Balancing Switching Losses in Three-phase,Five-level Pulse-width Modulation Switched Voltage Source Inverter Using Hybrid Modulation Techniques

This article proposes a new switching strategy for a three-phase, five-level switched voltage source inverter. The single-carrier, multi-level pulse-width modulation (PWM) scheme is employed to generate gating signals for the power switches. The proposed modulation scheme is hybridized to enable the output voltage of the inverter configuration, inheriting the features of switching-loss reduction from fundamental PWM and good harmonic performance from multiple sinusoidal PWM. A sequential switching scheme is embedded with the already-employed hybrid modulation to overcome unequal switching losses and, therefore, differential heating among the power devices. Operational principles with switching functions are given. For an R-L load, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analyses of the output voltage waveforms were carried out, and the corresponding total harmonic distortion value of 26.09% was obtained. To verify the performance of the proposed modulation scheme, simulations and experiments are conducted on a 1.2-kW rated prototype of the inverter; adequate results are presented.     

基于多电平随机脉宽调制技术的共模电压和谐波抑制方法

在PWM电机驱动系统中,多电平逆变技术可以降低系统中的共模电压和谐波含量,但是由于开关频率是固定的,在开关频率处的谐波仍很大。随机开关频率空间矢量调制技术可以通过对零矢量的控制,实现对共模电压的抑制,并且开关频率的随机化,使得开关频率处的幅值较大的谐波分散为一定带宽的幅值较小的谐波,降低了谐波的幅值。给出了混合型七电平逆变器的拓扑结构及控制方法,将高压单元的低频输出和低压单元的高频输出进行叠加,实现七电平的电压输出。分析了不同的开关状态对共模电压的影响,提出了用于共模电压抑制的矢量选择方法和用于降低谐波的开关频率随机化方法,仿真和实验结果显示,多电平逆变技术和随机脉宽调制技术的结合使用,大大降低了系统的共模电压和开关频率处的谐波分量。     

A zero-current-switching based three-phase pulse width modulation inverter

With the remarkable progress of switching devices, the switching frequency of a voltage-source PWM inverter has become higher and higher. A high-frequency PWM inverter gives great benefits in the reduction of current ripples and acoustic noises. However, high-frequency hard switching causes the increase of switching losses and EMI to be solved. The authors propose a zero-current-switching based three-phase PWM inverter which has small resonant circuits on the ac side. The current flowing in a switching device is a sum of the resonant current and the load current. Since the switching device is turned on and off at zero current, the switching losses and electromagnetic noises are greatly reduced. This paper described the principle of the zero current switching operation, the design of the resonant circuits and the control scheme for the new soft switching inverter. Moreover, it shows interesting experimental results obtained by the zero-current-switching PWM inverter which drives an induction motor of 2.2 kW.     

Optimal pulse patterns of a nine-phase voltage source PWM inverter for use with a triple three-phase wound ac motor

The authors have already described the nine-phase inverter driving system providing both the triple three-phase voltage source inverter with 180-deg conducting period and the ac motor windings with triple three-phase construction. The nine-pulse inverter driving system used three small-capacity three-phase coupling reactors having special windings for current balance and reduction of higher harmonics. In addition, for voltage control, current balance, and waveform improvement, optimal PWM pulse patterns were applied to the six-phase inverter driving system using a three-phase coupling reactor to provide double three-phase construction. In the system based on the mode in the title, the PWM control was applied to the nine-phase inverter driving system described in the foregoing. The coupling reactors in the system balance the fundamental currents of three sets of three-phase inverters and also absorb higher harmonic voltages other than 18p±1 (p = 1, 2, …) orders. The optimal pulse patterns found by the approach to make the performance index minimum using the Lagrange multiplier method can be applied to the PWM to reduce the higher harmonic currents greater than those calculated by the modulation method comparing the sinusoidal signal wave with triangular carrier signal. This system can have a larger capacity than the six-phase PWM inverter driving system in which coupling reactors absorb higher harmonic voltages other than the 12p±1 orders and also improve output current waveforms. In addition, the system includes the capacity of coupling reactors slightly larger than the six-phase PWM inverter driving system but enables operation with smaller torque ripples and electromagnetic noises in low- to high-frequency ranges.     

