宽束激光熔覆球形粉末颗粒的光散射特性研究

激光与粉末的相互作用是激光增材制造领域长期关注的基本问题。为了揭示宽束激光熔覆中激光与粉末的相互作用规律,基于Mie散射理论,通过编制计算程序对单颗粒和多颗粒球形粉末的光散射特性进行了计算,研究特定激光波长和折射率条件下,粒径尺寸对散射系数、消光系数和散射相位函数的影响规律。结果表明：在粒径范围内,消光系数和散射系数变化范围分别为2.049～2.021和1.076～1.066,且随着粒径增加而减少;分布参数和颗粒质量中间半径对多颗粒的散射相函数影响较小。研究结论为揭示激光与粉末的相互作用机理提供了理论依据。     

增材316L不锈钢的激光冲击强化研究

增材制造与激光冲击强化技术相结合,以提高增材制造打印产品的力学性能。本文以316L不锈钢粉末为实验原料,通过同轴送粉式增材制造工艺获得实验试件;利用SIA LSP 23系列激光冲击强化系统在不同激光能量下对增材316L不锈钢试件进行处理,研究了增材316L不锈钢实验试件激光冲击强化处理前后的残余应力、显微硬度和抗拉强度。经激光冲击强化处理,增材316L不锈钢近表面引入了残余压应力、并伴随着显微硬度和抗拉强度的显著提高;所引入的残余压应力、显微硬度和抗拉强度随激光能量的增加而增加,表明较高的激光能量能够获得较好的激光冲击强化效果;激光冲击强化作用后的增材316L不锈钢的截面显微硬度分布规律与残余应力分布规律类似,但显微硬化层深度要比残余压应力层深度要深0.15～0.25mm。激光冲击强化可作为一项后处理技术用来提高增材制造打印产品的力学性能。     

激光直接金属沉积316L不锈钢表面粘粉工艺研究

为了探究激光直接金属沉积316L不锈钢的表面粉末粘附工艺规律, 利用高速摄像机分析粉末粘附类型, 采用单因素试验的方法, 定量研究了单道多层沉积中的送粉速率、送粉气流量和线能量密度对粉末粘附的影响规律。结果表明, 粉末粘附主要包括熔池熔液逸出和未熔粉末粘附两种类型; 随着送粉速率的增加和送粉气流量的减小, 薄壁件侧表面粉末粘附程度增加, 而粉末粘附程度则对激光线能量密度的变化不敏感; 激光功率700W、扫描速率700mm/min、送粉量13.54g/min、送粉气流量14L/min、离焦量+22mm时, 激光直接金属沉积薄壁件表面粉末粘附较少。研究结果能够成为改善316L不锈钢增材制件表面质量的重要依据。     

激光立体成形粉末流输送的数值模拟研究

激光立体成形(LSF)技术是一项基于同步送粉激光熔覆技术的先进增材制造技术。粉末流的输送对于沉积层的形成至关重要。通过建立载粉气流的湍流模型并基于粉末颗粒在气体湍流中的运动分析,采用数值模拟方法建立粉末流输送的数学模型,并利用Fluent软件进行求解,从而获得粉末流的质量浓度分布。将实验测量结果与模拟计算结果进行对比分析。结果表明,计算结果与实验测量结果比较吻合。对比粉末粒径范围为50~240μm的粉末流和粉末粒径范围为65~75μm的粉末流的模拟结果发现,在相同送粉工艺条件下,粒径分布范围不同则粉末流颗粒质量浓度有明显差异。     

激光熔覆中同轴粉末流温度场的CCD检测

在激光同轴送粉中,存在激光能量的吸收和衰减过程.利用Beer-Lambert定律,建立了同轴送粉中气粉两相流的温度场理论计算模型.依据所建立模型数值模拟研究了激光熔覆中的各种参数对温度场变化的影响,如激光功率、送粉量和送气量等.为验证计算模型的有效性,采用CCD实验测量粉末流温度值,从粉末流温度场分布图中可以看到,实验结果与理论计算结果十分接近.研究粉末流温度场分布情况对提高激光熔覆质量有很大帮助.     

