A generalized power flow analysis for distribution systems with high penetration of distributed generation

In this paper, the element incidence matrix has been extended to develop a comprehensive three-phase distribution system power flow program for radial topology. Three-phase overhead or underground primary feeders and double-phase or single-phase line sections near the end of the feeder laterals have been considered. Unbalanced loads with different types including constant power, constant current and constant impedance are modeled at the system buses. Substation voltage regulator (SVR) consisting of three single phase units connected in wye or two single-phase units connected in open delta are modeled to satisfy the desired voltage level along the feeder. The mathematical model of distributed generation (DG) connected as PQ and PV buses are integrated into the power flow program to simulate the penetration of DGs in the distribution systems. The proposed method has been tested and compared with different IEEE test feeders result. The developed algorithm has been used to study the impact of both SVR and high penetration of DG on voltage profile and system power losses.     

含T接逆变型分布式电源配电网的纵联保护方案

针对逆变型分布式电源(IIDG) T接方式接入配电网后传统三段式电流保护难以适用的问题,提出了一种含T接逆变型分布式电源配电网的纵联保护方案。该方案讨论了在低电压穿越期间IIDG采用恒功率控制策略对故障输出的影响;通过定义复合差动阻抗并分析其在被保护馈线区内外故障的幅值差异,提出一种基于复合差动阻抗的含逆变电源T接配网的纵联保护原理;为消除该保护原理在三相金属性短路故障时的死区,引入T型电流差动保护作为辅助判据。在PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台搭建了含IIDG的10 k V配电网仿真模型,仿真结果验证了该方案的合理性与有效性。     

一种适用于分布式发电系统的配电网保护方案

提出了一种适用于分布式发电系统的配电网保护方案,该方案以配电网各保护安装处建立远方通信为基础,在原有三段式电流保护原理的基础上进行技术改进,将相邻两条线路作为一个保护单元,利用后级线路方向性电流保护闭锁前级三段式方向电流保护,原理简单,新增设备少,提升了原有保护的技术性能,适用性强.选取典型分布式发电系统网络为模型,利用PSCAD/EMTDC进行仿真,结果表明该方案能够准确动作切除故障线路,适用于分布式发电系统的配电网运行需要.     

含高渗透率DG的配电网实用化保护方案

分析了高渗透率DG接入配网对传统三段式过流保护的影响。为了解决三段式过流保护可能存在的误动、拒动问题,提出了一种含高渗透率DG的配电网实用化保护方案并给出了保护配置及整定原则。该保护方案基于重合闸前加速保护、防孤岛保护和合于故障保护之间的时序配合,不依赖于通信且无需装设大量PT,保护定值整定按照常规配网无DG接入条件下整定,不受DG接入的数量、容量和位置影响。RTDS仿真结果表明,所提出的保护方案实用、有效,能够在含高渗透率DG接入环境下准确隔离配网故障。     

Reliability evaluation of distribution transformers with high penetration of distributed generation

In this paper, a novel methodology is presented to evaluate the micro-grids reliability concerning the dynamic thermal aging failure of transformers. The widespread presence of distributed generation (DG) units reduces the loading passing through the distribution transformers and consequently improves the dynamic thermal failures. The system reliability is investigated for various penetrations of different scenarios from the view of DG technologies. The introduced method is applied to a realistic distribution system comprising different distribution transformers in Iran. The sensitivity analysis corresponding to adequacy indices such as expected energy not-supplied (EENS) based on DG penetrations is performed. By the use of the novel methodology proposed, it is possible to recognize how different DG technologies and penetrations can impact on the system reliability. The results demonstrate that the diesel generators and hybrid systems including diesel generators, photovoltaic units, and wind turbines are the most promising DG technologies to improve the transformer failures and the reliability of micro-grids compared with renewable DG units.     

适配高渗透率DG接入配电网的幅值比较式保护

对于高渗透率分布式电源(DG)接入的配电网,提出了新型综合电流幅值比较的保护原理,通过线路两端分相全电流幅值以及正序故障电流幅值的比较进行故障定位,实现了低成本与高可靠性的兼容。并通过PSCAD搭建10 kV含分布式电源配电网模型,全面仿真了不同DG渗透率、故障位置、故障类型、过渡电阻、非同步数据等多种因素对保护原理的影响。经过理论分析和仿真,证明方案能够准确实现故障定位,利用的数据简单,耐过渡电阻能力优秀,保护配置要求低,抗同步误差强。     

一种含高渗透率分布式电源配电网自适应过电流保护方案

针对分布式电源接入对配电网线路电流保护的影响,提出了一种适用于高渗透率分布式电源接入配电网的自适应过电流保护新方法。该方法利用故障分量网络,对分布式电源背侧等效阻抗进行计算,将其融入到配电网过电流保护整定计算中。给出了实时的主保护和后备保护的整定值,从而构建自适应过电流保护方案。大量的仿真表明,与传统过流保护相比,所提出的自适应过电流保护可以解决由于分布式电源接入配电网,过流保护的保护范围超越等问题,具有良好的应用前景。     

