7075铝合金微弧氧化的工艺优选

对铝合金表面进行微弧氧化能提高其硬度、耐磨性及与基体的结合力,但目前对Al-Zn-Mg系铝合金的微弧氧化研究较少.对7075铝合金进行了微弧氧化处理,研究了阴/阳电流密度、正/负占空比、频率和氧化时间等微弧氧化工艺参数对膜层厚度和显微硬度的影响.采用扫描电镜观察了微弧氧化层的形貌;采用X射线衍射仪分析了微弧氧化膜的相组成;采用测厚仪、硬度仪测试微弧氧化膜层的厚度及硬度;采用极化曲线法分析了微弧氧化膜的耐蚀性;最后分析了优化工艺参数下微弧氧化对7075铝合金力学性能和耐腐蚀性能的影响.结果表明:最佳微孤氧化工艺为阳极电流密度10 A/dm2、阴/阳极电流密度比0.7,正占空比15％,负占空比10％,频率300Hz,氧化时间45 min,此工艺下制备的微弧氧化陶瓷层硬度达1 080 HV1N,膜层厚31.1 μm;微弧氧化对合金力学性能的影响较小,但可以极大地提高合金的硬度和耐蚀性能.     

电流密度对镁合金微弧氧化膜结构和性能的影响

电流密度是影响微弧氧化膜层结构和性能的主要因素之一.采用测厚仪、扫描电镜(SEM)、电化学测试等手段研究了AM60B镁合金在不同电流密度下硅酸盐溶液中微弧氧化膜层的结构和耐蚀性能.结果表明,随电流密度的增大,氧化膜厚度呈线性增加;氧化膜的表面微孔数目减少,微裂纹扩展程度增大.电化学腐蚀测试结果显示,电流密度9.0 A/dm2下生成的氧化膜耐蚀性最好,主要与膜层较致密的微观结构有关.     

电流密度对水泵用7N01铝合金表面MAO膜组织和硬度的影响

为了提高水泵用7N01铝合金MAO膜的性能,在含石墨烯电解液中通过控制不同微弧氧化电流密度制备得到氧化膜并对其组织结构与性能进行了分析.结果 表明:设定更大的电流密度可以制得更厚的氧化膜,膜层厚度和电流密度具有明显的线性变化趋势.在放电阶段,部分石墨烯片层也沉积到了MAO膜内,之后与Al2O3熔体共同发生冷凝,导致膜层厚度增大.当电流密度增大至3 A/dm2后,氧化膜表面形成具有搭桥结构的微孔,在快速冷却阶段形成了更大热应力.石墨烯片会在微弧氧化阶段逐渐扩散到陶瓷膜内,扩散速率的快慢与电流密度的大小存在明显关联.不同电流密度下制得的陶瓷膜都含有Al、α-Al2O3、,γ-Al2O33种组织相,同时还存在Al2Cu物相结构.以1 A/dm2电流密度制得的MAO膜硬度为158.3 HV,当电流密度上升后,膜层硬度也提升.提高电流密度可以使氧化膜形成更致密的结构,且制得的MAO膜和基体之间的结合作用更强.     

TC4钛合金微弧阳极氧化膜层结构与性能的研究

基于钛合金微弧阳极氧化膜具有的耐磨性和抗蚀性,以便更好地发挥其作用,研究了硫酸型溶液中钛合金微弧阳极氧化膜厚度与电压、电流、时间的关系和除膜工艺.用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计、球盘摩擦试验机等分析了膜层的形貌、结构、组成以及膜层的硬度、耐蚀性和摩擦磨损性能.结果表明,获得的由锐钛矿型TiO2和少量金红石型TiO2组成的厚为3.5～11.0 μm的膜层均匀、致密、稳定,显微硬度、耐30%硫酸腐蚀能力、摩擦系数分别比基体提高70%,50%,100%,磨损率则为基体的1/10;除膜液对基体的渗氢量约为80 mg/L.膜层具有良好的防蚀、耐磨性能.     

电流密度对铝合金微弧氧化膜的生长及结合力的影响

为了进一步探讨微弧氧化主要参数电流密度对铝合金微弧氧化膜的影响机理,先用微弧氧化技术在LY12硬铝合金上获得陶瓷层,然后考察电流密度对陶瓷膜厚度及其与基体结合强度的影响,再利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、光电子能谱(XPS)分析了氧化膜的形貌和组织结构,通过划痕试验和冲击试验研究了氧化膜与基体的结合力.结果表明,随着电流密度的增大,陶瓷氧化膜及其致密层的增长速度均加快,但有一个极限值,氧化膜的临界载荷降低,致密层所占比例也逐渐降低.XPS谱图证明,微弧氧化膜表面疏松层主要由γ-Al2O3,α-Al2O3和Al-Si-O相组成,致密层由α-Al2O3和γ-Al2O3组成.铝合金表面生成氧化膜后,随着膜厚度的增加,冲击韧性逐渐减低,基体断裂后,氧化膜没有发生剥落,表面出现大量微裂纹.     

