电源投资957.4亿元,占29.7％.2010年我国电源投资3641亿元,其中火电投资1311亿元,占36％;非化石电源投资2330亿元,占64％.“十一五”期间,我国火电新增装机容量锐减,非化石电源新增装机容量剧增,而每年新增发电量则逐年减少.我国2006年火电新增装机容量9287×104kW,到2010年新增火电装机容量降为5872×104kW;我国2006年非化石电源新增装机容量1216×104kW,到2010年非化石电源新增装机容量上升到3256×104kW.每年新增装机容量可增加的年发量,2006年估计为5400×108kW·h,到2010年已降为4000×108kW·h左右.2010年我国电源投资中仅占36％的火电,却提供了64％的新增装机容量,而占64％的非化石电源只提供了约36％的新增装机容量,如果按新增发电量计,则火电机组提供的发电量比例更高.按中国电力企业联合会的规则,“十二五”期间我国非化石电源比例进一步增加,火电增幅继续下降.按火电机组等效容量计,2010～2015年年均增长率仅为8％,低于同期国内年均用电量增长率8.5％.鉴于我国的资源禀赋条件和“十一五”、“十二五“电源构成的变化趋势及其后果,建议我国应适应增加煤电的比重.     

我国防止雾霾污染的对策与建议

一般认为煤炭和石油对雾霾的贡献最大,尤其是燃煤电厂,因为煤炭占我国能源消费量的90％,燃煤电厂约占煤炭消费量的50％.我国防止雾霾污染的对策应基于:解决气候变化与环境保护问题,要靠发展非化石能源毕其功于一役是难以办到的,我们应像发达国家那样,先解决好化石能源利用中的环境问题,然后再解决化石能源利用中的气候变化问题.电力是最能清洁利用煤炭的部门,我国燃煤电厂的烟尘和二氧化硫控制已达到世界先进水平,已不是形成雾霾的主要原因.短期内应对雾霾气候的措施为:下决心解决好大气、水、土壤污染;控制大气污染要把控制PM2.5放在重要位置;天然气要优先用于替代分散的燃煤部门,并把替代下来的煤炭交给煤电厂应用;如果我国煤炭消费量中的80％～90％的煤炭供燃煤电厂用,就可控制燃煤污染.燃煤电厂对降低燃煤污染物排放负有重要责任.     

Air pollutant control and strategy in coal-fired power industry for promotion of China’s emission reduction

Coal-fired power industry has always been the major power source in China. As coal-fired power industry consumes around a half of China’s coal production, it is always thought to be a big air pollutant emission source. As more and more strict legislations in coal-fired power industry have been issued by the government, the emission performance in coal-fired power industry has been drastically reduced recently. Based on a brief review of the development of emission control in China’s coal-fired power industry, the affecting mechanism among the development of installed capacities of emission control device, pollutant emission, and emission performances in coal-fired power industry is studied. According to a systematic study on the development of emissions of classified categories, the role of coal-fired power industry as a pollutant source is reevaluated. It is found that, coal-fired power industry has contributed the most to China’s emission reduction, and the barycenter of air pollutant emission has been transformed to other high energy consumption industries, like heat, iron/steel, and cement. Then some development strategies are suggested, such as maintaining the current emission standard in coal-fired power industry; expending the coal-fired power emission standards to categories of heat generation and supply, nonmetallic mineral production and ferrous metals smelting and processing; and controlling other heavy metal by consulting the method of Hg control.     

An overview of the development history and technical progress of China’s coal-fired power industry

As the main power source of China, coal-fired power industry has achieved a great progress in installed capacity, manufacturing technologies, thermal efficiency, as well as pollutant control during the past century. With the fast development of renewable energies, coal-fired power industry is experiencing a strategic transformation. To specify the development of coal-fired power industry, its development history is reviewed and the technical progresses on aspects of thermal efficiency, pollutants control and peaking shaving capacity are discussed. It is concluded that the role of China’s coal-fired power source would be transformed from the dominant position to a base position in power source structure. Considering the sustainable development of coal-fired power industry in energy conservation, emission control, and utilization of renewable energies, it is suggested that the national average thermal efficiency should be improved by continual up-gradation of units by using advanced technologies and eliminating outdated capacity. Moreover, the emission standard of air pollutants should not be stricter any more in coal-fired power industry. Furthermore, the huge amount of combined heat and power (CHP) coal-fired units should be operated in a decoupled way, so as to release more than 350 GW regulation capacity for the grid to accept more renewable energy power.     

Unified efficiency measurement of coal-fired power plants in China considering group heterogeneity and technological gaps

China's coal-fired power generation has accounted for a large proportion of the power supply for a long time and the resulting environmental pollution and waste of resources have hindered the sustainable development of the power industry. To solve this problem, this study combines the concept of natural and managerial disposability with the non-concave meta-frontier method to determine the unified efficiency measurement of 251 coal-fired power plants in China from 2012 to 2014 and to investigate the sources of inefficiency in different areas. The results show that although the unified efficiency of China's coal-fired power plants improved significantly during 2012–2014, much room for improvement remains in terms of power generation and environmental performance. Due to the advanced technology of coal-fired power plants, the eastern area has the highest unified efficiency in terms of natural and managerial disposability. The western region has the lowest operational performance and the northeast region has the lowest environmental performance. The decomposition of the sources of inefficiency indicates that the inefficiency of coal-fired power plants in eastern China is mainly caused by management factors, whereas the inefficiency in northeastern China is due to a lag in technology. In the central and western areas, technical inefficiency and management inefficiency both account for a considerable proportion in their sources of inefficiency. Therefore, these regions need to improve both the management (e.g., reasonable allocation of utilization hours) and technology (e.g., clean coal technology) aspects to improve the unified performance of coal-fired power plants.     

我国煤电生产水足迹评价

为识别能源产业对水资源、水环境的影响和风险,基于水足迹评估理论方法构建了煤电生产水足迹评价模型,并以2016年为例,从区域尺度定量分析了我国煤电生产各环节虚拟水消耗量和虚拟水流动格局。结果表明,2016年我国煤电生产的总水足迹为107.3×10~8 m~3,其中灰水足迹占44%,蓝水足迹占56%;伴随电力的调运,晋蒙和西北地区年虚拟水输出量约为5×10~8 m~3,该区域属于我国缺水乃至严重缺水地区,能源发展面临的水资源和水环境约束十分显著。     

Carbon charges and natural gas use in China

Substitution of natural gas for coal in China's power sector could significantly reduce emissions of carbon dioxide, but gas-fired power is generally more costly than coal-fired power in China today. This paper explores how carbon charges and carbon sequestration technology might tip the balance in favour of gas. The costs of electricity from new coal-fired and gas-fired power plants in China are compared under various assumptions about fuel costs, exchange rates, carbon dioxide charges, and application of carbon sequestration technology. Under average cost conditions today, gas-fired power is roughly two-thirds more costly than coal-fired power. But with a charge of $20/tonne of carbon dioxide, the costs of gas- and coal-fired power would typically be about equal. Over the longer term, carbon sequestration technology could be economical with a carbon dioxide charge of $22/tonne or more under typical cost conditions, but gas with sequestration would not have a clear cost advantage over coal with sequestration unless the charge exceeded $35/tonne.