“融合协同”的绿色工程管理方法及应用

 绿色化、智能化已成为钢铁行业未来发展的共识,是中国钢铁行业引领世界钢铁行业的重要方向。针对“绿色化、智能化、品牌化”的新一代流程钢厂建设面临的全流程数字孪生、绿色技术集成、工程管理创新等诸多问题,河钢集团积极探索钢铁工程的绿色化、数字化转型路径,在工程实践中建立了全流程多要素“融合协同”的绿色工程管理方法。形成了钢铁工程数字虚拟工厂与现实工厂的协同、绿色技术与工程设计的协同、过程管控与全要素资源动态的协同、工程数字与模块建造的协同等“四个协同”的具体方法支撑。据此方法建成的唐钢新区,从设计、建设到交付的全过程遵循冶金流程工程学理论,按照“绿色化、智能化、品牌化”的建设目标,以物质流、能量流、信息流的最优网络结构为方向,运用最新的钢厂动态精准设计、集成理论和流程界面技术,通过工序功能集解析优化、工序间关系集协调优化和流程工序集重构优化,构建信息物理融合系统,实现了唐钢新区产线连续紧凑、动态有序和产品质量窄窗口稳定运行。唐钢新区是在同时期、同类型钢铁工程中吨钢投资最低、建设工期最短、环保水平最高的新一代流程钢厂。全流程多要素“融合协同”的绿色工程管理方法的建立为钢铁工程的绿色化、智能化转型提供了借鉴。     

Greening Project Management Practices for Sustainable Construction

Environmentally sustainable building construction has experienced significant growth during the past 10 years. The public is becoming more aware of the benefits of green construction as prominent politicians, celebrities, documentarians, and journalists highlight the built environment’s impact on greenhouse gas emissions and natural resource consumption. Other factors, including higher energy prices, increased costs of building materials, and regulatory incentives, are also pushing the green building market to grow and expand. However, barriers to green building continue to exist, including the ability to deliver a green project within acceptable cost constraints. In order for project managers to deliver sustainable construction according to clients’ cost expectations, modifications must be made to traditional project management processes and practices. The objective of this paper is to suggest specific modifications to conventional building practices to optimize the delivery of cost-efficient green building projects. This paper presents an overview of research related to the costs and trends of green building and uses these research findings to make recommendations for greening project management practices for the construction industry. Our research results show that greening project management practices can add significant value to a sustainable construction project while delivering it within acceptable cost constraints. A detailed analysis using matrix present specific adjustments to traditional project management practices, with a premise that a green project improves its chances for financial success if a cross-discipline team is involved at the earliest stages and throughout the project.     

Value Engineering and Optimal Building Projects

The goal of any engineering design is to obtain an optimal solution to the design problem. This paper examines how value engineering contributes to the process of obtaining an optimal solution to the design problem for a building project. The factors that determine a building project and its costs are listed and these factors fall into two groups; one group relates to specific engineering systems, while the other group is general in character and relates to the whole building. Value engineering is effective because its procedures give opportunities for raising design issues associated with the latter group of factors as well as for providing for peer-review of the design. A summary of other methods of optimal design—such as design for manufacture and assembly (DFMA), concurrent engineering, and total quality management—is given, and these methods are compared with value engineering. Cost minimization in building construction is discussed with examples from the writer's experience on building projects in West Africa and the Middle East.     

Communication Patterns in Construction at Construction Manager Level

The procurement process of construction projects has been affected by developments in the field of Information Technology, as well as by the need to cope with growing technological challenges stemming from the integration of multiple building systems into tall and complex buildings. Furthermore, since the procurement phases are undertaken simultaneously, project complexity is increased, and increased integration among them is therefore required. These constraints have made the management of complex construction projects less of an architectural and engineering issue and more of a managerial one. In turn, this has led to an increasing use of the “construction management” concept in the procurement process. This study focused on communications in construction management procurement of building and residential projects in Israel. Communications between the construction manager and the design team were found to be vital in ensuring adherence to project objectives. Communication means were classified as “formal”—written technical information, and as “informal”—verbal communications. Construction managers in Israel still use informal communications in 50% of their interactions with their project counterparts. The study concludes that design capabilities should be one of the essential qualifications required of a construction management firm. In addition to the more traditional responsibilities, such as planning, scheduling, and coordination, the scope of the construction manager’s professional duties should emphasize the aspect of quality management.     