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR BASED VOLTAGE FED INSULATED GATE BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR INVERTER DESIGN

ABSTRACT

A Digital Signal Processor (DSP) based voltage-fed Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) inverter that drives a three-phase induction motor is presented. The selected DSP, a TMS320C14 chip by Texas Instruments, controls the PWM operation of the inverter. A host IBM PC is connected to the DSP through an RS-232 serial interface for data communications to and from the DSP. IGBTs are used in the inverter because of their characteristically low conduction losses, small switching delays and simplified gate drive circuit. A harmonic elimination scheme is adopted as the PWM strategy to eliminate four low-order harmonics in the inverter output.

The inverter performance is tested using a 1 HP, three-phase induction motor. The output waveforms are recorded and the harmonic spectra are developed using a FLUKE 41 power harmonics analyzer and the results show decidedly suppressed low-order harmonics. The design also highlights the simplicity and cost effectiveness of the DSP based modulator and IGBT based inverter design.     

Fuzzy logic controller for three-level shunt active filter compensating harmonics and reactive power

In this paper, the three-level inverter is used as a shunt active power filter, making use of the multilevel inverter advantages of low harmonic distortion, and reduced switching losses. This PWM inverter is employed as shunt APF compensating reactive power and suppresses harmonics drawn from a nonlinear load. Most previously reported three-phase active power filters are based on two-level inverters with conventional controllers requiring a complex and a complicated mathematical model. In order to overcome this problem a fuzzy logic controller applied and extended to a three level shunt APF is proposed.     

A Cascaded Multi-level Inverter Topology with Improved Modulation Scheme

This article proposes a single-phase, cascaded multilevel inverter topology. Each of the cascaded unit cells is made up of a main inverting H-bridge leg and a level-clamping half-bridge circuit. The single-carrier, multilevel pulse-width modulation scheme is employed to generate gating signals fort he power switches. The modulation scheme is hybridized to enable the output voltage of the proposed inverter configuration, inherit the features of switching-loss reduction from fundamental pulse-width modulation, and good harmonic performance from multiple sinusoidal pulse-width modulation. A sequential switching scheme is embedded with the already employed hybrid modulation to overcome unequal switching losses among the power devices. A simple base pulse-width modulation circulation scheme is also introduced in this work to get resultant sequential switching hybrid pulse-width modulation circulation that balances power dissipation among the power modules. The proposed inverter configuration was subjected to a resistor-inductor load, and the respective numbers of output voltage level were synthesized. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) analyses of the output voltage waveforms were carried out. Analysis of the conduction power losses in the power semiconductor switches of the proposed inverter topology is given. Simulations and experiments are carried out on a 3.07-kW rated prototype of the proposed inverter for a resistor-inductor load.     

低功耗三相电压空间矢量调制的逆变器特性研究

为了提高直流电压利用率,减少谐波,在三相逆变器中采用电压空间矢量调制技术取代SPWM技术,合理放置零矢量,选择恰当的开关频率,降低开关损耗。采用双重傅里叶变换对输出谐波进行了定量分析,在Matlab环境下对空间电压矢量调制和SPWM进行频谱对比分析,结果表明,电压空间矢量调制下直流电压利用率提高了15%,谐波含量减小,谐波幅值也大大降低。     

Design and implementation of a new four-switch modified quasi Z-source inverter with improved space vector control method

This paper proposes a novel cost-effective feature as a three-phase four-switch inverter utilizing a modified quasi Z-source (MQZs) network. This inverter exploits a pulse-width modulation (PWM) control strategy based on developed space vectors to provide balanced three-phase output voltages and currents. It also has many applications such as the three-phase induction motor (IM) with adjustable speed drive (ASD) fed by a DC and/or rectified AC supply. Unlike some other similar four-switch inverters or converters, which can only work in step down (buck) mode or step up (boost) mode, this inverter can operate in both modes that depend on switching signals and due to adjusting the zero shoot-through (Zsh-th) duty cycle. It also decreases the total harmonic distortions (THD) of output voltages and currents. The MQZs inverter reduces the switching losses and the cost of topology in comparison with the conventional six-switch topologies. The utilized control strategy can work well without any extra filtering circuit in DC side to eliminate the effect of the DC-bus voltage ripples on the inverter output currents and voltages. The experimental results are found closely analogous and confirm the aforementioned features of the proposed topology compared with other traditional topologies, although the inverter output filter is a conventional LC filter.     

