预镀镍对活性钢热镀锌的影响

研究了四种含硅钢板预镀镍后热浸锌时镀层的生长动力学,以及镀层中合金相的形成和生长规律,探讨了预镀镍对活性钢热浸锌镀层生长的抑制机理.实验结果表明:预镀镍法可以显著降低活性钢镀锌层的快速生长,获得厚度适宜、表面光亮,粘附性好的镀层.预镀镍钢板热浸锌时首先形成一系列的Ni-Zn合金γ',γ和δ2相,随着进一步的扩散和反应,γ',γ和δ2相逐渐消失,生成了Fe-Zn-Ni三元金属间化合物Г2和Fe-Zn金属间化合物Г和δ;随后Г2相消失,在δ相和液相Zn间生成块状的ζ晶粒,并逐渐变成稳定致密的连续ζ层.钢板预镀镍后热镀锌时完全改变了Fe-Zn相的生长顺序,明显延缓了ζ相的生长,显著抑制了活性钢热浸镀锌层的异常生长.     

工业纯铁和Fe-0.1Si合金热浸镀锌层的生长规律及其组织特征

以铁损来判断热浸镀锌的温度对镀锌层的影响,结果欠准;硅元素对镀锌存在sandelin效应.这2种因素对锌镀层的生长、质量及性能都有重大的影响,且都难以控制.为此,以工业纯铁和Fe-0.1Si(0.1%,质量分数)合金薄片为热镀锌基材,探讨锌液温度和钢中硅元素对镀层生长和镀层组织的影响.利用扫描电镜对2种基材在450～530℃内的热镀锌层厚度及其组织进行了测量与分析.结果表明:工业纯铁在480 ℃下热镀锌时镀层生长最快,Fe-0.1 Si合金在470℃热镀锌时镀层生长最快;在镀层生长最快的温度下,2种基材的镀层特征具有相似性;当镀锌温度超过500℃时,工业纯铁和Fe-0.1Si合金镀层中的ζ相消失,镀层由δ相组成.     

硅对活性钢热镀锌组织的影响

将高硅活性钢板(0.37wt%Si)表面预镀纯Fe层后浸入450℃熔融锌中,研究热浸锌层组织的变化,特别是α-Fe/Г界面附近组织的变化规律.结果表明:钢中的Si会在钢基表面富集;随着钢基/镀层界面向钢基方向移动,富Si的α-Fe破碎成粒子或絮状物,以类似克根达尔效应中惰性标记物的方式穿过Г层进入δ层,从而促进δ向钢基方向生长并吞并附近的Г相,令Г相逐渐消失;与此同时,原来正常的镀层很快就转变为典型的高硅活性钢镀层.     

低合金高强度结构钢预镀镍后热镀锌的镀层组织研究

研究了含0.38%Si(质量分数)的Q345钢预镀镍后热镀锌时镀层的生长和组织形成。结果表明:预镀一薄层镍可有效抑制含Si>0.3%的低合金高强度结构钢热镀锌时生成超厚、表面灰暗的锌层,镍层越厚,锌层生长越慢。在浸锌时,镀镍层先与Zn反应生成Ni Zn合金相γ,和γ,镍层消耗完后,出现Fe Zn合金相δ和Ni Zn合金相δ2,最后Ni Zn相消失,镀层为连续的δ相和分散在η相中的块状ζ相;Ni Zn相形成连续致密的层状组织是抑制锌层快速生长的主要原因。     

锌液中的Al含量对热冲压钢锌层组织的影响

采用热镀锌模拟实验装置在四种不同铝含量锌液中进行连续热镀锌实验,分别制备出具有不同锌层组织的热冲压钢。用扫描电镜、能谱仪和辉光放电光谱仪等手段研究了锌液中不同铝含量对热冲压钢镀层组织形貌的影响。结果表明,在不同铝含量的锌液中热冲压钢均具有良好的可镀性,锌液中的铝含量对锌层/钢界面处的合金层组织、形貌、化学成分和锌层光亮性均有较大的影响。在光亮退火过程中钢板表面发生锰、硅等元素的富集及选择性氧化,且Mn-Si氧化物与锌液中的铝发生氧化还原反应。锌液中的铝含量(质量分数,下同)为0.11%时,锌层/钢界面处形成了连续的ζ相;当锌液中的铝含量为0.17%时,锌层/钢界面处由Fe-Al相和ζ相组成;当铝含量为0.25%时,界面层主要为粗糙的Fe2Al5颗粒;铝含量为0.43%时颗粒状的Fe2Al5相消失,界面层变得光滑。同时,随着锌液中铝含量的提高锌层的光亮性逐渐变差。     

