非营养型甜味剂的安全性研究进展及管理现状(综述)

甜味剂是能够使食物具有甜味的非糖物质,具有品种多、数量大、应用广的特点.从营养学角度出发,一般分为营养型和非营养型两类.营养型甜味剂是指与蔗糖甜度相等的含量,其热值相当于蔗糖热值2%以上者,主要包括各种糖类(如葡萄糖、麦芽糖等)和糖醇类(如山梨糖醇、乳糖醇等).非营养型是指与蔗糖甜度相等时的含量,其热值低于蔗糖热值的2%者,包括糖精钠、环己基氨基磺酸钠等.[1]其中非营养型甜味剂的安全性问题是广大消费者关注的焦点,本文对其安全性研究进展及其管理现状综述如下.     

甜味剂三氯蔗糖的合成工艺与应用研究

食品添加剂中的甜味剂研究成果最多。而三氯蔗糖的主要原材料是蔗糖,并且在氯代作用下获取非营养型的强力甜味剂。甜味剂是白色的粉末状物质,极易溶于水,水溶液透明,实际甜度能够达到蔗糖400~800倍。为此,对于甜味剂三氯蔗糖合成工艺展开进一步地分析具有一定的现实意义。     

人工合成甜味剂的特点及其发展趋势

甜味剂是一类能赋予食品甜味的食品添加剂,按其来源可分为天然甜味剂和人工合成甜味剂,其中人工合成甜味剂又分为磺胺类、二肽类、蔗糖衍生物三类。人工合成甜味剂由于在人体内不进行代谢吸收、不提供热量或因为其用量极低而热量供应少且甜度是蔗糖的几十倍至几千倍,又被称为非营养型甜味剂或高倍(高甜度)甜味剂。目前,我国经全国食品添加剂标准化技术委员会审定,由卫生部批准实施的食品添加剂使用卫生标准GB2760中允许使用的人工合成甜味剂共计7种,其中在市场上比较常见的有糖精钠、甜蜜素、安赛蜜、阿斯巴甜、三氯蔗糖等。     

无其它添加剂的阿斯巴甜冷冻牛奶甜食配方

含大量牛奶固形物的冷冻牛奶甜食含有乳糖酶,允许使用高效能甜味剂,而不加其它添加剂。 阿斯巴甜是一种高效能营养型甜味剂,是天门冬——苯丙氨酸双肽链的甲酯。与蔗糖等重、含热量相同时,其甜味为蔗糖的180倍,因此用于食品系统可明显降低热量。     

两种高效甜味剂

长期以来，食糖作为食品甜味剂，不论是国内，还是国外年消费量都很大。但这种食品添加剂，会导致人类某些疾病发生，不利于人类健康。因此开发低热量，高甜度及非营养型的甜味剂，对满足食品发展和调整饮食结构尤为重要，且适宜国际食品发展潮流。而三氯蔗糖和阿斯巴甜便是这类理想的高效甜味剂。１、三氯蔗糖：呈白色粉状，极易溶于水和乙醇。其甜度为蔗糖的６００倍，且甜味纯正。属非营养型强力甜味剂，不易为人体吸收，是甜味剂发展潮流产品。目前三氯蔗糖已广泛应用于饮料、乳制品、蜜饯、糕点、冰淇淋等食品加工中。这种新型的营养甜…     

全球甜味剂管理现状

<正> 甜味是人们最喜爱的味道之一。在未发现甜味剂之前,人类一直沿用具有营养价值的碳水化合物,如蔗糖、果糖、乳糖等。现今,世界各地已批准使用的甜味剂有20多种,甜味剂作为糖的替代品,必须具备糖的功能特性(表一)。本文将就全球甜味剂的管理现状作个简介,并探讨其在食品工业中的发展前景。 甜味剂的相关法规及应用须知 为保护消费者的健康,各国政府的卫生部门均对甜味剂实行适当的管理,尤其对非营养型甜味剂的品种、使用     

三氯蔗糖在饮料中的应用

三氯蔗糖是一种白色粉末,易溶于水、甲醇和乙醇,并且在水中溶解时不容易产生起泡现象,易于稀释。三氯蔗糖属于非营养型强力甜味剂,其甜度为蔗糖的600倍,且甜味纯正（具有近似于砂糖的醇和口感及浓郁的甜味）,几乎不被人体吸收,不会引起血糖变化,适宜作低热量食品的甜味剂;同时,三氯蔗糖对牙齿无腐蚀性,且具有安全性高、稳定性好（耐酸碱、耐高温、货架期长）等特点。     

新型甜味剂卤代蔗糖

甜味剂是赋予食品甜味感的食品添加剂，在食品工业中被广泛应用。现有的甜味剂有报道的主要有20多种，按其来源可分为天然甜味剂和人工合成甜味剂两大类[1]。蔗糖是最古老的典型甜味剂，具有口感好、价廉等特点，是最理想的甜味剂。但是蔗糖甜度不高、热值高、易引起龋齿、代谢需要胰岛素等，若对其进行化学改性，可望适应更多的用途。蔗糖是由α－D-吡喃葡萄糖第一碳原子上的羟基与β—D-味哺果糖第二碳原子上的羟基缩合脱去一分子水而形成的非还原双糖，其分子结构见图1所示。蔗糖分子中三个伯羟基，一个在葡萄糖基C。上，另两个在果糖…     

非糖甜味剂——三氯蔗糖

随着人民生活水平的提高,对儿童食品、老年食品、保健食品、功能性食品的需求日益增多,寻求低热值、安全性高、价格合理的甜味剂已成为近年来各国研究的热点课题之一.三氯蔗糖作为一种优质的非营养型甜味剂脱颖而出.     

