基于数值模拟的发动机缸体压铸模浇注系统优化设计

针对镁合金发动机缸体设计了2种不同类型的浇注系统,运用铸造模拟软件ProCAST对2种浇注系统下铸件的充型和凝固过程进行模拟,预测了充型时间、凝固时间和铸件中可能存在的缩孔、疏松及气孔缺陷的分布与尺寸,提出了优化的浇注系统设计。结果表明:在浇注温度670℃、模具初始温度220℃、压射速度8.5m/s的条件下,扇形浇注系统设计优于梳形浇注系统设计。     

Control of the casting process of grey cast iron by means of the wedge-penetration test

The graph of force versus penetration-depth from a wedge-penetration test gives information on the structure of the phases of the material under test. The simplicity of this test makes it ideal for on-line quality control of cast pieces. When strength is not satisfactory, knowledge about this structure permits a fast correction of the solidification conditions, increasing production capacity. Finally, it is proposed to adopt wedge strength as a standard, instead of converting this strength to tensile strength.     

Effect of vibration frequency on primary phase and properties of grey cast iron fabricated by lost foam casting

The properties of gray cast iron(GCI)are affected by density of matrix,size of flake graphite and primary austenite.In this paper,the Y-type specimen of GCI was prepared by lost foam casting(LFC)with and without vibration,and the influence of vibration frequency on the density of matrix,size of primary phase,and properties of the GCI was studied.The results show that the length of the flake graphite and the size of the primary austenite in GCI firstly decrease and then increase with the increase of the vibration frequency.With a vibration frequency of 35 Hz,the length of the flake graphite is the shortest,the primary austenite is the finest and the density of the matrix is the highest.In addition,the tensile strength,elongation and hardness of the GCI firstly increase and then decrease with the increase of the vibration frequency,due to the refinement of the primary phase and the increase of the matrix density.In order to analyze the refinement mechanism of the primary phase of the GCI fabricated by the LFC with vibration,the solidification temperature fields of the GCI fabricated by the LFC with the vibration frequency of 0 and 35 Hz were measured.The results show that the vibration reduces the eutectic point of the GCI and increases the supercooling degree during the eutectic transformation.As a result,the length of the flake graphite and the size of the primary austenite in GCI fabricated by LFC with the vibration frequency of 35 Hz decrease.     

Application of complex inoculants in improving the processability of grey cast iron for cylinder blocks

The automobile engine cylinder block made of gray cast iron has complicated shape and requires high performance, which has been drawing significant attention to producers and investigators for many years. Due to the conventional conception that gray cast iron had ideal process-ability in comparison to other cast irons, the research related to the process-ability of the gray cast iron was very limited. With the strengthening corporation between China and foreign countries in the recent years, t…     

G32柴油机气缸套的铸造技术

介绍G32重型柴油机合金灰铸铁缸套的生产技术。采用离心铸造、中频炉熔炼，铸件化学成分为：w（C）2．9％～3.2％，w（Si）1．7％～2．0％，w（Mn）0．7％-1．0％，W（P）0．25％-0．30％，w（S）0．08％-0．10％，w（Cr）0．25％-0．30％，w（Mo）0．30％-0．50％，w（Cu）0．6％～0．9％。为改善孕育效果，通过加入硫化铁，有意地提高铁液埘（s）量。铸型转速为695r／min，铸型壁厚为气缸套大端厚度的1．2倍，浇注速度20～40kg／s，旋转成型时间30min。     

New possibilities for welding and surfacing of grey iron

Results of investigations on development of new consumables for welding and weld surfacing of grey cast iron are presented. It is shown that through the influence on physical and chemical properties of liquid cast iron in the welding pool, the graphitization process, structure and properties of welds and weld overlays can be effectively affected. Arc weld surfacing with tube electrodes, without preheating or with that only up to 300°C, is a way which enables us to obtain sound weld overlays, the structure and properties of which are similar to those of grey cast iron. The method is useful for the repair of small casting defects.     

Laser surface hardening of gray cast iron used for piston ring

The process parameters for laser surface-hardening has been experimentally established for improving the wear life of piston rings used for marine diesel engines by the formation of a proper hardened layer on it. The parameters of interest were the laser power and travel speed. Various hardened layers of gray cast iron were analyzed with respect to microstructure, hardness value, hardening depth, surface roughness, and wear resistance. The hardness of the laser-hardened layer was in a range between 840 and 950 Hv0.1, regardless of the laser power and travel speed range studied. Both the surface roughness and hardening depth increased in an almost linear manner with the increase in the heat input applied. Thus, the hardened layers formed with heat input ranges between 30 and 45 J/mm satisfied the piston ring application requirements for surface roughness (<6.3 μm in Ra) and the minimum effective hardening depth of 0.3 mm (>450 in Vickers number). Wear-test results obtained using a pin-on-disk-type wear-test machine showed that the wear life of the laser-hardened layer was almost twice that of the untreated one. This was directly attributed to the formation of the martensitic microstructure.     

