示值误差不确定度按测量范围并用被测参数的函数表示

依据JJF 1059.1-2012《测量不确定度评定与表示》,以直流数字电压表示值误差测量不确定度评定为例,说明在电压表的全部测量范围内不能用一个测量不确定度值表示测量能力,必须分不同测量范围表示其不确定度,同时用被测量值或参数的函数表示其不确定度.本文尝试分析了用于校准的测量标准的最大允许误差用组合形式表示时,相对误差分量和引用误差分量之间的相关性.并给出了A类评定方法获得的标准不确定度分量,以及相对误差分量和引用误差分量引起的不确定度分量的合成处理方法.     

凯氏定氮仪测定豆粕中粗蛋白质的不确定度评定

通过对凯氏定氮仪测定豆粕中粗蛋白质含量的检验过程进行分析,确定影响测量不确定度的因素,并对各个不确定度分量进行评定和计算合成,给出该仪器测定豆粕中粗蛋白质的合成不确定度和扩展不确定度,提出减小不确定度的方法。     

具有共同分量的相关数据的加权平均

对比不相关数据的加权平均法,讨论了对具有共同分量的一组相关数据的加权平均法。分析了比对数据的相关性,将相关数据的不确定度分解为共同分量与不相关分量的组合。提出了具有较好可操作性的估计比对数据溯源链共同分量不确定度的简单方法。结论为加权平均应以不相关分量的不确定度为权重因素;共同分量的不确定度是“固有”的,不随参与平均计算的数据数量的增加而减小;忽略数据相关性,不仅影响加权平均的权重,进而影响平均值,也会导致平均值不确定度计算结果偏小。以压力比对为例分析了共同分量的不确定度的评定以及不同取值结果的差异。     

静态质量法油流量标准装置的不确定度分析

文章对静态质量法油流量标准装置不确定度的评定进行了分析,详细分析了各不确定度分量的评定,求得合成不确定度和扩展不确定度。     

高效液相色谱法测定调味油中苏丹红Ⅰ号测量不确定度评定

本文依据分层建模法建立了采用外标峰面积定量的液相色谱法测定苏丹红Ⅰ不确定度评定的数学模型,对影响测量结果的不确定度分量进行了逐层分析和合成,较为全面地评定了测量结果的不确定度,评定结果发现,本次实验的不确定度主要由样品均匀性和处理操作过程所引入.     

校准结果测量不确定度评定的简化途径和方法

本文从各个方面介绍了校准结果测量不确定度评定的简化途径和方法。其中主要包括：测量重复性的处理，B类评定分布及自由度的估计，A、B两类评定方法的选择，不确定度分量的忽略原则，相关性的处理，测量不确定度的合成，最终不确定度报告形式。     

金属材料力学性能测试不确定度评定的探讨

讨论了金属材料力学性能测试不确定度评定的思路,提出将常规力学性能测试量分为直接量和间接量两类,通过分析测试量的量值传递,将直接量不确定度来源分为3个部分进行分析,间接量的不确定度分析则是在直接量的不确定度评定完成后,再分析其他的不确定度来源,最后将这些不确定度分量进行合成。     

高效液相色谱法测定葡萄酒中纳他霉素含量的测量不确定度评定

按照JJF1059.1《测量不确定度评定与表示》的规定,本文对采用高效液相色谱法检测葡萄酒中纳他霉素含量的不确定度进行了分析评定,找出影响该项目检测结果的各种因素,并对合成不确定度和扩展不确定度进行了评定,为葡萄酒中纳他霉素检测与检测结果的分析利用提供理论支持。由不确定度评估结果显示,该项目检测结果的合成不确定度影响最大的分量是标准曲线拟合分量,其次是回收率分量、测量结果的重复性分量。     

食品接触材料中三聚氰胺单体迁移量的不确定度评定

对BB CEN/TS 13130-27：2005 HPLC法测定食品接触材料中三聚氰胺单体迁移量的不确定度进行了评定。通过建立数学模型,分析和评定了浸泡液体积、标准曲线、浸泡面积、浸泡时间、酸浓度等主要不确定度分量,并计算了测量结果的合成不确定度和扩展不确定度。各不确定度分量中标准溶液的配制和校准曲线拟合对合成不确定度的贡献较大。     

自动标准压力发生器示值误差的测量不确定度研究

使用0.005级气体活塞式压力计对0.02级自动标准压力发生器进行校准。阐述了自动标准压力发生器示值误差的测量的不确定度评定方法,提出了示值重复性和分辨率引入的不确定度分量应取其中较大者,感压面高度差引入的不确定度分量应考虑压力变化对气体传压介质密度的影响;分析了合成不确定度中各分量的权重:标准器引入的不确定度分量为主要的合成不确定度来源,随着校准点压力值的增加,重复性/分辨力引入的不确定度分量权重显著减小,感压面高度差引入的不确定度分量权重在400kPa校准点以上,超过重复性/分辨力成为仅次于标准器的合成不确定度来源。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...