TC4钛合金微弧氧化因素对生物陶瓷膜中Ca,P相对含量的影响

为了提高钛合金陶瓷膜的生物相容性,采用微弧氧化技术在TC4钛合金表面制备了一层富含Ca,P的生物活性陶瓷膜。采用SEM,EDS,XRD研究了电流密度、溶液中Ca,P摩尔比、添加剂EDTA.2Na浓度对膜层中Ca,P相对含量(原子分数)及Ca,P摩尔比的影响及微弧氧化生物陶瓷膜层的形貌及组成。结果表明:随着电流密度的增大,膜层中的Ca,P相对含量增加,Ca,P摩尔比也逐渐增加;增大溶液中Ca,P摩尔比,膜层中Ca相对含量有所增加,Ca,P摩尔比也逐渐增加;当加入添加剂EDTA.2Na时,膜层中的Ca相对含量显著增加,从而使膜层中Ca,P摩尔比显著增加;氧化膜由致密的内膜层和多孔的外膜层构成,主要由Ca,P,O,Ti,V元素组成,其相成分主要为金红石和板钛矿型TiO2,并含有一定量的非晶相Ca,P化合物。     

6063铝材微弧氧化最佳电流密度和槽液温度的探讨

目前的铝合金微弧氧化工艺存在电流密度高、槽液温度范围窄等不足,使其应用受到了限制.为此,从铝材低电流密度和宽槽液温度方面研究了6063铝材的微弧氧化工艺,探讨了微弧氧化工艺中电流密度及槽液温度对起弧电压、起弧时间及膜层厚度等的影响.结果表明,同等条件下,电流密度越大,则起弧电压越低,起弧时间越短,膜层越厚;槽液温度越高,则起弧电压越低,起弧时间越短,膜层越厚;在10 min内,得到12μm厚度的膜层,同等时间内比普通阳极氧化膜厚提高4倍;微弧氧化膜的表面显微硬度相对6063铝材高7倍以上.     

电参数对压铸镁合金微弧氧化的影响

采用脉冲电源在K2SiO3-KOH溶液中对压铸镁合金AZ91D进行微弧氧化,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)及X射线衍射(XRD)研究了微弧氧化电流密度、频率、占空比对陶瓷膜的生长速率、腐蚀速率及组织形貌的影响.结果表明,氧化膜主要由MgO、Mg2SiO4、MgAl2O4和不定形相组成;膜层的生长速率与表面形貌主要由单脉冲的放电能量决定;随电流密度的增加或频率的减小,微弧氧化膜层的生长速率增加,但膜层表面变粗糙并产生裂纹;厚度12～20 μm的膜层有较好的耐蚀性.     

AZ91D镁合金表面无氟微弧氧化膜的制备与表征

目前,常用的硅酸盐镁合金微弧氧化液成分复杂且含F离子,对环境不利.以Na2SiO3-NaOH为电解质溶液,通过恒压在AZ91D镁合金表面制备了无氟微弧氧化膜.采用扫描电镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射仪及电化学测试对膜层表面的形貌、元素组成、相结构及耐蚀性等进行了表征分析.结果表明:氧化膜层表面微观多孔,膜厚约78 μm,膜层由Mg,Al,Si和O4种元素组成,不合F元素,物相主要为MgO和MgSiO3相;微弧氧化膜具有良好的耐蚀性能,与基体相比,自腐蚀电位变化较小,但腐蚀电流密度下降了近2个数量级.     

载银微弧氧化TiO2膜光催化杀菌研究

以磷酸钠为电解液,采用微弧氧化技术在钛网上直接制备TiO2膜,利用硝酸银光沉积法对该膜表面进行修饰,考察TiO2膜光催化杀灭空气中细菌的能力.利用XRD,SEM,EDX对微弧氧化膜晶型、表面形貌和成分进行观察分析.研究结果表明:微弧氧化TiO2膜主要由锐钛矿TiO2组成,随电解时间增长,锐钛矿TiO2增多,TiO2膜光催化杀菌效果明显好于单独紫外光的杀菌效果;光沉积银修饰可以改变微弧氧化TiO2膜的表面成分,改善膜的光催化性能.光沉积银微弧氧化TiO2膜和微弧氧化TiO2膜以及单独紫外光30 min的杀菌效率分别为95.2%,68.5%和36.1%.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from