干法制备高醚化三聚氰胺树脂

以三聚氰胺及甲醛等为原料,采用干法制备"低甲醛、高固含、高稳定性"的环保型高醚化三聚氰胺树脂,并对各反应阶段物料配比、温度、p H等多种影响因素进行了探讨,确定了最佳的制备条件。研究结果表明,当羟甲基化反应阶段n(三聚氰胺)∶n(甲醛)=1∶10,反应温度为75℃,p H=9.0,反应时间为50 min,醚化反应阶段n(六羟甲基三聚氰胺,即HMM)∶n(醇)=1∶10,反应温度为65℃,p H=5.5时,制成的高醚化三聚氰胺树脂固含量高达90%以上,羟甲基含量可达51.4%,且游离甲醛含量低于0.3%。     

甲丁醚化三聚氰胺缩甲醛树脂的合成与分析

采用2步法合成了涂料交联剂甲丁醚化三聚氰胺树脂,考查了温度、时间、酸碱度等因素对交联剂性能的影响,确定了最佳的合成工艺。结果表明,在羟甲基化反应阶段,温度为70℃、反应时间20 min、pH值为8.5时,体系羟甲基含量较高且游离甲醛含量较低;在醚化反应阶段,温度50℃、反应时间60 min、pH值为4.5时,树脂的贮存性能良好。     

甲醚化三聚氰胺甲醛树脂的合成与表征

以四羟甲基三聚氰胺、甲醇为原料,单因素法优化甲醚化三聚氰胺甲醛树脂合成条件,并对树脂结构进行了~1H-NMR、FT-IR、GPC分析表征。结果表明,树脂制备较优工艺如下:四羟甲基三聚氰胺与甲醇物质的量比为1.0∶6.5,醚化温度45℃,pH 4.0,醚化保温时间50~60 min,醚化后70℃下减压蒸馏45 min脱醇脱水,得到的树脂游离甲醛质量分数≤0.5%,粘度4 000~6 000 m Pa·s,pH 8.50~9.50时,贮存时间180 d,树脂水溶性好。树脂含羟甲基、亚氨基、甲氧基等特征官能团,平均分子质量380左右。     

高羟甲基含量甲阶酚醛树脂的合成

利用KOH作催化剂,以甲醛和苯酚为原料合成了一种高痉甲基含量的甲阶酚醛树脂,通过羟甲基含量、可被溴化物含量、固有粘度的测定和甲醛转化率的计算,研究了反应条件对合成的影响。结果表明：随着反应温度的升高、甲醛和KOH用量的增加、反应时间的延长,树脂中的羟甲基含量先增加,后减小,树脂的固有粘度则逐渐增大,其中反应温度和催化剂用量的变化树树脂固有粘度的影响较大。在65℃的条件下,n（甲醛）：n (醛酚）：n（氢氧化钾）为2．5：1：0．1时,反应,甲阶酚醛树脂中的羟甲基质量分数可以达到32．8％,固有粘度达到2．68ml.g^-1。并用红外光谱对树脂的结构进行了表征。     

利用六羟甲基三聚氰胺生产废水制备脲醛缓释肥

利用六羟甲基三聚氰胺(HMM)生产中含甲醛的废水制备脲醛缓释肥,考察反应U/F摩尔比、温度和pH对制备反应的影响。结果表明,HMM废水制备脲醛缓释肥的优化条件为：U/F=1.80,亚甲基化反应温度49.8℃,羟甲基化反应pH=7.7。在优化条件下,HMM生产废水的甲醛转化率可达99.1%,制备的脲醛缓释肥尿素氮含量为4.2%,总氮含量为36.7%,AI值45.3%,均满足GB/T 34763—2017的要求。     

相转移催化合成2,2-羟甲基丁酸的研究

以甲醛和丁醛为原料,在相转移催化作用下经羟醛缩合及氧化反应合成了2,2-二羟甲基丁酸（DMBA）。羟醛缩合反应的最佳工艺条件为：以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（HDTMAB）为催化剂用NaOH与碳酸钠混合碱液调pH值约为10,反应温度为30℃,n（甲醛）／n（丁醛）=2．2：1,反应时间为2h;2,2-二羟甲基丁醛氧化反应的最佳工艺条件为：n（H2O2）,n（丁醛）=1：1．1,溶液的pH值约为5,反应温度为70℃,反应时间为2h。反应产物的结构用红外光谱（IR）表征。     

无废水工艺合成甲醚化三聚氰胺树脂

用固体甲醛全部代替37％甲醛溶液,实验得出固体甲醛用甲醇作为解聚剂,解聚温度69℃,pH=8．5左右;得出合理的羟甲基化阶段反应投料比,使用三乙胺做催化剂;醚化阶段使用盐酸做催化剂,以水容忍点为判断标准,最后调pH=8．5左右,得产品。结果发现用固体甲醛所制得的三聚氰胺树脂等于或优于传统树脂,尤其足无废水排放,具有节能环保等优势。     

光敏氨基丙烯酸酯树脂的合成及其油墨应用

采用两步法合成了光敏性氨基丙烯酸树脂(β-丙烯酸羟乙酯改性三聚氰胺甲醛树脂,HEA-MF),考察了反应物配比、反应时间、催化剂等对合成反应的影响。采用红外光谱表征了产物的结构;通过DSC分析了羟甲化反应产物六羟甲基三聚氰胺的熔点;采用高压液相色谱仪(HPLC)测定了醚化产物的醚化度。获得的优化反应条件为:羟甲基化反应中三聚氰胺/甲醛物质的量比为1∶8,反应温度为70℃,反应时间为3.5 h,催化剂选用三乙胺;醚化反应温度105℃,反应时间5 h,催化剂为对甲苯磺酸。合成的HEA-MF贮存性能良好,游离甲醛含量低。将合成的HEA-MF作为活性稀释剂与酚醛环氧丙烯酸树脂复配成光固油墨,采用热失重分析仪(TGA)分析了HEA-MF含量和醚化度对涂膜的耐热性等性能的影响。结果表明,当HEA-MF质量分数为30%时,热稳定性能得到明显改进,起始分解温度达到290℃。HEA-MF醚化度为3.46时,其漆膜的综合性能最佳。涂膜的光泽、硬度、附着力均有明显提高,且气味小。     

密胺树脂的合成反应研究

由三聚氰胺与甲醛经羟甲基化反应再缩聚制得的密胺树脂,是一种用途很广的热固性树脂。本文研究了不同反应条件对上述反应和产物性质的影响。结果表明:随着甲醛用量的增加,甲醛结合量也增加,反应很容易进行;改变甲醛用量,可以制得由不同羟甲基三聚氰胺得到的密胺树脂;反应体系的pH=8.5时,副反应较少,反应容易控制;温度高,反应速度快,在54～80℃范围内对甲醛结合量影响不大。     

在Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4缓冲溶液中催化合成2,2-二羟甲基丁酸(DMBA)

在Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4缓冲溶液中以甲醛和丁醛为原料，经羟醛缩合及氧化反应合成了2，、2-二羟甲基丁酸（DMBA）。羟醛缩合反应的最佳工艺条件为：在Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4缓冲溶液中调pH约为11，反应温度为30℃，n甲醛：n丁醛=2．2：1，反应时间为2．5h；2，2-二羟甲基丁醛氧化反应的最佳工艺条件为：nH2O2：n丁醛=1．1：1，溶液的pH约为4，反应温度为70℃，反应时间为2h。反应产物的结构用红外光谱（IR）表征。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.