Kinetic modelling of the pyrolysis of biomass and biomass components

The kinetics of the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic materials was studied with a view of providing simple kinetic models for engineering purposes. Experimental data obtained by means of thermal analysis techniques suggest that the pyrolysis of fine particles (below 1 mm) can be considered to be controlled by pyrolysis kinetics. The rate of pyrolysis of one biomass type can be represented by the sum of the corresponding rates of the main biomass components (cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose). The kinetics of each of these components was simulated by a kinetic scheme capable of predicting the pyrolysis rate and the final weight-loss for a wide range of pyrolysis parameters including various heating conditions.     

生物质微波催化热解制备高值产品的研究进展

生物质微波热解具有反应速率快、能量利用率高等优点,但存在产物选择性不高、品质较低等问题,结合催化剂使用,具有制备高值产品的应用潜力。本文对生物质微波催化热解的研究进展进行了综述,介绍了微波催化热解的机理、反应体系、热解产物等对制备高附加值产品的影响。简述了微波催化热解的机理,从原料、微波吸收剂、催化剂三个方面对微波催化热解体系进行讨论,介绍了不同种类原料对产物产率的差异、不同催化剂对于产物选择性的区别。分析了不同提高产物产率和选择性的方法,指出优化和改善催化剂特性使其具备复合功能、开发大型微波反应器、产物定向富集和转化是目前仍需解决的问题。为生产富烃生物油、高性能生物炭等产品,进而推广到工业应用提供参考。     

Influence of mineral matter on biomass pyrolysis characteristics

Studies on wood and twelve other types of biomass showed that in general, deashing increased the volatile yield, initial decomposition temperature and rate of pyrolysis. However, coir pith, groundnut shell and rice husk showed an increase in char yield on deashing, which is attributed to their high lignin, potassium and zinc contents. These results were supported by studies on salt-impregnated, acid-soaked and synthetic biomass. A correlation was developed to predict the influence of ash on volatile yield. On deashing, liquid yield increased and gas yield decreased for all the biomass studied. The active surface area increased on deashing. The heating value of the liquid increased, whereas the increase in char heating value was only marginal.     

生物质热裂解动力学研究进展

本文综述了生物质热裂解的动力学模型现状,比较了生物质及其主要组分的裂解动力学.从中得出多组分和双组分动力学模型对开发生物质高效燃油和气化技术有着重要的工程实用价值.     

生物质热解特性和动力学研究

利用热重分析对在氮气气氛下不同升温速率的马尾松生物质原料热失重行为进行了研究。由失重和失重速率曲线分析可知,生物质热解过程分为三个阶段。根据热重实验数据建立动力学热解模型,运用Popescu法从22种动力学机理函数中寻求裂解的最概然机理函数并计算裂解的动力学参数。结果表明,Zhuralev,Lesokin和Tempelmen(Z-L-T)方程为最概然机理函数。     

Secondary char formation in the catalytic pyrolysis of biomass

Samples of four types of wood and pure cellulose, both untreated and impregnated with salt (Na₂CO₃, K₂CO₃, NaCl, KC1), were pyrolysed. Two experimental systems with different geometries and secondary reaction patterns were used, viz. a McBain thermogravimetric balance and a Gray-King retort. The substrates were pyrolysed under a stream of nitrogen in the thermobalance and in some of the Gray-King runs, using a modified retort. Salt impregnation was found to modify weight loss rates and to increase the charcoal yield in the presence of an inert carrier gas in both experimental systems. Longer residence times of volatiles in the hot zone gave rise to larger charcoal yields from untreated substrates. However, long residence times of volatile matter over Na₂CO₃-impregnated cellulose were found to be detrimental to char formation. These results indicate that primary volatiles may undergo secondary reactions through competitive pathways, either polymerizing to form char or cracking to form lighter volatiles. Long residence times of light volatiles appear to enhance the latter pathway in the presence of Na₂CO₃.     

生物质催化热解特性和动力学研究

利用热分析技术对氮气气氛下不同升温速率下马尾松生物质试样的热解过程和以Na2CO3为催化剂的催化热解过程进行了研究。结果表明,Na2CO3催化剂可使生物质的主要热解区向低温区移动,而最大失重速率减少。根据热重实验数据,运用Popescu法对马尾松热解和催化热解动力学进行了研究。结果表明,Z-L-T方程为热解和催化热解的最概然机理函数,并计算出其相应的热解动力学参数。     

生物质热解液化装置尾气的循环利用

在安全性和经济性分析的基础上,研究了生物质热解液化实验的尾气循环利用。分别在尾气循环使用和不循环使用两种状态下进行热解实验,收集尾气,色谱分析后发现其主要组分无差别,但主要组分含量有差别;通过与理论分析的循环尾气组分含量比较,判断不可冷凝气体对热解反应的影响,并对生物质油的产收率和成分进行分析,得到生物质液化过程中尾气循环使用的方法和可行性。     