铝合金汽缸盖低压铸造数值模拟及工艺优化

利用铸件凝固过程数值分析方法研究了铝合金汽缸盖的低压铸造凝固过程,预测了缸盖铸件内部可能产生的缺陷。模拟显示,内浇口到零件厚壁之间的通道易形成缩孔缺陷。根据模拟结果及理论,对低压铸造工艺进行了优化设计,分别采用增设冷却系统、控制模具的预热温度、对浇口进行保温处理三种工艺措施。同时采用上述三种工艺措施,对消除缸盖铸件热节点的缩孔、缩松缺陷效果最好。     

灰口铸铁表面等离子喷焊铁基合金层组织与性能研究

采用等离子喷焊技术在灰口铸铁基体表面制备铁基喷焊层,喷焊两层时,喷焊层金属厚度可达8 mm。通过金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪对喷焊层显微组织进行观察分析,使用维氏显微硬度仪测试喷焊层金属显微硬度。结果表明:喷焊层显微组织主要为珠光体,基体上分布着大量的初生碳化物,初生碳化物多以(Cr,Fe)7C3形式存在。喷焊层硬度可达1 300 HV,是灰口铸铁基体的5倍以上。喷焊两层时,第一层喷焊金属组织中碳化物细化,硬度值降低,第二层喷焊金属受基体金属稀释程度的影响减小,组织更加均匀,硬度变化不大。     

基于RSM和GA的涡轮熔模铸造工艺优化

以涡轮熔模铸件浇注系统设计为例,基于BOX-BehnKen设计响应面试验(RSM)建立了二阶响应面模型,探究了浇注系统半径、高度与浇注温度对铸件内部缺陷的体积和缺陷与铸件表面之间的距离的影响,并利用遗传算法(GA)优化工艺参数。数值模拟分析结果表明,该优化方案可以在得到无缺陷涡轮铸件的同时达到80.53%的工艺出品率,为熔模铸造浇注系统的设计优化提供思路。     

Optimization of steel casting feeding system based on BP neural network and genetic algorithm

The trial-and-error method is widely used for the current optimization of the steel casting feeding system, which is highly random, subjective and thus ineff icient. In the present work, both the theoretical and the experimental research on the modeling and optimization methods of the process are studied. An approximate alternative model is established based on the Back Propagation(BP) neural network and experimental design. The process parameters of the feeding system are taken as the input, the volumes of shrinkage cavities and porosities calculated by simulation are simultaneously taken as the output. Thus, a mathematical model is established by the BP neural network to combine the input variables with the output response. Then, this model is optimized by the nonlinear optimization function of the genetic algorithm. Finally, a feeding system optimization of a steel traveling wheel is conducted. No shrinkage cavities and porosities are induced through the optimization. Compared to the initial design scheme, the process yield is increased by 4.1% and the volume of the riser is decreased by 5.48×10~6 mm3.     

客车制动盘铸造工艺模拟与优化分析

本文针对高速铁路客车ＳＷ－１６０转向架用制动盘铸件产生的缩孔、缩松等缺陷，结合现场铸造工艺情况，运用ＰｒｏＣＡＳＴ软件成功地预测了缺陷的位置与尺寸，实现了制动 主铸件质量的改进。     

铝合金壳盖压铸工艺优化研究

通过对铝合金壳盖压铸件进行实体造型,采用铸造数值模拟软件Z-Cast对铝合金壳盖压铸过程的压力场、速度场和温度场进行数值模拟,根据模拟结果分析浇注系统和溢流槽尺寸的合理性,重新设计、优化浇注系统的形状和布置位置,得到合理的压铸方案。对于铝合金压铸件结构和压铸工艺设计有着重要的指导意义。     

基于正交试验和灰色系统理论的拼焊板前纵梁成形优化

影响拼焊板冲压成形的工艺参数较多,难以精确建立工艺参数与成形质量之间的关系。以压边力、拉延筋高度、凸筋圆角半径、凹筋圆角半径为自变量,进行四因素四水平正交试验,模拟拼焊板前纵梁拉延成形过程,获得最大减薄率和最大焊缝移动量的数据。利用灰色系统理论,分别计算成形工艺参数对单目标函数的关联系数和多目标函数的关联度,将多目标转换为以关联度为目标的单目标。进一步计算各成形工艺参数的平均关联度,将优化的压边力、拉延筋截面几何参数进行有限元模拟验证,指导设计、试模,成形的质量得到明显提高。     

Construction and analysis of dynamic solidification curves for non-equilibrium solidification process in lost-foam casting hypoeutectic gray cast iron

