Permeation of BTEX through Unaged and Aged HDPE Geomembranes

The effects of aging of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes on the diffusion and partitioning of a group of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are examined. Two different 1.5?mm thick HDPE geomembranes were aged in the laboratory at 85°C by immersing in a synthetic leachate for up to 32?months. The results of partitioning and diffusion tests performed at room temperature on both unaged and aged geomembranes using a dilute aqueous solution containing four VOCs commonly found in landfill leachates [benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX)] are reported. The diffusion and partitioning coefficients decreased with increased aging. The calculated permeation coefficients decreased by 36–62% after aging the geomembrane for about 10–32?months. This decrease in diffusion, partitioning, and permeation coefficients is related to the increase in geomembrane crystallinity during aging. A relationship between partitioning, diffusion, and permeation coefficients with the geomembrane crystallinity is established and could potentially be used to evaluate the migration of VOCs through HDPE geomembranes. Aging of HDPE geomembrane did not increase diffusive transport of organic contaminants.     

Antioxidant Depletion from a High Density Polyethylene Geomembrane under Simulated Landfill Conditions

Accelerated aging tests to evaluate the depletion of antioxidants from a high density polyethylene geomembrane are described. The effects of temperature, high pressure, and continuous leachate circulation on the aging of geomembranes in composite liner systems are examined. The antioxidant depletion rates (0.05, 0.19, and 0.41?month?1 at 55, 70, and 85°C, respectively) obtained for the simulated landfill liner at 250 kPa vertical pressure are consistently lower than that obtained from traditional leachate immersion tests on the same geomembrane (0.12, 0.39, and 1.1?month?1 at 55, 70, and 85°C). This difference leads to a substantial increase in antioxidant depletion times at a typical landfill liner temperature (35°C) with 40 years predicted based on the data from the landfill liner simulators tests, compared to 15 years predicted for the same geomembrane based on leachate immersion tests. In these tests, the crystallinity and tensile yield strain of the geomembrane increased in the early stages of aging and then remained relatively constant over the testing period. There was no significant change in other geomembrane properties within the testing period.     

Estimation of Mass Transport Parameters of Organic Compounds through High Density Polyethylene Geomembranes Using a Modifield Double-Compartment Apparatus

A modified double-compartment apparatus (MDCA) is used to estimate mass transport parameters of organic compounds through high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes and to investigate the effects of aging and external tension of HDPE geomembranes on the mass transport of organic compounds. A developed one-dimensional partition–diffusion mass transport model successfully explains the mass transport of the organic compounds through the HDPE geomembranes in a dilute aqueous solution–geomembrane system. Similar to batch immersion tests, the HDPE–water partition coefficient (KHDPE–W) values of organic compounds are found to have close relationships with the octanol–water partition coefficient and the aqueous solubility; furthermore, the diffusion coefficient (D) values decrease with the increase of their molecular diameter. For HDPE geomembranes served in the landfill liner for 5 years and stretched by 8% of their initial length, KHDPE–W values for organic compounds increase by 5–58%, D values for organic compounds increase by 10–86%, and breakthrough times are faster, indicating more amounts of organic compounds may break through the HDPE geomembrane in fields than expected. The mass transport parameters from MDCA tests could be used with those from batch immersion tests interchangeably after mass loss and immobilization of organic compounds in MDCA tests are considered.     

Diffusive Transport of VOCs through LLDPE and Two Coextruded Geomembranes

The diffusive properties of two coextruded geomembranes, one with a polyamide inner core and the other with an ethylene vinyl-alcohol (EVOH) inner core, and a standard 0.53-mm (20-mil) linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) geomembrane were examined. Diffusion and sorption laboratory tests were performed to estimate the parameters controlling diffusive migration, including the partitioning, diffusion, and permeation coefficients of the geomembrane in both the aqueous and vapor phases. Results indicate a significant reduction in mass flux through the coextruded geomembranes compared to conventional LLDPE. The EVOH coextruded geomembrane had the lowest permeation coefficients (Pg) with a range of (2–6)×10?12?m2?s?1 for diffusion from the aqueous phase. These values for EVOH are upper bounds and the actual values may be lower than as stated. The polyamide (nylon) coextruded geomembrane had higher values than for EVOH, with a Pg range of (0.7–2.2)×10?11?m2?s?1 from the aqueous phase. The highest permeation coefficients were for the standard 20-mil LLDPE, which ranged from (0.6–1.1)×10?10?m2?s?1. Thus the permeation coefficient for LLDPE was about one order of magnitude greater than for the nylon coextruded and at least two orders of magnitudes higher than for the EVOH coextruded geomembrane. Both coextruded geomembranes showed decreased Pg values and therefore improved diffusive resistance to volatile organic compounds over traditional 0.56-mm PVC geomembranes. The EVOH geomembrane showed a 5–12-fold decrease in Pg in comparison to a 2.0-mm high density polyethylene geomembrane.     