Continuous Value Enhancement Process

The demand for sustainable buildings is an important emerging trend in the building industry. However, the task of delivering these facilities is more difficult than for traditional projects and existing project management techniques struggle to handle the high levels of complexity present. A process-based model, called the continuous value enhancement process (CVEP), was developed to systematically generate and evaluate project alternatives leading to high performance solutions that improve project performance and increase levels of sustainability. Developed specifically to address the challenges facing the Pentagon renovation—which will become the world’s largest green office renovation—CVEP is tested to research its ability to support project management decision making in ways that elevate sustainability and project performance. The key contributions of this model include the integration of sustainable objectives into project management practices, and the development of a metric for measuring the quality and focus of project team decisions.     

Best Practices for Integrating the Concurrent Engineering Environment into Multipartner Project Management

The use of the Internet, e-mail, and other technologies has been steadily filtering into the building process, creating a concurrent engineering (CE) environment, and enabling collaborative efforts in the building process. The concurrent engineering environment is established by a variety of tools, including internet accessible servers, e-mail, mobile telephones, and many other existing CE tools. Organizations involved in the construction process recognize the need for assessment of benefits resulting from CE tools, but find the evaluation of these benefits difficult and complicated. The project presented in this paper, “project management and organization in the concurrent engineering environment (ProCE),” is applicable to both researchers and practitioners. The ProCE project developed a measuring model, which may be used by future researchers in this area, attempted to measure benefits derived from using the CE environment in construction design and project management routines, and developed guidelines for best practice implementation by practitioners, based on four case studies. The project included the measurement of both the quantitative and qualitative benefit of CE environment implementation in building construction projects using tools that were readily available through application service providers. Measurement of cost and other quantifiable benefits have been extensively studied. Therefore, the majority of the discussion in the current paper will address the ProCE project’s measurement of qualitative benefits.     

Impact of Green Building Design and Construction on Worker Safety and Health

Sustainable, or “green,” rating systems, such as the United States Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), are leading to changes in the way owners, designers, and contractors approach the design, construction, and operation of buildings. The processes and features included in green design and construction may have positive and/or negative impacts on construction worker safety and health. This paper presents the findings of a research study of the impact of green building design and construction practices on construction worker safety and health. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recordable and lost time injury and illness data from green projects (as identified by LEED) and from nongreen projects was collected through a structured questionnaire survey. The data collected was analyzed to test for the presence of a difference in OSHA recordable incident rates (RIRs) and lost time case rates (LTCRs) between green and nongreen projects. It was found that there was suggestive, but inconclusive evidence of a statistically significant difference in the RIRs of the green and nongreen building projects included in the study. No statistically significant difference was found between the LTCRs for the green and nongreen projects included in the study. The study findings provide valuable information to the construction industry for the purposes of project safety planning and the assessment of safety and health on projects.     

Lean Processes for Sustainable Project Delivery

Facility owners and project teams often struggle to engage “green” or “sustainable” requirements on building projects and can incur additional project costs as a result. Although “investments” in high performance building features can be paid back through operational savings, the project delivery methods currently adopted by most teams are laden with process waste. Lean production principles have been proven to reduce waste and improve process performance in highly complex development and production environments. Adopting these lean principles, this paper reports a study that identified the presence of value and waste in a sustainable building project. Through an empirical investigation of the Real Estate and Facilities Division of Toyota Motor Sales, Toyota’s capital facility delivery process was mapped to identify both the steps in project delivery critical for success (value) and those that are waste. The investigation focused on the South Campus Facility, which received U.S. Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Gold certification at a project cost equivalent to a conventional facility. Through post hoc process-based analysis, insight about what added value and waste in sustainable project delivery at Toyota was obtained. The results also identify further improvement opportunities to Toyota’s delivery process. For corporate facility owners and the Architecture Engineering Construction industry, the results unearth insights about how to successfully and economically deliver sustainable facilities.     

火灾后损伤混凝土结构构件检测鉴定与评级探讨

随着火灾事故的不断增加,火灾后导致建筑结构构件产生不同程度损伤,因此,针对火灾后建筑物的检测鉴定是必要的。《火灾后建筑结构鉴定标准》中虽然有混凝土结构检测鉴定评级,但是是初步评级,无法对其他检测内容进行评级。为此笔者利用若干次火灾后检测鉴定工程实践,并根据现行国家相关鉴定规范和相关研究成果,有针对性的提出了火灾后受损伤混凝土结构构件鉴定评级标准,解决了火灾后受损伤混凝土结构构件的分项评级和综合评级问题。     

信息化建设助推矿业公司工程项目管理水平

工程项目管理的信息化是大势所趋，有利于加速矿业公司的现代化进程。通过分析矿业公司工程项目管理的特点和在信息化过程中可能存在的一些问题，对信息化的流程、制度和标准等予以梳理和再造，提出IT视角的工程项目管理改进措施，矿业公司最终建成专业化、集成化和网络化的工程项目管理信息系统。     

Civil Engineering Education and Complex Systems

Civil engineering is an interdisciplinary field, and most of the projects designed and built represent very complex systems, both during the construction phase and in the built phase. This research describes how a course in land development that included engineering design elements, lectures that also touched on other related fields, and a field journal assignment at a “green” (sustainable) construction site facilitated students’ understanding of complex systems. Results suggest that this course design facilitates the development of students’ proficiencies in several skill sets, and can increase students’ understanding of the complexity involved in civil engineering projects.     

Cladding Systems: Technological Change and Design Arrangements

The growing use of technologically complex building components is changing the traditional pattern of design roles, activities, and responsibilities. By describing the characteristics of thin stone veneered cladding systems, the paper discusses the delivery challenges of this technology. Its design and engineering process, as it was observed in practice, consists of three main tasks: design definition, design finalization, and design realization, each characterized by its own intents and leadership. The observed process is a continuum that spreads these tasks throughout the construction activities of a project. It is implemented with multiple contributions of specialty subcontractors and manufacturers that need to be coordinated. Current American Institute of Architects (AIA) standard agreements assume that the design process is concluded ahead of construction and individually developed. These agreements do not properly address the coordination of the shop drawings submitted by subcontractors. New contractual agreements and the management of building projects should recognize the changing intents of the tasks comprising the design process and the role of subcontractors and manufacturers, define the nature of their design work, and assign related responsibilities for performance and authority for design coordination.     

交工资料整编归档是建筑施工管理的重要内容

交工资料整编工作是建筑工程项目的一个重要环节，资料整编的完整性、准确性、系统性对提高工程档案的质量有着极其重要的作用。实践证明，这项工作本身是艰巨的，并且与整个建筑施工过程相联系，是施工管理的重要组成部分，也是工程全面竣工的重要标志。     

Domain Taxonomy for Construction Concepts: Toward a Formal Ontology for Construction Knowledge

With the advancement of the semantic web, the construction industry is at a stage where intelligent knowledge management systems can be used. Such systems support more effective collaboration, where virtual teams of skilled users, not software, exchange ideas, decisions, and best practice. To achieve that, there is a need to create consistent semantic representation of construction knowledge. Existing representations, in the form of classification systems and product data models, lack effective modeling of concept semantics—a fundamental requirement for human-based exchange of knowledge. Toward this objective, this paper presents a domain taxonomy that was developed as part of the e-COGNOS project. The taxonomy was developed as a first step in the establishment of domain ontology for construction. The taxonomy was developed to be process-centered and to allow for utilization of already existing classification systems (BS6100, Master Format, and UniClass, for example). The taxonomy uses seven major domains to classify construction concepts: Process, Product, Project, Actor, Resource, Technical Topics, and Systems. The taxonomy was developed and validated through extensive interaction with domain experts. The taxonomy was used to develop a prototype ontology for the construction domain including semantic relationships and axioms. The ontology was used to support several applications in semantic knowledge management as part of the e-COGNOS portal, including semantic indexing and retrieval of information and ontology-based collaborative project development.     

