圆管中中性悬浮液流动阻力和流变性的实验测定

对高浓度的液固悬浮液在圆管中的流变特性进行了实验研究,实验体系为聚苯乙烯颗粒在NaCl水溶液中的中性悬浮液。测定了在层流状态下,固体颗粒的体积分数变化（20%～50%）、悬浮液流速变化（0.031～0.22 m•s^-1）以及颗粒粒度变化对悬浮液压降的影响规律。实验结果表明,固体颗粒的浓度会影响悬浮液的流变性质,颗粒粒径对悬浮液流变性影响微弱。悬浮液的压降随颗粒体积分数和流速的增大而增大,悬浮液的流动特性在较高颗粒浓度范围内符合幂率流体模型。     

水力压裂管柱弯管处的固体颗粒冲蚀研究

为了研究固/液两相流体对压裂管柱弯管处的冲蚀问题,运用DPM冲蚀模型对弯管处在不同固相颗粒体积分数条件下的冲蚀进行计算与分析,追踪固体颗粒粒子路径,研究结果表明:弯管内壁管径最大区域最易产生冲蚀;在不同固相颗粒体积分数条件下,弯管最大冲蚀率随着固体颗粒含量的增加而增加,且固相颗粒体积分数与弯管的冲蚀率呈线性变化趋势。     

聚乙二醇400在氮化硅凝胶注模悬浮液中的应用

聚乙二醇400(polyethylene glycol 400,PEG400)作为润湿剂用于制备高浓度氮化硅悬浮液,以简单的工艺,在降低料浆黏度的同时提高其固相含量.为表征润湿剂对高固相含量下氮化硅悬浮液的润湿特性,测试了其黏度及在润湿剂作用下的润湿性和吸附特性.结果表明:当悬浮液固相含量高达60%(体积分数)时,在PEG400作用下其黏度可以显著降低.基于悬浮液中颗粒堆积形式,建立了等径密堆双球模型,阐释了PEG400作用机理.     

高温下水泥浆流变性能研究

1 水泥浆的分散机理 水泥浆是一种高度浓缩同相颗粒水基悬浮体,固相浓度可高达70%.这种悬浮体的流变性能与悬浮液的流变性、固相体积分数和同相颗粒间的相互作用直接有关.在水泥浆水相中含有大量的离子核和有机添加剂,所以水的组成不同流变性也会随之不同;水泥浆水灰比直接决定水泥浆的密度,也影响着水泥浆中固相颗粒间的相互作用及表面电荷的分布和作用状况.     

空冷凝汽器翅片管流态化清洗的数值模拟

对空冷凝汽器翅片管进行了液固两相流流态化除垢清洗的数值模拟。研究了流体流速、固相粒径、固相体积分数对清洗效果的影响。结果表明:流体的湍流强度壁面的剪切应力均随流速、固相粒径、固相体积分数的增加而增大;考虑节水节能和清洗效果,蛇形翅片管最佳入口流速为14m/s,固相粒径为0.3mm,体积分数为8%。     

流化床太阳能粒子吸热器内流动传热数值模拟

基于计算颗粒流体力学(CPFD)方法对内循环流化床固体颗粒太阳能吸热器中的气固两相流动进行建模,结合P1辐射模型,对吸热器内颗粒流动和传热过程进行了研究,并通过试验数据对模型进行了验证。模拟研究了吸热器在内部强制再循环作用下的颗粒流动和传热过程,分析了气体质量流量、颗粒浓度、再循环率等参数对吸热器内颗粒流动传热的影响。结果表明,气体质量流量的增加会使轴向的颗粒温度增加;随着颗粒体积分数的增大,吸热器出口气体温度和热效率均增大,但是当颗粒体积分数超过0.06%时,颗粒体积分数的增大会导致吸热器的净吸收能力和出口气体温度降低;再循环速率增大,出口气体温度和热效率呈现先增大后减小的趋势,表明需要选择合适的再循环速率以保证吸热器的良好性能。     

