TM验证MODIS过火面积产品精度分析——以黑龙江省重大森林火灾为例

鉴于准确估测森林的过火面积对森林火灾的损失评估和过火区植被的恢复所具有的重要作用,选取了2006年～2010年黑龙江省51个重大森林火灾记录,分别利用MODIS的MOD14A2（Terra）火产品数据和TM遥感影像数据估算过火面积,并利用Kappa指数分析过火面积在数量和空间位置上的一致性。结果表明：在单个火场尺度上,小于3.72km2的森林火灾不适于利用MOD14A2产品来估算过火面积,而年过火总面积的相对误差小于15%。MOD14A2火产品可以有效地估测年度尺度上森林的过火面积;数量Kappa指数明显大于位置Kappa指数和标准Kappa指数,位置Kappa指数较低,这可能是由于MODIS数据的空间分辨率较低、林火记录坐标位置不够准确等原因造成的,有待进一步研究。     

TM验证MODIS过火面积产品精度分析——以黑龙江省重大森林火灾为例

鉴于准确估测森林的过火面积对森林火灾的损失评估和过火区植被的恢复所具有的重要作用,选取了2006年~2010年黑龙江省51个重大森林火灾记录,分别利用MODIS的MOD14A2(Terra)火产品数据和TM遥感影像数据估算过火面积,并利用Kappa指数分析过火面积在数量和空间位置上的一致性。结果表明:在单个火场尺度上,小于3.72km2的森林火灾不适于利用MOD14A2产品来估算过火面积,而年过火总面积的相对误差小于15%。MOD14A2火产品可以有效地估测年度尺度上森林的过火面积;数量Kappa指数明显大于位置Kappa指数和标准Kappa指数,位置Kappa指数较低,这可能是由于MODIS数据的空间分辨率较低、林火记录坐标位置不够准确等原因造成的,有待进一步研究。     

提高森林覆盖区积雪提取精度的方法研究——以玛纳斯河流域为例

森林覆盖区积雪的提取精度很低,由于植被冠层的遮挡,冠层下的积雪很难被提取出来。基于Landsat 8OLI数据,针对玛纳斯河流域下游有大面积森林覆盖的特点,通过传统的积雪指数法,结合NDVI数据的积雪指数法和面向对象图像特征法分别提取积雪面积。结果表明:1传统的NDSI和S3积雪指数法无法较好地提取出森林覆盖下的积雪,提取精度分别为85.23%和87.54%。这两种方法适用于空间尺度较大、植被覆盖面积较大的区域,并不适合所选研究区;2结合NDVI数据后的NDSI、S3积雪指数模型能大大提高森林覆盖下的积雪面积,提取精度分别达到91.47%和90.60%。在影像空间分辨率较高,流域尺度较小,林区覆盖较多的情况下可采用此方法提取积雪;3随着海拔的升高,地形阴影影响逐渐增大,NDVI辅助积雪指数方法提取林区覆盖下积雪面积逐渐减小。因此采用光谱、纹理和空间信息结合的面向对象图像特征方法提取积雪,能够较好地识别出受地形影响下的雪像元,精度达到89.75%,可以满足实际应用的需求。     

森林过火面积的遥感测算方法

根据对近年来多次特大森林火灾和相应的气象卫星资料的分析,提出利用NOAA/AVHRR数据测算森林大火的过火面积的四种方法,即灰度修正像元法、植被修正像元法、坐标法和蔓延法。在GIS地面信息数据库支持下,利用这4种方法能准确、快速地计算出过火面积。经今春应急评估试运行验证,森林大火过火面积测算精度达90%。     

植被指数在长江口潮滩湿地植被信息提取中的应用研究

以长江口崇明东滩湿地为研究区,分析了崇明东滩湿地实测反射光谱数据和Landsat TM地物反射波谱曲线,发现在近红外波段,植被的反射率差异最突出;在绿光波段,受水分影响较大的植被特征信息比较突出。在上述分析的基础上,选取9种典型的植被指数进行计算,提出了适合研究区植被信息提取的三波段比值植被指数TRVI。并且利用该指数,使用人工决策树分类方法,进行典型地物信息的提取,取得了满意的效果。     