适用于逆变型分布式电源T接的配电网线路纵联保护方案

针对逆变型分布式电源(IIDG)T接于配电网导致双端电流纵联差动保护难以适用的问题,提出一种基于线路端点正序电流的新型纵联保护方案。建立以并网点正序电压主导的IIDG压控电流源模型。根据线路本端保护测量所得正序电气量分别求解对端正序电流计算值。在此基础上,将同一端点测量值与计算值的相量差幅值作为保护动作量,并利用发生区、内外故障时保护动作量的差异形成故障识别判据。考虑计算误差及互感器传变误差对保护整定值的影响构建完整的保护方案。该方案在保护动作量计算过程中无须实时获取IIDG运行状态,仅在现有双端纵联通道内对线路两端的电气量进行通信即可准确识别区内、外故障,通信压力小。仿真结果表明所提保护方案可靠有效,受IIDG出力影响小且具备一定抗过渡电阻能力。     

A novel neural network and backtracking based protection coordination scheme for distribution system with distributed generation

With the increased installation of renewable energy based distributed generations (DGs) in distribution systems, it brings about a change in the fault current level of the system and causes many problems in the current protection system. Hence, effective protection schemes are required to ensure safe and selective protection relay coordination in the power distribution system with DG units. In this paper, a novel adaptive protection scheme is proposed by integrating fault location with protection relay coordination strategies. An automated fault location method is developed using a two stage radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) in which the first RBFNN determines the fault distance from each source while the second RBFNN identifies the exact faulty line. After identifying the exact faulty line, then protection relay coordination is implemented. A new protection coordination strategy using the backtracking algorithm is proposed in which it considers the main protection algorithm to coordinate the operating states of relays so as to isolate the faulty line. Then a backup protection algorithm is considered to complete the protection coordination scheme for isolating the malfunction relays of the main protection system. Several case studies have been used to validate the accuracy of the proposed adaptive protection schemes. The results illustrate that the adaptive protection scheme is able to accurately identify faulty line and coordinate the relays in a power distribution system with DG units. The developed adaptive protection scheme is useful for assisting power engineers in performing service restoration quickly so as to decrease the total down time during faults.     

分布式电源对配网继电保护影响及综合改进保护方案

随着大规模分布式电源的接入,配电网的运行方式、潮流特性及短路电流等都将发生很大变化,这对配电网线路的反时限过电流保护产生较大影响。在传统电力系统反时限电流保护基础上,分析了分布式电源在故障发生时的助增电流对配电网反时限保护的影响机理和特性,提出一种利用电压因子修正的综合改进反时限过电流保护方案,以改善相邻线路保护间的配合特性来满足分布式电源接入下的继电保护要求。在PSCAD/EMTDC环境中建立了仿真模型,验证了所提方案选择性和速动性的有效性。     

Assessment of energy distribution losses for increasing penetration of distributed generation

High levels of penetration of distributed generation (DG) are a new challenge for traditional electric power systems. Power injections from DGs change network power flows modifying energy losses. Although it is considered that DG reduce losses, this paper shows that this is not always true. This paper presents an approach to compute annual energy losses variations when different penetration and concentration levels of DG are connected to a distribution network. In addition, the impact on losses of different DG technologies, such as combined heat and power, wind power, photovoltaic, and fuel-cells, is analyzed. Results show that energy losses variation, as a function of the DG penetration level, presents a characteristic U-shape trajectory. Moreover, when DG units are more dispersed along network feeders, higher losses reduction can be expected. Regarding DG technologies, it should be noted that wind power is the one that shows the worst behavior in losses reduction. Finally, DG units with reactive power control provide a better network voltage profile and lower losses.     

Power factor control for inverters under high penetration of distributed generation

The paper proposes a method to select a power factor for an inverter of distributed power generation systems to keep appropriate voltage of a power system with the high penetration of inverter-interfaced generation. The increase of inverter-interfaced power sources, such as wind and photovoltaic power generation, arouses concerns on the voltage fluctuations in a power system. While constant power factor control of an inverter has been studied as a means to stabilize the voltage of a power system, there still remains room to improve the control. The proposed method in the paper selects the power factor based on the R/X ratio of the looking-back impedance into the interconnected power system. By normalizing the related variables, a general formula is derived for the power factor, and the resultant relationship between the apparent power and voltage of an inverter becomes identical irrespective of the R/X ratio with the control. Sample studies show that, by operating an inverter with the power factor, voltage fluctuations are effectively suppressed even for a power system with the high penetration of inverter-interfaced generation.     