基于电容层析成像技术的流化床内固相体积分数分布特性研究

针对煤清洁转化过程流化床内复杂气固两相流动特性,采用电容层析成像(简称ECT)技术,考察了流化床内玻璃珠和树脂颗粒瞬时和时均的固相体积分数分布特性。结果表明,利用不同时刻的瞬时固相体积分数等值图,可实现对截面颗粒分布的量化检测;局部时均固相体积分数沿径向呈"中心低、边壁高"的对称分布,截面时均固相体积分数沿轴向呈"下浓上稀"分布,测量结果与经典理论和实验观察相一致,表明ECT方法可以定性与定量测定流化床内气固两相流动过程固相体积分数。     

固液搅拌槽内液相湍流特性

采用粒子图像测速系统研究搅拌槽内固液二相湍流运动的流场分布规律,结果表明,液相速度随着颗粒体积分数的增加,先增加后变小,在颗粒体积分数为0.5%时有最大值。湍流动能和耗散率大的区域分布在桨叶尖端右下方,随着加入颗粒后,桨叶下方液相湍流动能和耗散率都比清水时大。湍流动能在颗粒体积分数为0.9%时有最大值,湍流动能耗散率在颗粒体积分数为1.3%时有最大值。     

窄筛分颗粒气固流态化特性数值模拟研究

为更好地指导工业生产,了解不同粒径颗粒在气固流化床中的状态以及流化床中颗粒分布情况,针对气固流化床中窄筛分颗粒流态化特性进行数值模拟研究。通过流场模拟软件分析在相同流化床中不同粒径段的颗粒(46～80、106～113、185～221μm)和不同流化床进气速度条件下所能达到的体积分数和流化床层高度以及达到这一指标所需时间,并采用欧拉-欧拉模型和SIMPLE算法计算不同气速条件下的颗粒体积分数、速度分布。结果表明,在相同气速条件下,颗粒粒径增大,导致流化床内颗粒体积分数最高点与最低点的差距变大,颗粒分布不均匀性增加,同时床层整体高度下降,床层内颗粒密度上升,颗粒体积分数下降,流化效果降低;相同颗粒粒径情况下,增加气速可降低流化床内部颗粒的体积分数,增加气体与固体颗粒的接触面积,增强流化效果,但减少了流化床内部颗粒速度矢量分布达到均匀的时间,颗粒分布不均匀性更加明显。     

SiC改性铝基复合材料在体育器械中的应用性能分析

将雾化制得的6061铝合金粉体作为基体,SiC颗粒作为增强相,采用粉末冶金法制备在体育器材中应用的SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料,并研究SiC颗粒尺寸与体积分数对复合材料应用性能的影响。结果显示,体积分数相同时,复合材料的比强度、抗拉强度与硬度均随着SiC颗粒粒径的变大而减小。选择粒径为5μm的SiC颗粒,复合材料的抗拉强度与比强度均随着SiC体积分数的变大先增大后减小,且都在体积分数为15%时达到最大值;硬度则随着SiC体积分数的变大而增加。SiC颗粒粒径为5μm,体积分数为15%时,体育器材用SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料的应用性能最佳。     

A new method to synthesize high solid content waterborne polyurethanes by strict control of bimodal particle size distribution

A new method named two-step emulsification process was developed to synthesize high solid content waterborne polyurethanes by strict control of the bimodal particle size distribution. In the first step, a series of 40% solid content polyester-based (WPU-1) with low content of hydrophilic group and large particle size were firstly synthesized. In the second step, polyether-based prepolymers (WPU-2 prepolymers) with high content of hydrophilic group were firstly prepared and WPU-1 emulsions were used to emulsify WPU-2 prepolymers to obtain the final emulsions with high solid content (WPU-3). The particle size of WPU-3 present bimodal distribution and the diameter ratio and volume percentage of large particles to small particles in WPU-3 were able to be strictly controlled by this method. The viscosity of WPU-3 with 55% solid content was only 489.1 mPa s⁻¹ when the diameter ratio of large particles to small particles was 9.2 and the volume percentage of large particles was 74%.     