Estimation of Diffusion Coefficients and Solubilities for Organic Solvents Permeation through High-Density Polyethylene Geomembrane

Experiments on the permeation of several chlorinated and aromatic hydrocarbons through high-density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes were conducted using the ASTM F-739 standard test method. The diffusion coefficients were estimated by a one-dimensional diffusion equation based on Fick’s second law, and the solubilities of the solvents in HDPE were determined by the steady state permeation rates. The one-dimensional transient model was able to simulate the permeation concentrations and implied that equilibrium partition between organic solvent and HDPE geomembrane was not achieved during the initial permeation. The solubilities of organic solvents in the HDPE geomembranes obtained by immersion tests or weight gain methods of permeation experiments were not an appropriate boundary condition for the model simulation of permeation. It was found that the diffusion coefficients and solubilities of organic solvents correlated well with their molecular weights and dipole moment, respectively. The present work provides information on the extent of organic compounds permeations through HDPE geomembranes as applied in hazardous waste landfills.     

Depletion of Antioxidants from a HDPE Geomembrane in a Composite Liner

The results of two series of accelerated aging tests are reported. Both series of tests were conducted at temperatures of 85, 70, 55, and 26°C over a period of about 3?years. In the simulated liner series, the top of the geomembrane was covered with a geotextile (protection) layer that was exposed to simulated municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill leachate while the bottom of the geomembrane was in contact with a hydrated geosynthetic clay liner. In the immersion series, the geomembrane was immersed in the simulated MSW leachate, and hence, both sides were exposed to leachate. The results from oxidative induction time tests indicate that the antioxidant depletion is about 2.2–4.8 times faster for the leachate immersed geomembrane than for geomembrane in a composite liner. The higher rates are attributed to the higher extraction of antioxidants from two sides of the geomembrane immersed in leachate. The measured antioxidant depletion rates are extrapolated to a range of temperatures (0–60°C) using Arrhenius modeling. At a liner temperature of 35°C, the calculated time for the depletion of antioxidants is about 40?years for a geomembrane in a composite liner compared to 10?years if it is simply immersed in leachate. These tests suggest that to obtain realistic estimates of geomembrane service life one needs data from tests that simulate the expected field conditions and that prediction based on immersion tests may underestimate the service life.     

ML45Mn2冷镦钢盘条的研究与开发

120 t转炉-LF-VD-350 mm x430 mm铸坯-150 mm x 150 mm轧坯-轧制流程生产的ML45Mn2钢Φ16 mm和Φ18 mm盘条采用的主要工艺为:碱度1.5-2.0精炼渣,52 t中间包,电磁搅拌,轻重压下,开轧温度1 010 ~ 1 070 °C,精轧温度820 - 850°C,卷曲温度780 - 820°C,冷速0. 15 -0.4 °C/s等工艺。检验结果显示,MI45Mn2钢盘条热轧态平均抗拉强度797 MPa,平均断面收缩率50.3% ,1/4冷镦合格,金相组织为珠光体+铁素体,断面平均硬度值为92.5HRB,带状组织1.5-2.5级,满足技术要求。     

Aging of HDPE Geomembrane in Three Composite Landfill Liner Configurations

Laboratory-accelerated aging experiments conducted to examine the depletion of antioxidant from a geomembrane (GM) underlain by a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) are described. Three different “protection” layers between the GM and overlying gravel and leachate are examined: (1) A traditional nonwoven geotextile (GT); (2) a GT-GCL; and (3) a GT-sand-GT layer. The GT-GCL protection layer gives an antioxidant depletion rate 0.59 to 0.66 times slower than the GT layer alone. The GT-sand-GT layer gives depletion rates 0.72–0.75 times that of the conventional GT alone. Based on Arrhenius modeling, the time required for depletion of antioxidants at 35°C is estimated to be 65 years for a GM with a GT-GCL protection layer, 50 years for a GT-sand-GT layer, and 40 years for a conventional GT protection layer. These times are all significantly greater than the depletion time for GM immersed in leachate (10 years) for the geomembrane tested.     