常用的甜味剂

本文简要介绍食品制造中常用以替代蔗糖作甜味剂的高甜度甜味剂、减热值甜味剂,它们的性状与应用。同时介绍一种新开发的高甜度甜味剂。     

Sweet processed foods in Brazil: use of sugar and sweeteners,inclusion of sugar claims and impact on nutritional profile

This study characterised the main sweet beverages and food products marketed in Brazil regarding (i) the addition of sugar/sweeteners, (ii) nutritional profile and (iii) sugar claims. Results revealed that most of the beverages had added sweeteners, while food products were mainly sweetened with sugar. Moreover, >90% of the powdered products had added sweeteners. ‘Zero sugar’ (46%) and ‘light’ (55%) were the most common sugar claims in sugar-free and reduced-sugar products, respectively. Powdered products, soya drinks and baked products included claims less frequently. Regarding the nutritional profile, beverages with sugar substitution had a proportionally greater reduction in the content of carbohydrates and calories (up to 99%, for both) in relation to food (<82% and <85%, respectively). The results suggest that reducing sugar in solid foods remains a greater challenge than in beverages and that this reduction has less impact on the final energy density of foods.     

Low‐calorie Sweeteners and Other Sugar Substitutes: A Review of the Safety Issues

Sugar‐free or reduced‐sugar foods and beverages are very popular in the United States and other countries, and the sweeteners that make them possible are among the most conspicuous ingredients in the food supply. Extensive scientific research has demonstrated the safety of the 5 low‐calorie sweeteners currently approved for use in foods in the United States–acesulfame K, aspartame, neotame, saccharin, and sucralose. A controversial animal cancer study of aspartame conducted using unusual methodology is currently being reviewed by regulatory authorities in several countries. No other issues about the safety of these 5 sweeteners remain unresolved at the present time. Three other low‐calorie sweeteners currently used in some other countries–alitame, cyclamate, and steviol glycosides–are not approved as food ingredients in the United States. Steviol glycosides may be sold as a dietary supplement, but marketing this product as a food ingredient in the United States is illegal. A variety of polyols (sugar alcohols) and other bulk sweeteners are also accepted for use in the United States. The only significant health issue pertaining to polyols, most of which are incompletely digested, is the potential for gastrointestinal discomfort with excessive use. The availability of a variety of safe sweeteners is of benefit to consumers because it enables food manufacturers to formulate a variety of good‐tasting sweet foods and beverages that are safe for the teeth and lower in calorie content than sugar‐sweetened foods.     

Sugar replacement in sweetened bakery goods

This review presents the state‐of‐the‐art concerning the application of natural and artificial high‐intensity sweeteners, fructans and bulking agents such as polyols as sugar replacers in sweet‐baked goods and their effects on product characteristics. The recent much publicised attention given to weight gain of the population and its consequences on the occurrence of diet‐related diseases in developed countries has influenced the food manufacturers attempts to provide the consumer with reduced energy products. The replacement of sucrose in sweet bakery products by alternative natural or artificial sweeteners can be a challenging issue. Sucrose as a main ingredient in sweet bakery products contributes, aside from providing sweetness, to numerous processing and product characteristics. Intense sweeteners have a high sweetness compared with sucrose but lack in their contribution to the body of the product, whereas the replacement of sucrose with bulking sweeteners may result in products with a similar body but a lack in taste and flavour.     

Sugar reduction without compromising sensory perception. An impossible dream?

ABSTRACT

Sugar reduction is a major technical challenge for the food industry to address in response to public health concerns regarding the amount of added sugars in foods. This paper reviews sweet taste perception, sensory methods to evaluate sugar reduction and the merits of different techniques available to reduce sugar content. The use of sugar substitutes (non-nutritive sweeteners, sugar alcohols, and fibres) can achieve the greatest magnitude of sugar and energy reduction, however bitter side tastes and varying temporal sweet profiles are common issues. The use of multisensory integration principles (particularly aroma) can be an effective approach to reduce sugar content, however the magnitude of sugar reduction is small. Innovation in food structure (modifying the sucrose distribution, serum release and fracture mechanics) offers a new way to reduce sugar without significant changes in food composition, however may be difficult to implement in food produced on a large scale. Gradual sugar reduction presents difficulties for food companies from a sales perspective if acceptability is compromised. Ultimately, a holistic approach where food manufacturers integrate a range of these techniques is likely to provide the best progress. However, substantial reduction of sugar in processed foods without compromising sensory properties may be an impossible dream.     