Particle size distributions and viscosity of suspensions undergoing shear-induced coagulation and fragmentation

The dynamic behavior of concentrated suspensions (up to a solids volume fraction of 20%) of non-spherical particles is investigated theoretically by coupling a rheological law to a population balance model accounting for coagulation and fragmentation of the detailed particle size distribution. In these suspensions, the immobilization of matrix liquid renders the viscosity dependent on the particle aggregation state. The effect of initial solids volume concentration and shear rate on the transient behavior of particle size distribution and suspension viscosity is examined. Power law correlations for the equilibrium flow curves of aggregating suspensions are deduced and compared to experimental data. Steady-state or equilibrium particle size distributions are found to be self-preserving with respect to solids volume fraction and shear rate.     

Yodel: A Yield Stress Model for Suspensions

A model for the yield stress of particulate suspensions is presented that incorporates microstructural parameters taking into account volume fraction of solids, particle size, particle size distribution, maximum packing, percolation threshold, and interparticle forces. The model relates the interparticle forces between particles of dissimilar size and the statistical distribution of particle pairs expected for measured or log-normal size distributions. The model is tested on published data of sub-micron ceramic suspensions and represents the measured data very well, over a wide range of volume fractions of solids. The model shows the variation of the yield stress of particulate suspensions to be inversely proportional to the particle diameter. Not all the parameters in the model could be directly evaluated; thus, two were used as adjustable variables: the maximum packing fraction and the minimum interparticle separation distance. The values for these two adjustable variables provided by the model are in good agreement with separate determinations of these parameters. This indicates that the model and the approximations used in its derivation capture the main parameters that influence the yield stress of particulate suspensions and should help us to better predict changes in the rheological properties of complex suspensions. The model predicts the variation of the yield stress of particulate suspensions to be inversely proportional to the particle diameter, but the experimental results do not show a clear dependence on diameter. This result is consistent with previous evaluations, which have shown significant variations in this dependence, and the reasons behind the yield stress dependence on particle size are discussed in the context of the radius of curvature of particles at contact.     

Concentrated suspension-based additive manufacturing – viscosity,packing density,and segregation

This paper describes the influence of particle size distribution (PSD) of refractory silica on the suspension viscosity, packing density, and segregation in layers solidified by ceramic stereolithography (CerSLA). Using bimodal PSD displays most significant decrease of suspension viscosity than suspension made of mono-modal PSD. Given the Krieger-Dougherty model and packing density experiment, the lower viscosity results from the higher maximum volume fraction, φ_m, reached through the closely packed particles. Furthermore, from the differential sedimentation of coarser or denser particles in suspensions, particle size segregation in layers is detected. To determine the distribution of particle size within each layer, a linear intercept method is used, which demonstrates the vertical changes in PSD. Mono–modal PSD case show severe segregations in solidified layers in which the population of larger or denser particles is greater near the bottom. However, much less segregation occurs with bimodal PSD due to suppressed segregation.     

高固含乳液压敏胶的粒径分析

运用多阶段乳液聚合法可以有效合成高固含乳液乳液粒径无论是单元分散还是多元分散均能实现高固含化在保持乳液稳定的条件下，如果乳液粒径是单元分散，当粒径足够大或者粒径分布足够宽时，乳液实现高固含的同时，可以达到低黏度目的如果是多元分散，粒径分布一般较宽，非常有利于实现乳液低黏度下的高固含化，当乳液的大粒子质量分数在80％左右时最容易达到目的.     

Study on the solid–liquid suspension behavior in a tank stirred by the long-short blades impeller

We investigated the solid–liquid suspension characteristics in the tank with a liquid height/tank diameter ratio of 1.5 stirred by a novel long-short blades(LSB) impeller by the Euler granular flow model coupled with the standard k–ε turbulence model. After validation of the local solid holdup by experiments,numerical predictions have been successfully used to explain the influences of impeller rotating speed,particle density, particle size, liquid viscosity and initial solid loading on the soli...     

