Application of Preconditioned GMRES Algorithm for Analysis of Millimeter Wave Ferrite Sphere Circulators

The generalized minimal residual (GMRES) iterative method is applied to solve such sparse large non-symmetric system of linear equations resulting from the use of edge-based finite element method. In order to speed up the convergence of GMRES, the symmetric successive overrelaxation (SSOR) preconditioning scheme is applied for the analysis of millimeter wave ferrite circulator. Consequently, this preconditioned GMRES (PGMRES) approach can reach convergence ten times faster than GMRES. The reflection and insertion losses of millimeter wave waveguide circulator are compared with those obtained from literature.     

Application of Preconditioned GMRES Algorithm for Analysis of Millimeter Wave Ferrite Sphere Circulators

The generalized minimal residual (GMRES) iterative method is applied to solve such sparse large non-symmetric system of linear equations resulting from the use of edge-based finite element method. In order to speed up the convergence of GMRES, the symmetric successive overrelaxation (SSOR) preconditioning scheme is applied for the analysis of millimeter wave ferrite circulator. Consequently, this preconditioned GMRES (PGMRES) approach can reach convergence 19 times faster than GMRES. The isolation and insertion losses of millimeter wave waveguide circulator are compared with those obtained from literature.     

Time-Domain Analysis of Millimeter Wave Circulation Around a Magnetised Ferrite Sphere

An efficient numerical method has been devised for the study of wave circulated by a magnetised ferrite sphere. It is a finite-difference time-domain formulation that incorporates Mur's absorbing boundary conditions and a perfectly matched layer. The electromagnetic fields inside the ferrite body are calculated using special updating equations derived from the equation of motion of the magnetization vector and Maxwell's curl equations in consistency. The electromagnetic fields inside ferrite and the power-density distribution on the ferrite's surface normal to the bias external magnetic field are obtained in a wide frequency band with a single time domain run. It is observed that an incident plane wave would circulate around the magnetised ferrite body in an open space as if the ferrite were placed inside a waveguide / microstrip junction circulators.     

Analysis of the H-Plane T-Junction Millimeter Wave Waveguide Circulator with a Ferrite Sphere

This paper presents an approximate but efficient field treatment of the new easy-to-fabricate ferrite sphere based H-plane waveguide circulator for potentially low-cost millimeter wave communication systems. A new three-dimension modeling strategy using a self-inconsistent mixed coordinates based mode matching technique is developed, i.e. the solutions of the Helmholz wave equations in the ferrite sphere and in the surrounding areas are deduced in the form of infinite summation of spherical, cylindrical and general Cartesian modes respectively. The point matching method is then used on the interface to numerically obtain the coefficients of different orders basis functions of the field. Therefore, the field distributions as well as the characteristics of the circulator are numerically calculated and the good agreement is observed between the numerical results and the measured data.     

Efficient Analysis of Millimeter Wave Ferrite Circulators by the GMRES Iterative Algorithm

The finite element method (FEM) combined with the perfectly matched layers (PML) is given for simulation of waveguide ferrite circulators. The generalized minimal residual (GMRES) iterative method is applied to solve such sparse large non-symmetric system of linear equations resulting from the use of edge-based finite element method. The formulation of FEM and the algorithm of GMRES method are described in detail. The reflection and insertion losses of millimeter wave waveguide circulator are analyzed and the results are compared with those obtained from literature.     

Development of the Microstrip Circulator with a Magnetized Ferrite Sphere in Millimeter Wave Band

In this paper, a novel microstrip circulator with a magnetized ferrite sphere is proposed for various millimeter wave communications. A three-dimensional Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) approach for the analysis of this ferrite sphere based microstrip circulator is first presented. The electromagnetic fields inside the ferrite junction are calculated using special updating equations derived from the equation of motion of the magnetization vector and Maxwell's curl equations in consistency. Frequency dependent insertion loss, isolation and reflection loss of circulator are calculated over a wide band of frequencies with a single FDTD run. Experimental results at Ka band are presented and compared with theoretical simulations. As a result, a good agreement is found between them.     