Modeling of Clay Liner Desiccation

The potential for the desiccation of clay liner component of composite liners due to temperature field generated by breakdown of organic matter in municipal solid waste landfills is examined using a model proposed by Zhou and Rowe. In these analyses, a set of fully coupled governing equations expressed in terms of displacement, capillary pressure, air pressure, and temperature increase are used, and numerical results are solved by using finite element method with a mass-conservative numerical scheme. The model results are shown to be in encouraging agreement with experimental data for a problem involving heating of a landfill liner. The fully coupled transient fields (temperature, horizontal stress change, suction head, and volumetric water content) are then examined for two types of composite liner system, one involving a geomembrane over a compacted clay liner (CCL) and the other involving a geomembrane over a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL). It is shown that there can be significant water loss and horizontal stress change in both the CCL and GCL liner even with a temperature increase as small as 20°C. The time to reach steady state decreases as boundary temperature increases. Under a 30°C temperature increase, it takes 5 years to reach the steady state water content with a GCL liner but 50 years with a CCL liner. The effects of various parameters, such as hydraulic conductivity and thickness of the liner, on the performance of the liner are discussed.     

Transverse Thermal Expansion of FRP Bars Embedded in Concrete

Fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs) have a thermal expansion in the transverse direction much higher than in the longitudinal direction and also higher than the thermal expansion of hardened concrete. The difference between the transverse coefficient of thermal expansion of FRP bars and concrete may cause splitting cracks within the concrete under temperature increase and, ultimately, failure of the concrete cover if the confining action of concrete is insufficient. This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation to analyze the effect of the ratio of concrete cover thickness to FRP bar diameter (c/db) on the strain distributions in concrete and FRP bars, using concrete cylindrical specimens reinforced with a glass FRP bar and subjected to thermal loading from ?30?to?+80°C. The experimental results show that the transverse coefficient of thermal expansion of the glass FRP bars tested in this study is found to be equal to 33 (×10?6?mm/mm/°C), on average and the ratio between the transverse and longitudinal coefficients of thermal expansion of these FRP bars is equal to 4. Also, the cracks induced by high temperature start to develop on the surface of concrete cylinders at a temperature varying between +50 and +60°C for specimens having a ratio of concrete cover thickness to bar diameter c/db less than or equal to 1.5. A ratio of concrete cover thickness to glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRP) bar diameter c/db greater than or equal to 2.0 is sufficient to avoid cracking of concrete under high temperature up to +80°C. The analytical model, presented in this paper, is in good agreement with the experimental results, particularly for negative temperature variations.     

Interactions between PVC Geomembranes and Compacted Clays

The interactions between plastic soils and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) geomembranes were studied using a direct shear device under as-compacted conditions. The PVC geomembranes had smooth or textured surfaces, and the soils were of plasticity index (PI) ranging from 35 to 100%. The peak and residual failure envelopes were expressed using Coulomb failure criteria. The adhesion and angle of friction increased for PIs up to 70% and subsequently recorded a decrease. The adhesion is larger for the peak strength compared to the residual strength, but it was the reverse for the angle of friction. The efficiency in terms of adhesion appeared more relevant than that of the angle of friction in expressing the interactions between geomembrane and cohesive soils. The smooth and textured geomembranes showed little difference in results at the residual state.     

薄带铸轧流程制备含钇3% Si取向硅钢的组织和织构研究

通过50 kg真空感应炉冶炼,用常规流程和薄带铸轧两种工艺分别在实验室制备了含稀土钇的3%Si取向硅钢。薄带铸轧浇注温度1530℃,轧制速率0.3 m/s,铸带厚度2.5 mm。常规流程为80 mm铸坯加热温度1150℃,热轧板厚度2.4 mm,终轧温度935℃。采用扫描电镜(SEM)和电子探针(EPMA)研究了钢中夹杂物成分、形貌、数量、尺寸和分布;利用光学显微镜(OM)和电子背散射衍射(EBSD)分析了硅钢铸带、热轧板、0.3 mm冷轧板、870℃7 min和1100℃10 min再结晶退火板组织和织构。实验结果表明：与常规流程相比,薄带铸轧硅钢一次再结晶后晶粒较细小,且γ织构强度达到17,但是二次再结晶后晶粒尺寸不均匀,平均晶粒尺寸为61μm,部分Goss取向晶粒尺寸达到1 mm以上。原因为细小的含钇夹杂物数量过多,且分布不均匀,夹杂物聚集的区域晶粒长大受到明显抑制。常规流程生产的含钇硅钢二次再结晶热处理后晶粒均匀长大,平均晶粒尺寸为102μm,没有形成明显的Goss织构。     

窄淬透性带20CrMnTiH齿轮钢的开发

开发的窄淬透性带20CrMnTiH齿轮钢的生产工艺流程为铁水预脱硫-130t BOF-LF-RH-280mm×280mm坯连铸-轧制至Φ60mm圆钢。通过设计的内控成分（/%:0.18~0.20C,0.20~0.30Si,0.90~0.98Mn,≤0.025P,≤0.010S,0.05~0.07Ti,≤0.0015O）,设立结晶器电磁搅拌参数200A,2.5Hz,控制拉速0.62m/min,过热度15~30℃。检验结果表明,化学成分稳定,钢中氧含量≤11.3×10^-6,非金属夹杂级别≤1.0,带状组织级别≤2.0,淬透性带宽HRC值≤3.5,满足产品协议要求。     