Viscosity of Electrostatically Stabilized Dispersions of Monodispersed, Bimodal, and Trimodal Silica Particles

Effect of particle size and polydispersity on the viscosity and maximum packing fraction of aqueous colloidal dispersions has been studied. For dispersions of mono-sized particles, the results indicate that there is a linear relationship between the log(η) (viscosity) and particle size at a fixed shear rate and volume fraction of solids. However, there is a particle diameter at which there is a decrease in the dependency of viscosity on particle size as the slope of the linear plots of log(η) versus particle diameter changes to a smaller value. Preliminary calculations indicate that this particle size may correspond to a separation distance at which electrostatic energy as compared with the thermal energy of the particles can be ignored. In the case of bimodal dispersions, the viscosity is affected by both absolute size and the ratio of the two sizes. The effect of particle size ratio on the viscosity was investigated using bimodal dispersions of the same size coarse particles, but fines of different sizes. There is a critical volume ratio below which bimodal dispersions of larger size ratios show lower viscosities than systems of smaller size ratios. Above this volume ratio of the two sizes, the trend becomes reversed and the fines will have a dominant effect on the viscosity behavior of the bimodal system. Statistically designed experiments were carried out using trimodal mixtures of monodispersed silica particles and it was shown that tridispersed suspensions demonstrate similar behavior as bidispersed suspensions, with a minimum in viscosity observed as a function of particle volume ratio.     

新型自吸式多相搅拌槽临界悬浮特性的实验研究

在不通气的情况下,对新型多相搅拌槽进行实验,得出了其固相含量w、颗粒密度r、搅拌槽内径D与临界悬浮转速Nc的关系,在相同条件下,与给定结构尺寸的标准搅拌槽对比了临界悬浮转速. 结果表明,Nc随固相分率j增加和粒径dp增大而增大,不利于达到良好的悬浮效果;固相颗粒密度越大,临界悬浮转速随之增大;槽径增大使达到悬浮状态的临界转速降低. 该新型搅拌槽临界悬浮转速的关联式是Nc=6.3dp0.21(gDr/rL)0.45w0.19/D0.55;同一固相分率下,新型多相搅拌槽的临界悬浮转速比标准搅拌槽降低了30%,在较低转速下就能使颗粒悬浮.     

Influence of Solid Fraction on the Optimum Molecular Weight of Polymer Dispersants in Aqueous TiO2 Nanoparticle Suspensions

The effects of solid fraction and molecular weight of a polymer dispersant—sodium polyacrylate—on the apparent viscosity of an aqueous TiO₂ nanoparticle suspension were investigated by varying the particle solid fractions from 15 to 37 vol% and the molecular weight of the dispersant from 1200 to 30 000. When the solid fraction was increased, the molecular weight of the dispersant was decreased to obtain the lowest suspension viscosity. The effect of the molecular weight of the dispersant on the suspension viscosity was discussed based on the surface interaction between TiO₂ particles characterized by a colloid probe atomic force microscope. The polymer dispersant adsorbed on a particle surface enhanced the repulsive force between the TiO₂ particles and reduced adhesion by electrosteric interaction, which reduced the suspension viscosity. The size of the dispersant in the aqueous solution determined by a dynamic light scattering method was compared with the estimated particle surface distance. As the solid fraction increased, the average surface distance and the size of the dispersant attainable to the particle surface reduced; therefore, the optimum molecular weight of the dispersant for a dense suspension is also reduced.     

Further observations on the rheological behaviour of dense suspensions

The literature and recent WSL results on suspensions of spherical particles are surveyed and summarised. It is concluded that the steady shear properties of a dense suspension is not characterised by an unique viscosity or flow curve, but rather it is described by a wide viscosity distribution or a shear stress - shear rate flow band whose mean and standard deviation are functions of solids concentration, particle size distribution and viscometric geometry and dimensions. The standard deviation (or data spread) increases with solids concentration and with decreasing viscometer gap to particle diameter ratio. This property is due to poor sample reproducibility in respect of solids concentration and particle size distribution and the inherent two-phase nature of suspension which gives rise to particle migration and consequently non-uniform packing density or structure in a sample. Because a dense suspension is increasingly sensitive to these factors as concentration is increased, the standard deviation can be very large. Because the details of packing structure vary with flow, the viscosity distribution or flow band depends on viscometric flow geometry and measuring element dimensions. The implications of this conclusion on the study and characterisation of dense suspension property and the prediction of its behaviour in industrial handling and process equipment are discussed.