生物质催化热解制备左旋葡萄糖酮的研究进展

左旋葡萄糖酮是一种重要的手性合成子,催化热解生物质制备左旋葡萄糖酮具有经济、环保等特点,是生物质资源开发与利用的又一新平台。本文综述了催化热解生物质制备左旋葡萄糖酮催化剂的研究现状,着重介绍了无机酸、固体酸、固体超强酸、氯化物等催化剂对热解制备左旋葡萄糖酮的影响。阐述了各催化剂的优势与局限性：无机酸催化剂价格低廉、催化效率高,但原料预处理复杂、易腐蚀设备且难以回收;固体酸催化剂腐蚀性较小,易于分离回收,但催化效果较弱;固体超强酸催化效果良好且易于回收利用,但制备过程较为复杂;氯化物催化剂价格便宜、易于获得,但催化效果不佳。开发安全高效、绿色环保、可回收利用的催化剂是今后热解制备左旋葡萄糖酮的研究热点和难点。     

生物质热解利用中主要催化剂的研究进展

催化热解目前逐渐成为生物质转化利用技术的主要研究方向,相比常规热解,催化热解可以对生物油进行有效提质并且定向产生高值化产品。本文通过对近年来新兴的催化剂进行综述,包括分子筛类催化剂（ZSM-5、HZSM-5、USY等）、炭基催化剂、金属氧化物、白云石、整体式催化剂等,了解了目前生物质热解利用中催化剂领域内的最新研究进展。文中指出,良好的催化剂是保证反应顺利进行的关键,不同催化剂定向产生的高值化产品也有所不同,因此催化剂的正确选择对于生物油的提质起着重大作用。根据目前领域内所研究内容,本文还对各类催化剂的优缺点、产物特性进行了详细比较,并针对该技术现有问题提出了部分建议并进行展望,为以后生物质热解领域催化剂的研究提供了重要的理论依据。     

Modelling and experimental verification of physical and chemical processes during pyrolysis of a large biomass particle

A mathematical model of wood pyrolysis is presented that is in satisfactory agreement with experimental reaction product distributions over a range of conditions of practical importance for gasification and combustion. Both chemical and physical processes are described, using fundamental principles. Inclusion of water release, tar cracking and char deposition chemical reactions results in predictions of ultimate product distributions (gas, tar and char yields) that are in good agreement with experiment and can aid in optimization of processes to maximize or minimize tar production. Predictions of the rate at which products are instantaneously released from a single wood pellet are also in agreement with experiment. This capability is important for combustion modelling and gasifier simulation. The study provides both extensive data and a fundamental modelling approach that will enhance understanding of the effects of physical properties and processes on the chemistry of devolatilizing biomass. The work emphasizes the need for information both on char deposition rates during carbonization of a range of fuel types and on char thermal properties over a wide range of temperatures and porosities.     

生物质流化床快速裂解模型

研究了流化床内的生物质快速裂解模型,其特点是考虑了原料粒子在下部密相区和上部稀相区的不同反应历程.模型的计算结果表明,原料粒子和产物气体在反应器内的停留时间有较大的区别,其变化情况对裂解产物的分布有很大影响.由该模型得到的计算结果能和实验值很好吻合,表明它能较好地描述流化床反应器内生物质快速裂解的反应过程.结合计算数据对影响裂解结果的一些因素进行了分析.     

The influence of catalyst regeneration on the composition of zeolite-upgraded biomass pyrolysis oils

The composition of oils derived from the on-line, low pressure zeolite upgrading of biomass pyrolysis oils from a fluidized bed pyrolysis unit have been investigated in relation to the regeneration of the zeolite catalyst. The catalyst used was H-ZSM-5 zeolite. The gases were analysed by packed column gas chromatography. The composition of the oils before catalysis and after catalyst upgrading were analysed by liquid chromatography fractionation, followed by coupled gas chromatography—mass spectrometry of each fraction. In particular, the aromatic and oxygenated aromatic species were identified and quantified. In addition, the oils were analysed for their elemental composition and molecular weight range using size exclusion chromatography. Before catalysis the biomass pyrolysis oil was highly oxygenated but after catalysis a highly aromatic oil was formed with high concentrations of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In addition, significant concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were formed. Regeneration of the zeolite catalyst showed that continued regeneration reduced the effectiveness of the catalyst in converting biomass pyrolysis oils to an aromatic product. Elemental analysis of the upgraded oils showed an increase in the oxygen content of the oil with increasing regeneration of the catalyst. The molecular weight range of the oils was found to decrease markedly after catalysis, but continued regeneration of the catalyst increased the molecular weight range of the upgraded oils. Detailed analysis of the uncatalysed oils showed they contained low concentrations of aromatic and PAH species which markedly increased in concentration after catalysis. The overall effect of increasing catalyst regeneration was a decrease in the concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons and PAH. Also as the catalyst was regenerated, the number of methyl groups on the parent single ring aromatic compound or PAH increased. The oxygenated aromatic species in the oil before catalysis were mainly, phenols and benzenediols and their alkylated homologues. After catalysis some of the oxygenated species were reduced and some increased in concentration. A dual mechanistic route is suggested for the formation of aromatics and PAH during the catalytic upgrading of biomass pyrolysis oils: (1) the formation of low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons on the catalyst which then undergo aromatization reactions to produce aromatic hydrocarbons and PAH; (2) deoxygenation of oxygenated compounds found in the non-phenolic fraction of the pyrolysis oils which directly form aromatic compounds.     