Numerical Examination of a Method for Reducing the Temperature of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Liners

A method to control the increase in landfill liner temperature due to the heat generated by the waste is examined. The design involves installation of an array of cooling pipes beneath the waste. The feasibility of this system for cooling the liner was examined by performing a series of analyses for conditions based on the Tokyo Port Landfill. The results suggest that the introduction of a cooling system can substantially reduce liner temperature and consequently significantly increase the service life of a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane liner in an engineered barrier system. The effects of pipe layout, pipe spacing, and coolant flow rate are examined. It is shown that a periodic pipe layout is the most efficient. Liner temperature decreases with increased coolant transfer flow rate     

某矿山尾矿库渗流电模拟试验研究

某矿山尾矿库三期扩建设计方案中,堆积高程为734 m时洪水运行的最小干滩长度不能满足要求。为了确定此堆积高程坝体逸出点位置及浸润线情况,进行了三组电模拟试验,即设计方案、管式排渗方案和铺设土工膜方案。试验结果表明,管式排渗和铺设土工膜均可有效地降低坝体浸润线,有利于尾矿库坝体的稳定。     

控制ER70S-G含钛焊丝钢TiN析出和防止水口结瘤的工艺实践

ER70S-G含钛焊丝钢（/%:0.07C,0.82Si,1.49Mn,0.012P,0.010S,0.19Ti,0.006 2N）生产流程为80 t顶底复吹转炉-LF-150 mm×150 mm方坯连铸-盘条轧制工艺。热力学计算和生产实践表明,当浇铸温度≥1560℃,[N]≤78.6×10^-6,[Ti/%][N/%]≤0.00149及拉速2.0~2.5 m/min时,可以避免在浇铸过程TiN析出和水口结瘤。     

铸轧法生产PS版基坯料的质量与工艺控制

在用铸轧方法生产PS版基用1050铝合金铸轧板坯过程中出现了影响版基材料性能的质量缺陷。通过原因分析,优化生产工艺条件,缺陷得到控制,产品质量有所提高。     

我国典型铜冶炼厂防渗设计探讨

为了确定铜冶炼厂的防渗分区, 参照《环境影响评价技术导则地下水环境》、《有色金属工业环境保护工程设计规范》并结合工程实践给出了典型铜冶炼厂的重点防渗区、一般防渗区和简单防渗区。研究得出在天然包气带岩土层的渗透性不能满足要求的前提下, 铜冶炼厂重点防渗区宜参照GB 18597—2001或GB/T 50934—2013进行设计, 采用2 mm厚HDPE膜或250 mm厚抗渗混凝土(P8)作为主防渗层; 一般防渗区宜参照GB 18599—2001中的Ⅱ类场或GB/T 50934—2013进行设计, 采用1.5 mm厚HDPE膜或250 mm抗渗混凝土(P6)作为主防渗层。简单防渗区参照GB 18599—2001中一般工业固体废物中的Ⅰ类场设计。      

In vitro validation of the luminal measurement of a novel catheter based moulding technique

OBJECTIVE: To investigate a modified angioplasty balloon catheter, which uses a novel balloon polymer to produce luminal moulds. DESIGN: The catheter was tested in polyurethane phantoms of diameter 1.5 to 4.0 mm. Inflations were to 1.4 atmospheres for 20 seconds at 37 degrees C. The moulds were viewed by reinflating the balloon to 0. 34 atmospheres and quantified using macrophotography and caliper measurement. RESULTS: Evidence of systematic error was found with lumen diameters 相似文献   

60 mm厚低屈强比高强钢板Q500qE组织与性能研究

通过JMatpro软件、扫描电镜、力学性能测试,对Q500qE 60 mm厚度500 MPa级低屈强比高强钢板进行了连续冷却转变(CCT)曲线、钢板显微组织与力学性能、焊接接头力学性能分析。结果表明,通过控轧控冷工艺：终轧温度800～840℃,入水温度660～680℃和终冷温度400～450℃,该钢组织为铁素体+贝氏体+马氏体/奥氏体岛,两相交界处和贝氏体内部存在大量大角度晶界。钢板1/4和1/2厚度位置屈服强度≥500 MPa,抗拉强度≥640 MPa,屈强比≤0.80,-40℃低温冲击功≥200 J,焊接热影响区-40℃低温冲击功≥100 J。