分布式发电配电网故障区间定位的自适应矩阵算法

准确定位分布式发电配电网故障区段是有效利用清洁能源的前提。基于馈线终端单元(FTU)的配电网故障定位矩阵算法,提出一种适合分布式发电配电网故障定位自适应算法。根据流过FTU的过电流及其方向,首先判断分布式电源是否投入运行和母线及分布式电源是否发生故障,初步确定配电网的故障区域;再根据故障区域结构和FTU过电流信息自适应构成故障矩阵,定位故障所在线路;为排除畸变故障信息的干扰,比较故障线路两端检测到的故障电流差值,提出了故障电流差值比较判据。算例验证了算法的准确性、高效性和良好的容错机制。     

自适应幅值比的有源配电网差动保护方案

分布式电源大量接入配电网,改变了传统配电网单侧电源结构,易导致配网线路中出现双向潮流、电压越限和潮流波动等问题.文章首先分析了基于恒定功率控制的逆变型分布式电源故障特性以及有源配电网故障特性,提出了具有自适应幅值比的有源配电网差动保护方案.利用端电流的相位差自适应调整保护方案的幅值约束条件:在区内发生故障时,可以减少制...     

A Petri net based protection monitoring system for distribution networks with distributed generation

Connection of distributed generation (DG) essentially changes distribution network operation and creates a range of well-documented effects varying voltage levels and short circuit currents. Among others, DG can alter protection system operations in distribution networks, leading to failure of reclosing, disconnection of healthy feeder or prevention of protection operation. This paper proposes a procedure, based on Petri nets and supported by a centralized monitoring architecture for monitoring failures of the protection systems in radial distribution networks. Some case studies applied to a real Italian distribution network proved the effectiveness of the proposed procedure that can therefore represent an effective solution to improve distribution systems reliability in presence of DG.     

分布式发电对配电网继电保护的影响

提出大量的分布式发电的并网运行,必将对现有的配电网的结构、故障时配电网中短路电流的大小、方向产生深刻的影响,从而影响配电网的可靠性和安全性。以10 kV馈线的保护为例,探讨了分布式发电对单侧电源、辐射型网络中基于断路器的三段式电流保护、熔断器保护以及自动重合闸的影响。并针对今后大量DG接入配电网的情况提出若不改变电网的结构,保持配电网保护设备的协调性的最佳的方案就是把整个配电网分区,按选择性要求切除故障区域的分布式电源,实现故障线路的隔离。     

分布式发电对配电网继电保护的影响

提出大量的分布式发电的并网运行,必将对现有的配电网的结构、故障时配电网中短路电流的大小、方向产生深刻的影响,从而影响配电网的可靠性和安全性.以10 kV馈线的保护为例,探讨了分布式发电对单侧电源、辐射型网络中基于断路器的三段式电流保护、熔断器保护以及自动重合闸的影响.并针对今后大量DG接入配电网的情况提出若不改变电网的结构,保持配电网保护设备的协调性的最佳的方案就是把整个配电网分区,按选择性要求切除故障区域的分布式电源,实现故障线路的隔离.     

含高渗透分布式光伏的增量配电网日前优化调度方法

针对装有高渗透率分布式光伏和用户侧储能的增量配电网日前调度问题,综合考虑配电站有载调压变压器抽头动作、静止无功补偿装置投切、用户侧光伏变流器无功补偿和储能装置充放电等调控手段,基于支路潮流模型建立了以增量配电网运营商日前运行总费用最小为目标的优化调度模型。由于潮流约束中存在电压平方项和电流平方项,目标函数的网损部分存在电流平方项,所以原模型是二次约束二次规划模型(Quadratically Constrained Quadratic Programming,QCQP)。通过线性化和二阶锥松弛,将原始NP难问题转化为混合整数二阶锥规划模型(Mixed Integer Second Order Cone Programming, MISOCP)。为了保证二阶锥松弛精度,提出计算配电网最优潮流的多时段割平面约束,将其加入到每次迭代优化中求解,直至松弛误差减小到预定范围。最后用实际算例验证了调度方法的有效性。     

含分布式电源的配电网保护改进方案综述

由于分布式电源(Distributed Generation,DG)的接入,配电网原有保护的动作特性发生了变化,原有保护很难继续适用于含DG的配电网。为了保障配电网的供电可靠性,充分发挥DG的潜力,有必要对含DG的配网保护方案进行研究。在简略分析DG接入配网后对原有保护影响的基础上,对含DG的配网保护改进方案进行了全面地综述研究,并对其进行分类,主要包括限制DG的准入容量、改进的自适应保护方案、基于通信技术的故障定位、孤岛检测和孤岛划分。分析了各改进保护方案的原理和特点,说明了其优缺点,最终指出了含DG的配网保护发展方向,对含DG的配网保护的研究有一定参考价值。