Most lost-foam casting processes involve non-equilibrium solidification dominated by kinetic factors, while construction of a common dynamic solidification curve is based on pure thermodynamics, not applicable for analyses and research of non-equilibrium macro-solidification processes, and the construction mode can not be applied to nonequilibrium solidification process. In this study, the construction of the dynamic solidification curve (DSC) for the nonequilibrium macro-solidification process included: a modified method to determine the start temperature of primary austenite precipitation (TAL) and the start temperature of eutectic solidification (TES); double curves method to determine the temperature of the dendrite coherency point of primary austenite (TAC) and the temperature of eutectic cells collision point (TEC); the "technical solidus" method to determine the end temperature of eutectic reaction (TEN). For this purpose,a comparative testing of the non-equilibrium solidification temperature fields in lost-foam casting and green sand mold casting hypoeutectic gray iron was carried out. The thermal analysis results were used to construct the DSCs of both these casting methods under non-equilibrium solidification conditions. The results show that the transformation rate of non-equilibrium solidification in hypoeutectic gray cast iron is greater than that of equilibrium solidification. The eutectic solidification region presents a typical mushy solidification mode. The results also indicate that the primary austenite precipitation zone of lost-foam casting is slightly larger than that of green sand casting. At the same time, the solid fraction (fs) of the dendrite coherency points in lost-foam casting is greater than that in the green sand casting.Therefore, from these two points, lost-foam casting is more preferable for reduction of shrinkage and mechanical burntin sand tendency of the hypoeutectic gray cast iron. Due to the fact that the solidification process (from the surface to center) at primary austenite growth area in the lost-foam cylinder sample lags behind that in the green sand casting,the mushy solidification tendency of lost-foam casting is greater and the solidification time is longer.     

贝氏体球铁轧辊的工艺优化及使用效果

采用离心铸造 低温回火工艺并通过合金成分调整和工艺控制,生产出"改进型"贝氏体球铁轧辊。将其用于棒材连轧机精轧机架,可使轧辊裂纹和剥落缺陷明显减少,一次修磨单槽轧制量大于450t,且轧辊非正常报废比率由15%降至1%左右。     

Effect of chill cooling conditions on cooling rate,microstructure and casting/chill interfacial heat transfer coefficient for sand cast A319 alloy

A combination of experiments and numerical analyses were used to examine the cooling conditions, solidification microstructure and interfacial heat transfer in A319 cast in a chilled wedge format. Both solid copper chills and water cooled chills, with and without a delay in water cooling, were examined in the study. Various chill preheats were also included. The goal of the investigation is to explore methods of limiting heat transfer during solidification directly beside the chill and increasing cooling rates during solidification away from the chill. Within the range of conditions examined in the study, chill preheat was found to have only a small effect on cooling rates between 5 and 50 mm from the chill/casting interface, pour superheat a moderate effect and water cooling a significant effect. In comparison to the results for the solid chill, the solidification time at 5 mm with water cooling applied at the beginning of mould filling is reduced from 56 to 15 s and at 50 mm from 588 to 93·5 s. Furthermore, the average cooling rate during solidification is increased from 1·9 to 7·06°C s^?1 at 5 mm and from 0·18 to 1·13°C s^?1 at 50 mm. At 50 mm, for example, the increased cooling rate achieved with water translates into a reduction in secondary dendrite arm spacing from 40 to 25 μm or ～40%. Delaying the water cooling by 10 s facilitated slow cooling rates at 5 mm (similar to those achieved with a solid chill) and high cooling rates 50 mm from the chill. A temperature based correlation was found to be suitable for characterising the behaviour of the interfacial heat transfer coefficient in the solid shill castings, whereas a time based correlation was needed for the water cooled castings.     

浅谈铸铁车间危险有害因素识别及安全设计

本文主要从人、物、环境、管理四个方面,识别铸铁车间生产运营过程中存在的主要危险、有害因素,阐述在车间设计过程中采取的针对性安全设计,供铸铁车间设计时参考借鉴。     

大型机床底座铸造工艺设计与优化

分析某大型机床底座铸件的结构特点,发现该铸件尺寸较大、铸件内部结构复杂、腔体较多.对铸件内部结构及流道系统进行分块砂芯成形,同时为了限制砂芯的自由度,设置了芯头与定位装置,有效避免了铸型错位.利用ProCAST软件模拟分析底注式浇注系统与顶注式浇注系统的缺陷形成,最终选择底注式浇注系统的砂型铸造工艺.针对底注式浇注系统...     

ProCAST仿真优化球铁基CBN砂轮的消失模铸造工艺

采用ProCAST铸造模拟软件,对球铁基CBN砂轮的消失模铸造进行充型和凝固过程的数值模拟,分析了不同工艺参数对其充型凝固规律及磨粒温度的影响,预测铸造缺陷的产生。根据模拟仿真的结果,以充型过程平稳、凝固时间较短、磨粒的热稳定性较好为目标,优化其浇注系统和铸造工艺参数如下:以砂轮中心孔部位作为补缩冒口,真空度60 kPa,浇注温度1 400℃,砂轮基体泡沫密度和磨削层泡沫密度分别为15 kg/m3和25 kg/m3。