热镀锌和锌铝合金镀层的微观组织及盐雾腐蚀行为

采用间歇式中性盐雾加速试验方法研究了Q235钢热镀锌及55Al-Zn合金镀层的腐蚀行为，利用扫描电镜（SEM）和能谱仪（EDS）分析了镀层的微观组织和腐蚀产物的成分。镀层的微观组织分析结果表明热镀锌层由表及里是η相（纯锌），ζ相（FeZn13),δ1相（FeZn7）和α固溶体组成；热镀锌铝合金镀层由两层组成，外层由富锌和富铝两相固溶体组成，内层由单一的η相（Fe2Al5)组成。盐雾试验和腐蚀产物分析结果表明，热镀锌铝合金层的耐腐蚀性能优于热镀锌层。     

锌浴中加锡对0.37%Si钢热浸镀锌的影响

为避免热镀锌时含硅活性钢形成表面灰暗、超厚而粘附性差的镀层,研究了0.37%Si钢在含锡量分别为0,3%,5%,7%和12%(质量分数)的锌浴中浸镀不同时间时镀锌层的生长及组织变化.结果表明,在锌浴中加入一定量的锡以后,镀层的超厚生长得到了抑制.当锡含量小于5%时,抑制效果随锡量增加而增加,当锡含量大于5%时,抑制效果随锡量增加不再明显增加.在锌浴中加5%锡以后,高硅钢的镀层中的δ层变厚而非常致密,ζ层显著变薄并由疏松的块状变为排列整齐的柱状晶.基于镀层中微区成分分析结果,锌浴加锡抑镀层快速生长的原因是由于在ζ层的前沿形成了一个阻碍铁锌互扩散的富锡区.     

铁硅二元合金在液锌中的腐蚀行为研究

研究了3种不同Si含量的铁硅二元合金在450℃液锌中的腐蚀行为,包括腐蚀速率、腐蚀层组织形貌和成分分析,探讨了Si对铁锌相层的影响规律.结果表明,随着硅含量的升高,腐蚀速率先升高后降低,Fe-l.5Si二元合金的腐蚀速率最高,为0.1617g/(cm2·h).硅的存在导致形成颗粒状的ζ相+η相的蜂窝状的两相混合组织, 使合金表现出最差的耐锌腐蚀能力.     

热镀锌钢Sebisty现象的研究

炼制了4种不同硅含量(0.04%,0.09%,0.14%和0.36%Si)而其他成分相同的钢,研究了450,480 ℃下其镀层生长及组织变化,探讨了Sebisty现象的形成原因.结果表明,4种含硅钢的镀层生长呈现出典型的Sandelin效应;当锌浴温度从450 ℃升高到480 ℃时,0.04%,0.09%和0.36%Si钢镀层的合金层厚度增加,而0.14%Si钢镀层的合金层厚度减小,呈现出Sebisty现象.利用扫描电镜和电子探针在高倍率下观察了钢基/镀层界面的组织特征后发现,0.14%Si钢镀锌层减薄的原因是Г层由不连续(450 ℃)变为较连续且厚度小于0.5 μm的一层(480 ℃),而连续的Г层的存在会减缓Fe-Zn反应的速度,导致合金层减薄.     

钢材热浸镀低铝含量锌铝合金层的形成、影响因素及性能评价

热浸镀低铝含量锌铝合金的耐蚀性优良,铝含量对锌铝合金镀层的性能有较大影响。总结了热浸镀锌铝合金镀层的组成,对热浸镀锌铝合金低铝含量时镀层的形成过程进行了描述,分析了钢中Si,Mn,P等常规元素对锌铝合金镀层中Fe-Al金属间化合物形成的影响;阐述了热镀锌铝合金层的工艺特点及性能评价方法;指出了今后热镀锌铝系多元合金层的研究方向。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...