激光参数对旁轴送粉激光熔覆粉末熔化行为的影响

旁轴送粉激光熔覆时粉末到达熔池的热物状态对熔覆层成形精度和质量有着重要意义，针对光粉作用时粉末的不同熔化行为，搭建了旁轴送粉激光熔覆过程红外热成像采集系统和高速摄像过程采集系统，研究了不同激光功率和离焦量下的光粉热交互作用，建立了粉末熔化时出现的三个典型特征阶段并分析了不同激光功率和离焦量对粉末熔化特征阶段持续时间的影响，最终得出粉末热物状态与特征阶段的关系。结果表明：激光功率增大，光粉作用空间中熔化的粉末数量增多，粉末温度不均匀性减小；离焦量增大，液态粉末颗粒数量增大，粉末温度不均匀性横向减小；激光功率越小或离焦量越大，固态粉末升温和熔化所需的时间增大，粉末以固态进入熔池的几率变大。最后，得到了不同激光参数下粉末到达熔池时的热物状态，为实现粉末熔化行为的解析提供了试验依据。     

激光熔覆工艺参数对金属成形效率和形状的影响

针对激光熔覆再制造装备零件的快速高效熔覆成形及其控形问题,采用1kW全固态激光器和铁基合金粉末进行了不同激光线能量和送粉量下单道熔覆对比实验,研究了激光功率、激光扫描速度和送粉量等主要工艺参数对熔覆线形状尺寸和金属成形效率的影响.结果表明:熔覆线的宽度是光斑直径、激光功率、激光扫描速度和送粉量的函数,随激光功率增加和激光扫描速度降低,熔宽增加;随送粉量增加熔高增大.成形效率随工艺参数变化具有复杂的变化趋势,随激光线能量增加和送粉量增加,成形效率一般增高.在合适的参数范围内,需要对工艺参数进行优化以获得较高的成形效率.     

光学镜面污染对激光传输特性的影响

光学镜面的散射对光学系统的性能有十分重要的影响。选用可见光0.632 8m、近红外光1.053 m 和热红外光10.6 m 三种激光波长，利用修正的米氏理论和光学表面的双向反射分布函数（BRDF）研究光学镜面在不同污染条件下激光的传输特性。研究结果表明:当镜面粗糙度远远小于入射光波长（ ）时，干净镜面的散射强度与成正比，与成反比。污染镜面散射强度与污染颗粒的尺寸和数量有关，颗粒分布越复杂，散射越显著。另外，波长越短，BRDF 越大，散射越复杂。     

同轴送粉激光熔覆中粉末流对光束能量的衰减作用

为了得到同轴送粉激光熔覆中激光束穿过粉末流后的能量变化,研究了粉末浓度分布对激光能量的衰减作用。模拟了稳态、存在基底和熔池的情况下粉末流的空间分布,通过粉末浓度与激光能量衰减的关系,得到了任意粉末分布及激光能量分布下的衰减率。研究了基底对气流场的作用以及基底对粉末的反弹作用两种因素对粉末浓度分布的影响,并比较了平顶形光束在不同熔池尺寸和送粉率下的衰减率。结果表明,存在基底时粉末流对激光的衰减率比无基底作用时一般高2倍以上,与送粉率成正比,在熔池尺寸较小时与其大小成反比。     

激光三维直接制造和再制造新型同轴送粉喷嘴的研究

对激光直接制造和再制造技术的关键部件之一即送粉喷嘴进行研究,侧向送粉喷嘴具有方向性,不适于3D熔覆,而同轴送粉喷嘴尤其是新型同轴送粉喷嘴的研制,可真正实现三维激光直接制造和再制造,应用于复杂零件的直接制造和大型设备的再制造;通过试验研究分析了影响同轴送粉喷嘴粉末流形貌和粉末流参数的因素.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks