旋转流管式微滤膜的流场探测及分离性能研究

利用水力旋流器原理采用切向进料使膜器环隙产生旋转流,为探明旋转流场的特征,应用PIV(粒子图像测速技术)测试系统进行了实测,结果表明环隙中存在起强化过滤作用的类Taylor涡。在此基础上对旋转流场进行了过滤分离实验,以探讨旋转流场中的进料方式、悬浮液质量分数和操作压力对过滤的影响。研究发现由于存在旋转流和二次涡流的剪切强化作用使得在相同工况下旋转流过滤的稳定通量达到普通轴向流的4—10倍,这表明旋转流过滤是一种有效的膜过滤强化方法之一,由此为进一步探讨旋转流膜过滤强化机理,减少浓差极化和膜污染提供实验依据。     

旋转流管式微滤膜过滤通量的研究

利用无机盐SiO2 在旋转流场中进行的分离实验 ,对进料方式、悬浮液浓度及压力等影响过滤通量的因素及其变化规律进行了探索 ,并通过工程实际应用检验 ,结果表明旋转流过滤是一种有效的强化过滤方法     

过滤分离器结构的优化分析

通过改变过滤分离器配流盘的结构来调节流体进入聚结滤芯的流量,达到改变过滤分离器内部流场流动的目的。运用CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)软件对结构改变后的过滤分离器内部流场进行分析,发现改变后的配流盘使得过滤分离器内部流场的流速分布更加均匀,从而达到提高过滤分离器的过滤分离效率的目的。     

过滤分离器的对比分析

通过对立式和卧式过滤分离器的模拟对比,分析立式和卧式过滤分离器内部流场的流动情况。运用CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)软件对两种过滤分离器内部流场进行模拟,对比分析两种过滤分离器的内部流动速度,进而为研制过滤精度更高的过滤分离器提供帮助。     

旋风分离器内旋转流偏心旋转对速度计算的影响

采用Fluent软件对旋风分离器内流场进行了数值模拟,结果表明其旋转流存在着偏心旋转现象,即旋转流的旋转中心与旋风分离器的几何中心不重合。用CFD计算旋风分离器内强旋流的三维速度是基于旋风分离器的几何中心给定的,而进行气固分离计算用的三维速度是基于旋转中心的,二者之间存在着一定的差别,尤其是径向速度分布上有很大的不同。这就需要对基于几何中心的旋风分离器内旋转流的三维速度值进行修正,将参考几何中心计算的流场变换为参考旋转中心的流场。在旋风分离器流场数值模拟的基础上,分析了基准不同所产生的三维速度分量之间变化,给出了将参考几何中心计算的流场换算到参考旋转中心的流场的方法。     

折流式旋转床出口气相流场研究

采用实验的方法对折流式旋转床气体出口流场进行研究。实验在旋转床壳体直径为724mm,气体出口直径为152mm的折流式旋转床中进行,在常温常压空气单相的情况下采用5孔探针测量了不同转速和气量下旋转床出口位置的气相流场。实验得到了不同转速不同气量下气相切向、径向和轴向速度随无因次半径变化的流场分布情况,从而为折流式旋转床的设计提供理论基础。     

过滤分离器结构的优化

通过改变过滤器配流盘的整体结构,进而对进入聚结滤芯的流体流量进行调节,最终达到过滤分离器内部流动的目的。CFD软件可以对结构改变后的过滤分离器内部流场进行分析,通过分析结果可以发现,改变后的配流盘让过滤器内部流场的流速整体分布情况更加均匀,达到了过滤分离器分离效率的最终目的。     

相向／同向转子密炼机混合效率的数值模拟

本文分别建立了相向旋转和同向旋转转子密炼机混炼流场的物理模型、数学模型和有限元模型,并用计算流体动力学软件Fluent对三维等温流场进行了模拟。通过对模拟结果的后处理和对粒子轨迹的统计,对相向和同向旋转转子密炼机的分散混合和分布混合性能进行了对比研究和定量描述。     

往复旋转管式陶瓷膜超滤脱脂奶水溶液的研究

往复旋转管式陶瓷膜过滤系统通过膜组件往复旋转在膜表面反复产生高剪切率,达到减缓膜污染的效果。在相同操作条件下,与单向旋转过滤和死端过滤相比较,往复旋转过滤具有更好的减缓膜污染的作用。本实验利用往复旋转膜过滤装置超滤脱脂奶水溶液,考察了各种参数对该膜系统过滤特性的影响。实验结果表明,料液浓度增大,膜通量减小;过高的操作压差将会抑制膜通量增加;旋转速度增大,膜表面剪切强化作用增强,膜通量相应增大;膜稳态通量随往复旋转周期增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势。当料液速度达到膜组件转速时,瞬时反方向旋转膜组件,膜表面产生最大的剪切率,膜稳态通量也达到最大值。能耗分析表明,往复旋转过滤较单向旋转过滤单位通量能耗低。     

旋转圆筒型过滤膜精密平衡过滤的研究

旋转圆筒型过滤膜在精密平衡过滤难分离物质时,由于高速旋转的过滤膜对附着在过滤膜表面的滤饼层产生很大的扫流力,过滤时不断扫流过滤膜表面生成的滤饼,使过滤能够保持连续稳定的过滤速度。本研究通过难过滤性物质ＰＭＭＡ液浆和Ｏ／Ｗ乳浊液的高速连续稳定的精密平衡过滤,对旋转精密平衡过滤的特性和操作参数进行了有益的探讨。     

旋流分离对天然气水合物除砂提纯的影响

针对固态流化开采方法开采海底天然气水合物含砂量大导致开采效率低的问题,提出原位分离工艺,设计了旋流分离装置,基于该装置利用CFD数值模拟方法研究了固相(砂和水合物颗粒)直径、入口浆体流量及浆体中砂浓度对装置分离性能的影响。结果表明,在研究范围内,砂和水合物分离效率大部分高于60%,最高达98.72%,压降大部分低于0.5 MPa,最低至0.03 MPa。砂粒分离效率随固相粒径增大先增大后趋于平稳,随浆体入口流量增大先增大后减小,随砂浓度增大而降低;水合物分离效率随固相粒径增大先增大后趋于平稳,随浆体入口流量增大先增大后减小,随砂浓度增大而降低。溢流口和底流口压降几乎不随固相粒径变化,随砂浓度和浆体入口流量增大而增大。固相粒径、入口流量、砂浓度对分离性能有较大影响,在砂粒径大于20 ?m、水合物粒径大于40 ?m、浆体入口流量约5 m3/h、入口砂浓度不超过25vol%的条件下分离性能良好。     

Control of scale formation in reverse osmosis by membrane rotation

Scale formation of soluble salts is one of the major factors limiting the application of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. In this study, rotating RO, which takes advantage of Taylor-Couette flow instabilities to reduce concentration polarization and membrane fouling, was investigated as a novel method to control CaSO₄ scale formation. The permeate flux for rotating RO at ω = 180 rpm remains constant up to a volume concentration factor (VCF) of 4.2, while the permeate flux declines steadily with increasing VCF for no rotation. This is probably because vortices in rotating RO induce bulk crystallization and prevent scale particle deposition on the membrane surface. The anti-scaling effect in rotating RO increases with increasing rotational speed and depends to some extent on transmembrane pressure.     

Seawater desalination using PVDF-HFP membrane in DCMD process: assessment of operating condition by response surface method

Central composite design (CCD) was applied in this work to analyze the performance of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) flat sheet membrane in the seawater desalination using direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) process. It is the most popular in response surface method (RSM). Development on Quadratic Regression model for membrane performance as a function of the operating conditions was studied. The ranges for each operating condition were selected as follows: feed temperature (T_f): 48–58?°C, feed flow rate (Q_f): 80–180?mL/min, permeate temperature (T_p):17–22?°C and permeate flow rate (Q_p): 80–180?mL/min. The model R-squared of 0.9759 (adjusted to degree-of-freedom), Lack-of-fit test (p?=?0.4764), predicted residual error sum of squared (PRESS) statistic of 10.3 suggest that the model is adequate to correlate the impact of operating conditions on permeates. ANOVA analysis showed that factors as feed flow rate, feed temperature, and permeate temperature have a valuable impact (p?≤?0.05) on the response variable. Additionally, the interaction among feed temperature-feed flow rate, feed flow rate-permeate flow rate, and the quadratic impact of feed temperature, permeate temperature, and permeate flow rate have shown an important impact (p?≤?0.05) on the permeate flux. Optimization of operating conditions to make the permeate flux and salt rejection high as possible was determined according to desirability function approach. A desirability of 0.969 was achieved at a feed temperature of 58?°C, feed flow rate of 180?mL/min, permeate temperature of 18.8?°C, and permeate flow rate of 145.3?mL/min in which a permeate flux of 12.56?kg/m²h and a salt rejection of 99.97% was obtained.     

往复旋转中空纤维膜处理脱脂奶水溶液

采用一种往复旋转中空纤维膜超滤装置处理脱脂奶水溶液,考察了该膜过滤装置的结构参数、膜组件旋转参数以及料液的特征参数等对膜渗透通量衰减的影响。结果表明,旋转角速度越大,膜丝距中空轴轴心越远,往复旋转中空纤维膜的剪切强化作用越好;往复旋转周期的优化则需考虑如何使料液流场流速与膜丝转速之间的矢量迭加在膜表面产生的速度梯度更大,单纯增大或减小旋转周期均会弱化剪切强化的效果。在同样操作参数下,往复旋转方式比死端过滤及单向旋转方式的膜过滤更利于延缓膜通量衰减。     

太阳能光热-光电中空纤维真空膜蒸馏系统理论与实验研究

自主设计并搭建了太阳能光热-光电中空纤维膜蒸馏系统,太阳能光热采用面积1.82 m²真空管集热系统,光伏发电采用面积1.63 m²多晶硅电池板。实验方面,研究了不同工况下,热料液在不同流动方式时膜通量的差异;研究了在不同跟踪方式下太阳辐照度对系统性能的影响。结果表明：料液在管程流动的膜通量大于壳程的膜通量,且进口料液温度取50~70℃之间为宜;自动跟踪下膜组件入口温度比非跟踪高2~3℃,可以延长膜蒸馏系统运行时间1~2 h,且在相同的自然环境下,自动跟踪方式最大膜通量8.89 kg/(m²·h)远高于非跟踪方式时4.26 kg/(m²·h)。理论方面,分析了以水为工质的中空纤维膜蒸馏的传热和传质过程,建立了传热传质理论计算数学模型;分析了辐照强度、膜表面温差、膜丝内表面传热系数、传热与传质通量的定量关系,计算了膜面温度与理论膜通量,对比了实验值与理论值。系统运行稳定,能量综合利用效率高,性能可靠,为工程应用奠定了理论和实验基础。     

A new enhancement technique on air gap membrane distillation

The most serious concern in the application of air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) configuration is the low permeate flux caused by an additional transport resistance owing to the air gap, by the temperature and concentration polarization and by the surface fouling. This paper presents an innovative design of a low-cost and high efficient membrane module with an advanced enhancement technique in an AGMD configuration, which not only yields a much improved permeate flux but also requires no additional facility for the enhancement. The new module design includes a tangent directional and rotational inlet turbulent flow of hot feed and a partial contact between the membrane and the cooling plate in a small air gap. The concrete structure of the module is introduced in detail in the paper. Using this new module the permeate flux can be obtained up to 119 kg/m²h for tap water when the temperature of the hot and cold water is 77 °C and 12 °C respectively, which is about a 2.5-fold improvement over the traditional AGMD technique at the almost the same conditions. Within the range of our experimental study, the optimum partial contact area ratio is about 75–80%. Mechanistically, the tangent and rotational inlet turbulent flow can accelerate the diffusive process of mass and heat, reduce the boundary layer thickness of temperature and concentration and wash the membrane surface so as to improve the temperature and concentration polarization near the membrane surface and to raise the efficiencies of mass and heat transfer. Because of the partial contact between the membrane and the cooling plate with a large area, the main heat transfer and permeate condensation in the gap both are carried out on the contact area, which is very different from either the common AGMD or DCMD (direct contact membrane distillation) so as to reduce the transport resistance in the gap and thus to raise the permeate flux significantly. The new enhancement technique is also applied for the desalination of 15 wt.% salt water, which shows the similar improvement in permeate flux.     

Benefits of High Shear Rate Dynamic Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis: A Review

Dynamic filtration permits to increase permeate flux and membrane selectivity, as compared to crossflow filtration. It consists in creating the shear rate by a disk rotating near the membrane or by rotating or vibrating the membrane, avoiding the need for large feed flow rates. The benefits of high shear rates are important in microfiltration and ultrafiltration, but they are even larger in nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO). The reduction in concentration polarization by high shear rate can increase the permeate flux by a ratio of 3 to 5 as compared to a spiral wound module and augments also solutes rejection as their diffusive transfer through the membrane is reduced by a factor of 4 to 5. This paper describes available dynamic filtration modules suitable for NF and RO and reviews the treatment of dairy effluents, desalination, oil emulsions, and oligosaccharides recovery using a rotating disk module or a VSEP module with vibrating membranes and compares their performances with those of crossflow filtration. These examples confirm the high potential of dynamic NF and RO when operated at high shear rate and high TMP. The availability of large rotating NF ceramic membrane disks could permit the fabrication of highly efficient modules.     

水合物浆体在水平细管中的流动相变换热

实验测量了质量分数为0~19.2%的TBAB水合物浆体在恒热流条件下在小管径内流动时的流动传热特性。利用数值计算获得管内浆体的沿程温度分布,在此基础上得到水合物浆体在小管径内的强制对流传热特性。结果表明加热功率对小管径管道中的浆体传热特性有较大影响;在层流状态下,流速对传热系数的影响相比紊流时要小。在实验数据基础上总结出了TBAB水合物浆体在小管径管内的对流换热经验关联式。     

往复旋转式中空纤维超滤膜处理大豆乳清

采用往复旋转式中空纤维超滤膜装置处理大豆乳清液,实验结果表明,该装置利用膜的旋转速度与料液的流动速度之间的矢量叠加,形成较高的速度梯度,从而很好地延缓膜通量的衰减。增大旋转速度或缩短往复周期均会在膜表面形成更大的流体速度梯度,进而产生更好的剪切强化效果,延缓膜通量的衰减。当旋转速度较高时,改变往复周期对膜过滤通量的影响更明显。回归分析表明,膜总透过液量与速度梯度之间存在一个幂函数关系。能耗分析的结果表明,单位通量能耗率随膜表面流体速度梯度的增大而增大,二者之间的关系接近于一个多项式。