Improved current control technique of VSI PWM inverters withconstant modulation frequency and extended voltage range

A hysteresis control method for three-phase, current-controlled, VSI PWM (pulse width modulation) inverters characterized by constant switching frequency is presented. The method is based on substantial improvement of the principle of minimization of interference among modulations of the various phases, which does not require any knowledge of load parameters or EMF, provided the load is symmetric. Interference minimization allows PLL (phase-locked loop) control of switching frequency. The inherent benefits of the proposed technique are full exploitation of inverter voltage capabilities and a definite reduction ion commutation losses. The method minimizes commutation losses and current ripple while allowing maximum output AC voltage to be obtained from the inverter. The method exhibits all the favorable characteristics of hysteresis controls: fast response, good accuracy, and robustness. Experimental tests confirmed theoretical forecasts, showing excellent performance of the control     

级联型多电平逆变器中的谐波控制

级联型多电平逆变器中,逆变器模块单元数越多,输出波形质量越好,但模块数的增加也同时意味着成本的增加.本文分析了最小模块单元数级联型多电平逆变器在高频应用中的谐波控制问题.通过求解器件开关角方程,给出了模块电源电压比值不同时开关角的选择范围及输出电压基波幅值的调节范围,并依据输出电压谐波畸变率与基波幅值关系,总结了模块电源电压比值的选择原则.仿真与实验结果证明了理论研究的正确性与可行性.     

A Comparative Investigation of a Three-Phase Induction Machine Drive with a Component Minimized Voltage-Fed Inverter under Different Control Options

Possibilities for minimizing component cost in variable- speed drives with frequency control by solid-state converter are investigated. It is shown that in a three-phase system voltage and frequency control of a three-phase squirrel-cage machine may be attained by PWM of the output of a simplified bridge inverter with only four switches. As the phase voltages are in principle asymmetrical, this technique is called phase asymmetric PWM (PAPWM). The operational region of PAPWM control is investigated theoretically in the frequency plane, compared to PWM control of a six-element bridge, and shown to have application possibilities. The system was experimentally tested on a 1O-kVA four-transistor inverter and experimentally compared to the operation of a six-transistor inverter of the same rating. The entire signal electronics subsystem was also minimized regarding components by using a specially dedicated IC circuit developed for PWM applications in three-phase systems. These results prove that a PAPWM system with a B4 bridge can be operated to give the same operational drive characteristics as a B6 bridge with PWM. The price to be paid for using a bridge with only four switches lies in the higher pulse frequencies required to give the PAPWM the same characteristics as a conventional system. Since transistor switches may be operated at high switching frequencies with low switching losses, the system is well suited to transistor inverter control of induction machine drives.     

Opportunities for harmonic cancellation with carrier-based PWM fora two-level and multilevel cascaded inverters

Pulsewidth modulation (PWM) strategies have been the subject of many years of research effort, and the merits of the various alternatives investigated have been argued extensively. In general, it is now accepted that natural or asymmetrical regular sampled PWM with a third harmonic injected or a space-vector centered reference waveform gives the best harmonic performance, with discontinuous modulation having some advantages for higher modulation ratios. This paper uses a general analytical solution for carrier-based PWM to mathematically identify the harmonic cancellation that occurs in various PWM implementations and converter topologies. This solution provides a formal justification for the superiority of natural and asymmetrical regular sampling techniques in eliminating half of their sideband harmonics simply by virtue of their phase leg switching. Then, the use of fundamental reference phase shifting between phase legs to create single- and three-phase 1-1 output voltages is reviewed, and the harmonic cancellation that occurs is identified. One significant result from this analysis is the realization that an odd/triplen carrier/fundamental ratio has no intrinsic harmonic benefit, contrary to the generally accepted wisdom. Finally, opportunities for harmonic elimination in multilevel cascaded inverter systems by carrier phase shifting are investigated, and the optimum phase shift is identified     

一种新的分相控制式三相电流型五电平逆变器

在一个三相直接式多电平电流型逆变器（CSI）中利用PWM技术来消除输出电流谐波是非常困难的。文中提出了一类新的三相分相控制式电流型5电平逆变器拓扑。这类拓扑通过三相星形负载的中性线进行解耦，逆变器的每相都可以独立控制，因此可以将多电平PWM技术应用到该类逆变器以减小输出电流谐波。文中给出了一种多载波PWM技术的数字化实现方案。文中以单相逆变器单元为例介绍了三相5电平逆变器的工作原理。最后建立了一个三相分相式5电平CSI的实验系统，验证了文中的结论。随着超导储能系统技术的发展及其应用，电流型多电平变流器将具有广泛的应用前景。     