Analysis of Millimeter Wave Microstrip Circulator with a Magnetized Ferrite Sphere by FDTD Method with Modified Matrix Pencil Method

In this paper, the modified matrix pencil (MMP) method is used in the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method to eliminate the late time instability of time domain responses when analyzing the novel microstrip circulator with a magnetized ferrite sphere. The frequency dependent scattering parameters: reflection, isolation and insertion parameters of the microstrip circulator calculated over a wide band of frequencies with this hybrid method are compared with that obtained by direct FDTD method which agree well with the experimental results.     

平面Y形结环行器的三维时域有限差分法分析

本文采用FDTD法 (finite differencetime domainmethod)即时域有限差分法对铁氧体样品分别为圆盘和环形盘片的微带环行器和带线环行器进行了三维分析 ,计算了环形特性参数 ,并与文献结果做了比较 .同时给出了能流图 ,并讨论了衬底厚度和阻尼系数对环形特性的影响     

Design of High-Performance Millimeter Wave and Sub-Millimeter Wave Quasi-Optical Isolators and Circulators

Faraday rotators using permanently magnetized ferrite materials are used to make quasi-optical isolators and circulators at millimeter wave and sub-millimeter wave frequencies that have far higher performance than their waveguide equivalents. This paper demonstrates state-of-the-art performance for four-port quasi-optical circulators with 60-dB isolation, 0.2-dB insertion loss, and better than 80-dB return loss for devices centered at 94 GHz. A method is presented for the accurate characterization of the complex permeability and permittivity of permanently magnetized ferrites via a series of frequency and polarization dependent transmission and reflection measurements. The dielectric and magnetic parameters for the sample are determined by fitting theoretical curves to the measured data. These fitted parameters are then used in a model for a complete quasi-optical Faraday rotator, including matching layers, allowing the accurate design and fabrication of these devices for any specific operational frequency band in the millimeter wave and sub-millimeter wave regime. Examples are given showing typical results and demonstrating how temperature cycling can significantly improve the temperature stability of these devices, while allowing fine tuning of the center frequency. We also indicate the performance possible at higher frequencies to above 1 THz and outline performance of truly planar isolators where lossy polarizer material is built into the Faraday rotator matching structure     

Simulation of Millimeter Wave Circulators by FEM with Unifrontal/Multifrontal Technique

The combination of unifrontal and multifrontal techniques is applied for solving a large, sparse, and unsymmetric system of linear equations resulting from the use of edge-based finite element method (FEM) for millimeter wave ferrite devices. The formulation of finite element method combined with the perfectly matched layers (PML) is given and the combined algorithm of unifrontal and multifrontal methods is described. The lower data movement of unifrontal method and the lower fill-in of normal multifrontal methods are combined for an algorithm with their features. The performance of typical waveguide junction circulators is analyzed and the calculated results are compared with those obtained from the literature.     

Double Circulation Frequency Operation of Stripline Y-Junction Circulators

The double circulation frequency operation (DCFO) of stripline Y-junction circulators loaded with dielectric-ferrite composites is presented. The dielectric-ferrite composite is made by combining a dielectric puck with a ferrite ring. The DCFO is identified in the mode chart, and it is found that mode 1 and mode 1A, according to Davies and Cohen, play their respective roles in the circulation. Theoretical results of perfect circulation are derived, applying Bosma's Green's function to the junction mode impedances, and then, design and operation of the DCFO are studied. Finally, experimental examples are presented.     

Multiple-Frequency Operation of Y-Junction Circulators Using Single-Mode Approximation

The conditions for a Y-junction circulator to operate within more than one frequency band are studied. By taking into account only the dominant resonance mode at each circulation frequency, explicit expressions are obtained which define the properties of the circulator. The results are presented in diagrams and tables which enable rapid evaluation of obtainable performance for some of the most important mode combinations. The validity of the results are experimentally verified.     

