地下钢筋混凝土岔管结构优化设计及应用研究

地下钢筋混凝土岔管为水电站输水结构的重要组成部分,安全合理的岔管结构体形设计可以有效地减少洞室开挖和混凝土浇筑工作量,提高工程设计质量。针对实际工程中常见的岔管结构形式,根据实际工作状态,建立了地下钢筋混凝土岔管优化数学模型,基于粒子群优化算法,开发了钢筋混凝土岔管结构优化设计程序。以某水电站输水系统的引水岔管为例,对其进行优化分析,验证了程序的技术可行性和运行稳定性。     

对称Y形钢筋混凝土岔管结构计算分析

采用通用的有限元计算软件分析了水电站对称Y形钢筋混凝土岔管结构,计算出了钢筋混凝土岔管结构环向应力及变形的分布情况,并分析了内水压力对岔管围岩的影响.计算结果表明,采用钢筋混凝土岔管结构是安全可靠的,能够满足工程要求.     

钢筋混凝土岔管选形研究

通过对钢筋混凝土岔管结构的计算分析,给出了岔管分岔部位的应力分布特征,并分析了分岔角度改变对岔管应力分布的影响,这为钢筋混凝土岔管结构的选形提供了一定的理论依据。     

水电站钢筋混凝土岔管结构受力分析

介绍了钢筋混凝土岔管的运用与研究概况,并采用通用的有限元计算软件对黄鱼塘水电站卜形钢筋混凝土岔管进行了受力计算,并且分析了岔管分岔角、壁厚和灌浆压力对岔管应力分布的影响,为钢筋混凝土岔管结构的运用、设计和施工提供了一定的依据.     

大型地下钢筋混凝土岔管结构优化分析

本文根据岩体和混凝土衬砌联合受力特点，系统地提出了大型地下钢筋混凝土岔管结构优化分析方法。针对岔管空间几何特征，结合三维有限元的原理，提出了采用程序分析判断，自动生成各种不同类型的三维有限元地下钢筋混凝土岔管结构网格的计算方法。该方法只须输入几个关键的控制参数，便能自动剖分所须岔管网格，为大型地下钢筋混凝土岔管结构优化分析提供一种快速网格生成方法。根据岩体损伤开裂和弹塑性破坏特征，从岩体开挖应力扰动的塑性耗散能扩散理论和混凝土衬砌结构开裂损伤原理，提出了大型地下钢筋混凝土岔管结构型式优化的评估方法。通过对工程实例分析，证明该方法能综合反应地下钢筋混凝土岔管结构型式和参数选择以及岔管所处的地质环境和条件的影响，为优化地下钢筋混凝土岔管结构合理型式提供了一种有效的分析方法。     

落脚河水电站岔管及支管结构设计

大方县落脚河水电站采用钢筋混凝土岔管、钢筋混凝土支管、钢支管结构设计,在满足结构安全性和耐久性的要求,保证结构的强度和刚度的条件下,该电站采用钢筋混凝土岔管、钢筋混凝土支管、钢支管结构达到了方便施工,节约工程投资,加快施工进度和经济适用的目的。     

钢衬钢筋混凝土无梁企管结构研究

钢材钢筋混凝土无梁岔管与无梁钢岔管与其它梁式岔管相比，具有受力条件好、钢管较薄、施工方便等优点，是一种新的岔管结构型式，特别适合于中高水头的中小型水电站，通过一个大比尺物理模型试验，对钢衬钢筋混凝土气梁岔管的承载机理和结构特性进行了深入的研究，取得了令人满意的结果。     

高压钢筋混凝土平底岔管的边界元分析

广州抽水蓄能电站（下称广蓄电站）二期工程高压钢筋混凝土岔管采用平底岔管的型式，以利放空排水。平底岔管的内体型比已建成的广蓄电站一期工程的非平底、对称于洞轴线的卜型岔管更加复杂。根据广蓄电站一期工程高压钢筋混凝土岔管设计的成功经验，用边界元法对广蓄电站二期工程高压平底岔管进行了详细的结构分析，其成果是广蓄电站二期工程高压钢筋混凝土平底岔管结构设计的依据。     

落脚河水电站钢筋混凝土岔管结构设计

对落脚河水电站钢筋混凝土岔管进行了三维有限元计算分析,通过对不同的计算方案和不同的计算工况下岔管的结构受力计算,说明该岔管在应力、裂缝等方面满足结构设计的要求,同时也给出了混凝土施工过程中对结构产生的影响,确定了岔管结构分析的最不利工况,提出了岔管结构的设计方案。     

城市供水管网中钢筋混凝土岔管受力分析

随着我国城镇化进程的不断推进,城市供水管网在城市的发展过程中起着举足轻重的作用,钢筋混凝土岔管是城市供水管网中的主要引水结构,在保证管网安全方面发挥着重要的作用。以某城市供水管网的钢筋混凝土岔管结构为例,采用有限元计算软件,建立岔管结构计算模型,考虑岔管在施工和运行中的7种工况,分析各工况下岔管分析断面上的最大环向拉压应力以及岔管围岩结构的应力分布规律。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Desiccation and recolonization of phytobenthos in a regulated desert river: Colorado River at Lees Ferry,Arizona, USA

We tested the recolonization of the phytobenthic community in the tailwaters of Glen Canyon Dam following long- and short-term experimentally induced desiccation. The response of Cladophora glomerata, Oscillatoria spp., miscellaneous phytobenthos species and periphyton was studied over 18 weeks using three treatments: (1) undisturbed control cobbles from the submerged zone; (2) cobbles desiccated and replaced into the submerged zone; and (3) cobbles desiccated and replaced into the varial zone. Periphyton density and compositional response resulting from these treatments were also examined. Desiccation treatments were significantly different in biomass from controls throughout the study. The biomass of desiccated and replaced river cobbles averaged <30% of the controls for C. glomerata and periphyton during the 18-week recolonization period. In contrast, the biomass of the control Oscillatoria and miscellaneous phytobenthos species averaged only 3 and 50% of that in the desiccation treatments, respectively. Cladophora, the dominant alga, comprised 77% of the phytobenthic biomass. A significant positive relationship between discharge, Cladophora and periphyton biomass was present in all treatments, while there was a negative relationship with discharge for Oscillatoria and miscellaneous phytobenthos species. There was a significant inverse correlation, as well as a pattern of separate biomass dominance, between C. glomerata and Oscillatoria. Cladophora was the dominant phytobenthos species on cobbles below the baseflow and Oscillatoria was dominant on cobbles in the varial zone. In general, the Cladophora biomass decreased under intermittent drying conditions, while Oscillatoria declined under permanently wet conditions. Diatom composition was not significantly different between treatments; however, their density was lower on desiccated cobbles. Diatom density on desiccated cobbles in the submerged and varial zones averaged 69 and 42% of that of the controls, respectively. Recovery and maintenance of benthic resources are hindered by fluctuating flow regimes driven by electricity and irrigation requirements. Repeated desiccation of the phytobenthos has major effects on the bottom-up interactions in the Colorado River ecosystem. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.