The Master Builder Program: An Integrative, Practice-Oriented Program

The Master Builder Program is a practice-oriented master of engineering degree program that has been developed and implemented by the faculty in the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute. The central theme of the Master Builder Program is building process integration, which is a systems or integrated approach to the planning, design, construction, and management of constructed facilities. Building process integration was chosen as a strategic plan to focus on one segment of the building industry, to provide a unique educational product, to exhibit the strengths of Worcester Polytechnic Institute, and to distinguish the program from practice-oriented graduate degree programs that have been established at competing colleges and universities. The 30-credit-hour curriculum includes two required courses, a capstone project, and electives. Faculty collaboration and industrial participation are critical elements of the program.     

Student Learning in a Multidisciplinary Sustainable Engineering Course

An existing multidisciplinary course on sustainable engineering in developing societies was expanded to include sustainability issues and challenges faced in the developed world. The new course consisted of independent modules on general background, sustainability concepts and tools, sustainable water and waste systems, sustainable energy systems, sustainable agricultural and food systems, and sustainable building systems. The course included a semester-long project experience conducted in interdisciplinary teams. Projects were sourced from local businesses and institutions or from organizations involved in international development. Course evaluation included an end-of-semester self-assessment by students and an analysis of project reports. Thirteen out of 18 students surveyed (72%) agreed that their ability to consider techno-economic, environmental, and social aspects of sustainability was improved as a result of the course. An improved student understanding of aspects of sustainability and its measures was also evident in student project reports.     

Engineering Information Classification System

A good information classification and coding system is of great advantage to management. However, until now there has been no such a system for engineering management. MasterFormat is widely accepted as a construction information system but is not applicable to engineering work. This paper presents an engineering information classification system for engineering management that has a faceted and hierarchical structure that can flexibly classify information from facility to resource levels, such as construction information classification systems. The six digit coding system for products and functional tasks assists in project cost data collection and schedule planning. A design project was used as an example; the application can be broadened to incorporate the profit center practice and align a consulting firm’s business strategy.     

Production System Loading–Cycle Time Relationship in Residential Construction

Production home building possesses characteristics similar to manufacturing processes, such as the construction of more or less similar houses repeatedly and a growing demand for mass customization of homes. As a result of these similarities, larger homebuilders often attempt to view their production system as an assembly line process. However, the management tools generally utilized by these home builders are those used in other sectors of the construction industry, such as critical path method scheduling, cost estimating, and earned value analysis. These management tools do not provide an explanation or control/prediction tools for many undesirable situations that arise during home building, such as increasing cycle time which slows delivery of product to consumers and increases project capital costs, and increasing amounts of work in process that increases capital investment and thereby decreases company financial performance. In order to bring better management tools to the residential construction industry, this study examines relationships between cycle time, work in process, system throughput, new construction starts, and the capacity of the production system using building permit data for new single family homes in Chandler, Ariz. The applicability of Little’s law, a basic equation used in factory production management models, to a residential production system is examined. This study shows a definite, predictable relationship between cycle time, work in process, and production system throughput. It provides a pathway for further study of production system characteristics that have historically not been included in construction management models, with the expectation of developing new construction management tools that will account for more of the characteristics of construction production systems that affect project performance and company financial performance.     

Sustainability Education: Approaches for Incorporating Sustainability into the Undergraduate Curriculum

The objectives of this study were to describe two approaches to incorporating sustainability into the undergraduate engineering curricula and to list a variety of existing course resources that can easily be adopted or adapted by science and engineering faculty for this purpose. The two approaches described are (1)?redesigning existing courses through development of new curricular materials that still meet the objectives of the original course and (2)?developing upper division elective courses that address specific topics related to sustainability, such as manufacturing or life-cycle assessment, in depth. Case studies of three courses—Green Industrial Organic Chemistry, Environmentally Conscious Design and Manufacturing (Kettering University), and Sustainable Engineering (University of Oklahoma)—are presented. Assessment results from Green Industrial Organic Chemistry indicate that alternative curricular materials incorporating green chemistry can be used to meet the learning objectives of more traditional courses in organic chemistry, which are already required for many engineering majors. Environmentally Conscious Design and Manufacturing assessment data indicate that students increased their knowledge and application of industrial ecology topics as a result of taking the course. Preliminary assessment data from Sustainable Engineering indicate that students applied concepts of global resource reserves, sustainable growth and development, design for environment, and life-cycle assessment in their course work or employment approximately 1?year after finishing the course.