基于显著性增强的过火区域提取研究

过火区域信息对灾后评估、保护和恢复生态系统具有重要意义。目前现有的过火区域提取方法实用性较弱。基于FY-3C MERSI卫星数据,充分利用过火区域的多种特征,通过显著性增强,创建了一种新的过火区域提取方法。以美国西北部两个过火区域为研究区,将3种对过火区域敏感的植被指数(NDVI、GEMI和NDVIT)和影像的显著性特征结合起来,对研究区中的过火区域进行增强、提取。通过对研究区中的过火区域人工目视解译,对实验结果进行验证,同时与NBR阈值法提取的结果进行比较。两个研究区中显著性增强法的Kappa系数达到了0.68以上,比NBR阈值法高0.2。实验证明显著性增强法提取的过火区域整体精度较高,非火灾引起的植被变化对其影响较少,与NBR阈值法相比该方法具有一定的稳定性。     

基于二阶段算法的HJ-CCD数据过火区制图

利用环境减灾小卫星多光谱数据研究过火区的制图方法,并分析对比了4种植被指数对于过火区的分离性。结果表明:基于可见光和近红外的BAI(Burned Area Index)与GEMI(Global Environment Monitoring Index)指数对于过火区的分离能力较好。在此基础上,采用二阶段识别算法对实验区的过火区进行提取。首先采用严格的阈值提取燃烧较为严重的过火像元,并以此作为第二阶段过火区识别的“种子”点,该阶段以减少误判为目的;第二阶段采用区域生长提取其他过火区域,同时采取较为宽松的阈值作为生长准则,以减少漏判,最后得出过火区边界。精度验证结果表明:该方法提取的过火区误判率为5.5%,漏判率为12.7%。     

基于高程分层方法的HJ-1B CCD2影像大气校正

大气校正是从环境一号B星(HJ\|1B)CCD2多光谱卫星数据中精确提取地面定量信息的关键一步。采用一种基于高程分层和改进的浓密植被算法,即将整个研究区按照高程间隔0.1 km划分为17个子区域,在不同高程带内利用红波段与短波红外波段(1.6 μm)的线性关系估计出红波段的反射率,然后利用估计的红波段反射率与其表观反射率差值的均值,结合6S辐射传输模型模拟计算得到0.55 μm处的气溶胶光学厚度,从而实现各个波段大气校正。比较分析校正前后成熟林地、水体和裸土的光谱反射率和标准反射率,结果表明:该方法对HJ-1B CCD2数据大气校正可取得较好的效果。     

森林叶面积指数遥感反演模型构建及区域估算

基于eCognition面向对象分类算法及校正后的TM遥感影像,获取研究区2010年土地利用/覆被数据。同时在ArcGIS平台下,提取遥感影像6个波段反射率及RVI、NDVI、SLAVI、EVI、VII、MSR、NDVIc、BI、GVI和WI等10个植被指数,并辅助于DEM、ASPECT、SLOPE等地形信息,在与植物冠层分析仪(TRAC)实测各森林类型叶面积指数相关性分析的基础上,研究表明:相对多元线性回归方法,偏最小二乘法能够更好地把握各森林类型LAI动态变化,而后结合研究区森林覆被信息进行区域估算。     

不同森林植被的高光谱特征分析

“生态水(层)”富水特征特殊,各信息指标参数难以用常规方法进行量化和反演,高光谱遥感由于其波段多、光谱信息丰富的优点为生态水(层)各信息指标参数的量化反演提供有效的数据源及方法。利用高光谱遥感技术进行植被分析时,其光谱特征的分析和敏感波段提取非常重要。针对“生态水”信息指标植被参数有关量化反演需要,对研究区部分典型植被叶片进行了光谱采集,利用微分方法对光谱数据进行处理,分析了不同植被叶片光谱的原始、一阶微分和二阶微分光谱曲线,从中提取差异大的波段区分不同植被。同时,采用距离统计分析方法对所选择的不同波段进行有效性验证。研究结果表明:虽然3种方法提取的波段有差异,但存在共同点;选择的光谱特征波段可有效地区分不同植被,在近红外波段尤为明显,分别是1 814~1 823 nm,1 874~1 883 nm和1 890~1 899 nm附近。     