Control of cascaded transformer multilevel inverter based DSTATCOM

In this paper, the design of a distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) based on cascaded transformer multilevel inverter is proposed. The topology requires controlling only a common dc storage capacitor. Two-level ramp-comparison current control method is extended for the multilevel inverter using phase-shifted multi-carrier PWM. The method provides equal switching stress and power handling for all the cascaded units. The net switching frequency increases while the ripple magnitude reduces using multilevel topology. These cause the feedforward gain to increase leading to a higher bandwidth of the control loop. An expression of the feedforward gain is derived for fixed switching frequency modulation of the inverter. It is shown that the use of proportional plus resonant controller with proposed multilevel modulation improves the tracking characteristics at fundamental frequency. A seven-level inverter based DSTATCOM is proposed for the application to the three-phase medium voltage distribution system and the results are shown through the PSCAD/EMTDC simulation. The proposed modulation and control scheme is validated through the experimental results that are obtained using the laboratory model of a single-phase, five-level inverter based DSTATCOM.     

用于可再生能源发电的双频并网逆变器仿真研究

提出一种用于可再生能源发电的双频并网逆变器,该逆变器由2个标准三相桥级联而成,其中一个桥工作在高频,提高输出电流性能,另一个桥工作在低频,主要输出功率,从而降低开关损耗,提高系统效率。高频桥采用恒频电流跟踪控制,控制电路简单。仿真结果表明,该逆变器输出电流与电网电压同相,总的谐波畸变率低,向电网输出的电能质量高。     

A New Three-Phase Current Source Inverter with Flexible PWM Capability

A new three-phase current source inverter topology is presented, consisting of three single-phase bridge inverters connected in series and feeding the isolated windings of a standard three-phase induction motor. Because a current zero in one phase now does not affect the others, it enables the implementation of a wide range of current PWM patterns for the reduction and selective elimination of torque pulsations. Furthermore, this system allows for very fast control of the fundamental load current through the use of sinusoidal PWM, a method that was not possible to implement on existing inverter topologies.     

Space vector PWM for a two-phase VSI

This paper proposes space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) technique to control a two-phase full bridge voltage source inverter (VSI) having reduced number of static switches with higher phase voltage output. SVPWM gives higher fundamental component amplitude, provides more efficient use of DC supply voltage and generates less harmonic distortion in the output voltages and currents than other pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques. Between asymmetric and symmetric SVPWM only symmetric one is considered so that the harmonic contents are minimized and two different timing sequences and corresponding switching states are proposed. For the implementation three level switching patterns are determined by using software. For real time application these theoretically determined switching signals for the six power transistors are generated by a digital signal processor (DSP) kit and finally the two-phase output voltages are applied to load. The experimental results are found good and in agreement with the theoretical results. Mathematical analysis along with theoretical and experimental performance of the proposed inverter are presented. Total harmonic distortion (THD) and distortion factor (DF) show that the output voltage quality is good enough to apply in any type of practical two-phase load.     

用于级联型多电平变换器的新型脉宽调制方法

提出一种用于级联型多电平变换器的新型脉宽调制(pulse width modulation,PWM)方法,即将单个三角载波信号与多个梯形波调制信号进行规则对称采样。推导了梯形波边坡角与输出基波幅值和谐波含量的关系。与其他常用的PWM方法相比,该方法调制下的输出基波幅值更高,在选取适当的边坡角后,输出波形的谐波特性非常好。以5电平和13电平级联型多电平变换器为控制对象,对所提出的PWM方法进行了仿真验证,证明其在输出电压幅值和谐波特性方面具有优良的性能。     

级联H桥逆变器差补调制方式的研究

详细介绍了单个H桥及级联型逆变器的结构,并对正弦差补调制方式控制下H桥的输出电压进行了详细的谐波分析。差补调制方式控制的H桥能够输出3种电平,能够消除大部分低次谐波及所有的偶次谐波,主要谐波频带远离基波,且范围是两电平的2倍。多个H桥级联后的系统输出具有良好的谐波特性,无需滤波即可直接作用于电机。仿真结果和理论分析一致。