Investigation of Waveguide Y-Junction Circulator with a Triangular Ferrite Post

An H-plane waveguide Y-junction circulator with a triangular ferrite post is investigated by a modified analysis of jointly resonance theory and simple field theory. Good agreement between the theoretical obtained performances and experimental results is observed. The circulator exhibits a very low insertion loss and a wide bandwidth.     

过尺寸毫米波铁氧体移相器的工程设计

旋磁波导问题一般是利用驻波展开法导出耦合波方程组再求解。但这种方法由于数值实现比较困难，处理高次模问题有一定的局限性。文中提出利用Galerkin法求解本征模问题，即把波导中的电磁波用矩形波导基本波型函数展开，把波导模式问题进一步转化为矩阵特征值问题。在此基础上计算了过尺寸铁氧体移相器各阶传播模式场型分布，并给出了有关工程设计曲线。     

CPW Circulators with Barium Ferrite Thin Films

A miniaturized circulator using barium ferrite films with a coplanar waveguide(CPW) structure is designed and optimized by high frequency electromagnetic field simulations based on finite element methods.The best circulation performance of the film circulator based on 10 μm thick barium ferrite thin films is obtained with an insertion loss of 0.13 dB and an isolation of 22.89 dB around 36.9 GHz.The microwave characteristics of film circulators with CPW and CPW with ground(CPWG) structures have been compared.The influences of the gap between the ground and the signal line,and the ferromagnetic resonance line width on the microwave properties are also studied.     

微波毫米波功率单片电路CAD

从功率ＦＥＴ大信号建模、功率ＭＭＩＣ设计方法以及ＣＡＤ同工艺因素的结合等方面论述了功率单片电路的ＣＡＤ应用技术。     

Theory of Operation of a 3-Port Y-Junction Ferrite Circulator

An analysis is made of the operation of a 3 port Y-junction ferrite circulator wherein it is assumed that the ferrite cylinder can support the propagation of a bound surface wave. The incident wave guided by the air-dielectric interface of the ferrite cylinder is taken to be linearly polarized parallel to the ferrite axis and after incidence on the cylinder is assumed to divide and propagate in opposite directions about the cylinder as two linearly polarized signals. By appropriate selection of ferrite cylinder diameter, permeability, magnetizing field and saturation magnetization, constructive and destructive interference of the RF components are shown to occur at the two output ports. The conditions for reinforcement and null at the outputs are discussed and compared with published experimental data. It is possible to predict the occurrence of ferrite circulator diplexing reported by Brown and Clark although good quantitative comparison is lacking. The theoretical dependence of ferrite diameter upon free space wavelength is computed and compares satisfactorily with recorded experimental data. The experimental observations that greater circulator bandwidths are achievable when below resonance magnetizing fields are employed are shown to have a theoretical basis. In addition, interrelationships among the designed variables: saturation magnetization, applied magnetic field, ferrite resonance linewidth and circulator insertion loss are noted in the theoretical results.     

毫米波功率合成器的场分析及其计算机辅助设计

本文运用匹配方法计算了毫米波功率合成器中从各有源器件向外看去的外电路互阻抗，并利用频域谐波平衡技术将外电路阻抗与有源器件的大信号模型结合起来，建立了毫米波功率合成器的计算机理论。     

宽带集中元件环行器计算机辅助设计

本文从散射矩阵本征值的频率关系出发,对宽带集中元件环行器所需的设计参数作了优化计算。文中采用乘子法将约束优化问题化为无约束优化问题。计算结果与实验结果较一致并证实了为得到宽带性能实验中出现的隔离双峰的现象。     

Design of Waveguide Circulators with Chebyshev Characteristics Using Partial-Height Ferrite Resonators

This paper outlines a step-by-step approach to the design of waveguide circulators using partial-height resonators, which incorporates every linear dimension of the device, The approach used consists of defining the physical variables of the ferrite region in terms of the frequency, VSWR, and bandwidth specification. It also incorporates the definition of the length and admittance level of the radial transformer. The model employed is essentially a two-mode one, with the third mode separately adjusted to exhibit an ideal electric-wall boundary condltion at the terminals of the junction.