Natural and low-caloric rebaudioside A as a substitute for dietary sugars: A comprehensive review

For health and safety concerns, traditional high-calorie sweeteners and artificial sweeteners are gradually replaced in food industries by natural and low-calorie sweeteners. As a natural and high-quality sugar substitute, steviol glycosides (SvGls) are continually scrutinized regarding their safety and application. Recently, the cultivation of organic stevia has been increasing in many parts of Europe and Asia, and it is obvious that there is a vast market for sugar substitutes in the future. Rebaudioside A, the main component of SvGls, is gradually accepted by consumers due to its safe, zero calories, clear, and sweet taste with no significant undesirable characteristics. Hence, it can be used in various foods or dietary supplements as a sweetener. In addition, rebaudioside A has been demonstrated to have many physiological functions, such as antihypertension, anti-diabetes, and anticaries. But so far, there are few comprehensive reviews of rebaudioside A. In this review article, we discuss the physicochemical properties, metabolic process, safety, regulatory, health benefits, and biosynthetic pathway of rebaudioside A and summarize the modification methods and state-of-the-art production and purification techniques of rebaudioside A. Furthermore, the current problems hindering the future production and application of rebaudioside A are analyzed, and suggestions are provided.     

饮料中甜味剂的应用与食品安全

食品安全问题已经成为了一个普遍的社会问题,其中有很多的食品安全问题是由于非法添加造成的。甜味剂作为一种常用的添加剂,几乎涵盖了所有的食品,我国批准使用的甜味剂有15种。随着生活水平的不断提高,人们更加重视生命健康与饮食安全,因此需要科学的渠道,让人民大众了解食品添加剂与食品安全。通过调查各种甜味剂在榆林市市场上大部分饮料中的使用情况,本研究主要对5种常用甜味剂(甜蜜素、安赛蜜、阿斯巴甜、糖精钠、三氯蔗糖)的使用情况、存在的安全问题、如何规范使用等进行了概述。以期让消费者科学的了解甜味剂与食品安全,同时在食用或购买食品时更加有科学的依据。     

3种天然甜味剂的风味、生理功能及应用研究进展

大量研究数据表明肥胖、糖尿病和心脑血管疾病的发生与日常糖分摄入过多相关密切。因此,近年来高糖饮食引发的健康风险获得了各国政府与公众的极大关注,国际消费市场对传统甜味剂蔗糖替代品的需求急剧增长。由于消费者对化学合成甜味剂的安全性一直有所顾虑,甜度高、热量低、风味佳、兼具多重功能特性的天然甜味剂成为代糖产品开发研究的热点。目前已有部分口感与蔗糖接近的天然甜味剂产品实现了工业生产并应用于食品加工,在甜味剂行业展现广阔的市场前景。本研究主要针对应用潜力巨大的3种天然甜味剂甜菊糖苷、罗汉果甜苷与D-阿洛酮糖的风味、功能及在食品中的应用进行概述,为甜菊糖苷与罗汉果甜苷的风味改良以及D-阿洛酮糖的安全性评估等工作开展提供借鉴,以期促进天然甜味剂的食品应用深入研究。     

三氯蔗糖的制备及新的甜受体模型

１′,６′－二氯－１′,６′－二脱氧－β－Ｄ－呋喃果糖基－４－氯－４－脱氧－α－Ｄ－吡喃半乳糖苷（俗称三氯蔗糖,其商品名为Ｓｕｃｒａｌｏｓｅ）是一种新型甜味剂。该甜味剂品味好,甜度高,其甜味完全接近蔗糖,而且加工性能优良,它对温度和ｐＨ稳定,也不会给食品口味、色泽、组织带来不利影响,是糖精、乙酰磺胺钾及二肽酯类的阿斯巴丹和阿里甜等甜味剂不可替代的优良甜味剂,具有广泛的市场开发前景。本文还提出了一种新型甜受体模型以识别和探求新的甜味分子。     

An improvised process of isolation,purification of steviosides from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves and its biological activity

The food industry has traditionally used sugar (sucrose) as a sweetening agent; however the dietary and health demands are continuing to expand the market for sweeteners as an alternative to sucrose. The leaves of Stevia rebaudiana are rich source of glycosides that have sweet taste with low calorific value. The study highlights extraction of steviosides from leaves using pressurised hot water extractor, followed by purification and concentration of the sweet glycosides through ultra (UF) and nano (NF) filtration membrane in obtaining high purity steviosides. After the final purification process the stevioside content was 9.05 g per 100 g and rebaudioside A 0.2 g per 100 g stevia leaf, with total purity of stevioside 97.66% by HPLC at total operation time of 7 h. This process also improved the potency of sweetness and palatability profile when compare with other commercially available steviosides. Thus, the methodology developed establishes simple, in‐expensive and eco‐friendly process in obtaining pure steviosides.