Simultaneous detection of burned areas of multiple fires in the tropics using multisensor remote-sensing data

Fires associated with recurrent El Niño events have caused severe damage to tropical peat swamp forests. Accurate quantitative information about the frequency and distribution of the burned areas is imperative to fire management but is lacking in the tropics. This article examines a novel method based on principal component analysis (PCA) of the normalized difference water index (NDWI) from multisensor data for simultaneously detecting areas burned due to multiple El Niño–related fires. The principal components of multitemporal NDWI (NDWI-PCs) were able to capture the areas burned in the 1998 and 2003 El Niño fires in NDWI-PC3 and 2, respectively. The proposed method facilitates the reduction of dimensionality in detecting the burned areas. From 22 image bands, the proposed method was able to accurately detect the burned areas of multiple fires with only three NDWI-PCs. The proposed method also shows superior performance to unsupervised classifications of the principal components of combined image bands, multitemporal NDWI, NDWI differencing and post-classification comparison methods. The results show that the 1998 El Niño fire was devastating especially to intact peat swamp forest. For degraded peat swamp forest, there was an increase in the burned area from 1998 to 2003. The proposed method offers the retrieval of accurate and reliable quantitative information on the frequency and spatial distribution of burned areas of multiple fires in the tropics. This method is also applicable to the detection of changes in general as well as the detection of vegetation changes.     

Mapping burned areas in Mediterranean countries using spectral mixture analysis from a uni‐temporal perspective

The main aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of spectral mixture analysis (SMA) for mapping forest areas burned by fires in the Mediterranean area using low and medium spatial resolution satellite sensor data. A methodology requiring only one single post‐fire image was used to carry out the study (uni‐temporal techniques). This methodology is based on the contextual classification of the fraction images obtained after applying SMA to the original post‐fire image. The results showed that the proposed method, using only one image acquired post‐fire, could accurately identify the burned surface area (Kappa coefficient>0.8). The spatial resolution of the satellite images had practically no influence on the accuracy of the burned area estimate but did affect the possibility of detecting areas inside the perimeter of the burned area which were only slightly damaged.     

Pattern validation for MODIS image mining of burned area objects

An image mining method was applied to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data to estimate the area burned by forest fires occurring in Galicia (Spain) between 4 August and 15 August 2006. Five different inputs were considered: post-fire near-infrared reflectance (NIR) band, post-fire Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) image, pre-fire and post-fire NDVI difference image and 4-μm and 11-μm thermal bands. The proposed image mining method consists of three steps: a pre-classification step, applying kernel smoothing, based on the fast Fourier transform (FFT), a modelling step applying Gaussian distributions on individual grid cells with deviating values, and a thresholding step classifying the model into burned and unburned classes. Polygons collected in the field with Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements from a helicopter permitted validation of the burned area estimation. A Z-test based on the κ statistic compared the accuracy of this estimation with the accuracies achieved by traditional methods based both on spectral changes in reflectance after the fire and active fire detection. The results showed a significant improvement (7.5%) in the accuracy of the burned area estimation after kernel smoothing. Burned area estimation based on the smoothed difference image between pre-fire and post-fire NDVI image had the highest accuracy (κ = 0.72). We conclude that the image mining algorithm successfully extracted burned area objects and that extraction was best when smoothing was applied prior to classification. Image mining methods based on using the κ statistic thus provide a valuable validation procedure when selecting the optimal MODIS input image for estimating burned area objects.     

A spectral unmixing approach for mapping burned areas in Mediterranean countries

The principal aim of this Letter is to evaluate the usefulness of Spectral Mixture Analysis (SMA) for estimating the area burned by forest fires in Mediterranean countries using National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) unitemporal data. The results show that the method, using an image acquired just after the fire occurrence, is capable of discriminating burned area accurately (Kappa coefficient >0.76).     