利用热重-红外联用对生物质热解特性研究

采用热重-红外(TG-FTIR)联用技术研究不同升温速率对生物质热解特性影响。以氮气为载气,在室温和600℃区间,以3种升温速率(10,30,50℃/min)对生物质试样(麦秆)进行热解实验,确定了生物质起始分解温度,热解失重主要发生在快速热解阶段,升温速率越高,热解起始温度和失重速率越大;热解气体通过FTIR分析结果表明,热解初始阶段的气态产物主要是水蒸气和少量的CO及CO2,随着温度的升高,热解的主要气态产物变为CO、CO2、CH4以及小分子烃类。     

基于不同三组分模型解析生物质热解过程

三组分模型（three pseudocomponent model）通常被用来表征生物质热解过程。传统三组分模型中单个模型的反应级数被限定为1或3。在本研究过程中，利用非线性最小二乘法，在不限定反应级数的前提下回归三组分模型动力学参数（活化能、指前因子、反应级数）。通过研究发现，纤维素（cellulose）分解反应级数接近1，与前人结果相一致。木质素（lignin）分解级数与生物质种类有关，接近于1或3。半纤维素（hemicellulose）的分解过程最复杂，其反应级数在1.5～4之间变化。以Ozawa方法计算得到的活化能作为相对标准，对3种三组分模型进行比较，发现反应级数未确定时的模型比其他两种模型更精确地表征生物质热解过程。     

生物质热解碳烟的研究进展

碳烟是燃料不完全燃烧或气化形成的纳米级碳质颗粒,是空气中细颗粒物PM_2.5的主要来源之一,也是仅次于CO₂的温室效应主要贡献源之一。碳烟的生成会降低生物质热转化过程中的能量利用效率以及气化过程中合成气的品质。作为生物质热化学转化过程的初始步骤,热解碳烟的生成特性、形成机理和减排方法对转化过程中碳烟的控制具有指导意义。本文从生物质热解碳烟的取样、排放特性、理化性质、生成机理及减排措施等方面进行了综述。着重介绍了热解碳烟的产率、化学组成、微观样貌、内部结构和反应性等,总结了原料特性及热解工况对碳烟产率和反应性的影响,汇总了当前调控热解碳烟排放的主要措施。指出目前针对生物质热解碳烟前体的形成及演化转变机理仍不明确,热解碳烟的氧化反应机理研究鲜有报道。此外,热解碳烟生成受原料类型和热解工况等诸多因素影响,当前研究多为单因素的影响分析,缺乏针对碳烟排放的多因素耦合优化研究。     

生物质快速热解制油试验及流程模拟

使用自主研发的流化床热解反应器对生物质热解制油进行实验研究,通过对不同实验温度450、500、525、550、580、610℃下得到的目标产物进行分析,得到了反应温度对生物油产率的影响规律。实验表明：550℃时,最大液体产率为42.5%（质量）;实验得到的不可冷凝气体的组分以CO、CO₂、CH₄和H₂为主,气相产物产率约为37.7%（质量）。在实验基础上,利用Aspen Plus流程模拟软件,建立了生物质热解制油工艺模拟流程,模拟分析了热解温度对生物油产率的影响,结果表明该模型能准确模拟实际热解过程,具有较好的适用性和可靠性。     

生物质热解催化剂失活的研究进展

生物质催化热解是实现生物质能源高效、高值化利用的有效手段。综述生物质催化热解过程中催化剂失活的过程及原因,从生物质热解催化剂的积炭失活、原料杂质的影响、催化剂的水热失活和负载型催化剂金属颗粒的烧结等进行阐述。对生物质热解催化剂的研究重点与方向进行展望。     

生物质与烟煤程序升温共热解产物特性分析

研究了富含半纤维素的玉米芯(CB)和富含木质素的松木屑(SD)分别与烟煤(YL)程序升温共热解产物产率和组成变化规律,并对焦油族组成进行分析。结果表明:生物质与煤共热解造成热解产物组成和产率显著变化,且其变化程度与生物质的组成和结构有关。对于富含纤维素的玉米芯与烟煤共热解过程,玉米芯质量掺混质量比为75%时,共热解气体产率减小18.87%,其中CO2产率减少29.15%,而热解水产率增加16.77%。由于半焦和玉米芯中碱/碱土金属,尤其是K对焦油中重质组分裂解具有催化作用,共热解焦油中沥青质产率减小43.40%,而极性组分增加63.21%。与富含半纤维素类的玉米芯不同,富含木质素的松木屑与烟煤共热解造成气体和焦油产率增加,而半焦和热解水产率略有减小,气体中CO2和CO略有增加。松木屑中活性H的转移作用,造成共热解焦油中脂肪烃产率增加,极性组分产率减少。松木屑掺混质量比为50%时,脂肪烃增加89.30%,而极性组分减小17.40%。