基于MODIS数据的亚马逊热带雨林火灾时空变化规律研究

频繁发生的森林大火对亚马逊热带雨林造成了大面积破坏,获取不同年份的火灾影响范围以及植被破坏情况,有助于了解该地区火灾时空演变规律以及火灾与植被的相互作用关系,进而探究火灾发展机理,为防灾减灾提供科学依据。为此,利用2015～2019年MODIS植被指数产品与地表温度产品,构建MODIS全球扰动指数模型（MGDI）,结合火点数据（以下统称MOD14A1）、植被连续场数据（Vegetation Continuous Field,VCF）提取1 000 m分辨率下的燃烧范围和燃烧强度,并分析研究区域5年内的火灾分布时空规律。实验结果表明：(1)火灾主要分布在巴西中部以及巴西与玻利维亚的交界处,占燃烧区总面积的67%左右;(2)燃烧范围以及燃烧强度的综合信息显示火灾整体呈现出“升—降—升”的趋势;(3)火灾多发生于灌木草地（50%以上）以及阔叶林（30%）,且火灾多发在旱季;在全球变暖大背景下,火灾发生频率呈上升趋势;（4）人类活动范围扩张、不合理农业开垦、森林砍伐导致研究区内草地退化严重,农业用地以及建筑用地逐年上升,在一定程度上为火灾的发生、传导提供了良好的条件。     

Using AHS hyper-spectral images to study forest vegetation recovery after a fire

Recent advances in sensor technology have led to the development of new hyper-spectral instruments capable of measuring reflected radiation over a wide range of wavelengths. These instruments can be used to assess the diverse characteristics of vegetation recovery that are only noticeable in certain parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. In this research, such instruments were used to study vegetation recovery following a forest fire in a Mediterranean ecosystem. The specific event occurred in an area called El Rodenal of Guadalajara (in Central Spain) between 16 and 21 July 2005. Remotely sensed hyper-spectral multitemporal data were used to assess the forest vegetation response following the fire. These data were also combined with remotely sensed fire severity data and satellite high temporal resolution data. Four Airborne Hyperspectral Scanner (AHS) hyper-spectral images, 361 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images, field data, and ancillary information were used in the analysis. The total burned area was estimated to be 129.4 km². AHS-derived fire severity level-of-damage assessments were estimated using the normalized burn ratio (NBR). Post-fire vegetation recovery was assessed according to a spectral unmixing analysis of the AHS hyper-spectral images and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), as calculated from the MODIS time series. Combining AHS hyper-spectral images with field data provides reliable estimates of burned areas and fire severity levels-of-damage. This combination can also be used to monitor post-fire vegetation recovery trends. MODIS time series were used to determine the types and rates of vegetation recovery after the fire and to support the AHS-based estimates. Data and maps derived using this method may be useful for locating priority intervention areas and planning forest restoration projects.     

Automatic mapping of surfaces affected by forest fires in Spain using AVHRR NDVI composite image data

In this work, we describe the statistical techniques used to analyze images from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's advanced very high resolution radiometer for the calculation and mapping of surfaces affected by large forest fires in Spain in 1993 and 1994. Maximum value normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) composites (MVCs) were generated for every ten-day period over the two years of the study. Two techniques, one regression analysis and the other differencing, were applied to the NDVI-MVCs both before and after each fire event to determine detection thresholds of change and to delineate and objectively evaluate the burned surfaces. The comparison between the single-fires burned areas predicted by the techniques and that provided by the Spanish Forestry Service (ground based) showed that the regression algorithm was more reliable, giving rise to virtually no bias (−0.9%) and a root mean square error (RMS) of 20.3%, both calculated as a percentage of the mean burned area of the whole sample. The technique of differencing provided worse results with a 3.2% bias and a 23.5% RMS error. Likewise, a comparison between. the perimeters of the large fires supplied by official data (GPS-based) and those obtained by the regression method confirmed the validity of the technique not only for calculating fire size, but also for mapping of large forest fires.     

基于环境减灾小卫星数据的森林火灾迹地检测算法研究

森林火灾迹地是森林火灾的基本描述因子之一,是评估森林火灾严重程度的重要资料。本文基于环境减灾小卫星数据的特性,提出将GEMI指数作为火灾迹地检测指数;为了降低利用单幅影像进行火灾迹地检测时云污染现象对检测精度造成的影响,构建时序GEMI指数合成方法;并进一步提出适用于环境减灾小卫星数据的基于时序合成GEMI影像的火灾迹地检测算法;最后,将算法应用于2009年4月发生在中国黑龙江的森林火灾,检测结果表明该算法能准确地反映出森林火灾过火区域。