一种试验第3代单晶高温合金1100℃长期时效组织演化（英文）

通过1100℃长期时效100~800 h,研究了一种试验第3代单晶高温合金组织演化规律。结果表明:随着时效时间的增加,枝晶干γ′相逐渐变得粗大和不规则;而枝晶间γ′相形貌则随着时效时间的延长呈规则立方、合并长大、筏排化规律演化。枝晶干与枝晶间这种不同的γ′相演化规律主要由合金元素的偏析造成。时效300 h后,枝晶干析出了少量的针状TCP相,随着时效时间增加,枝晶干处TCP相析出量增加;枝晶间直到800 h仍未发现TCP相析出;TEM和EDX分析表明析出相为σ相,富含Re、W元素。     

激光增材制造DD98M高温合金组织及稳定性研究

采用激光增材制造技术制备了DD98M镍基高温合金管状试样,研究了其沉积态、固溶时效态和长期时效态微观组织变化,对比分析了沉积态和固溶时效态试样中γ'相尺寸分布及在1000℃长期时效时γ'相的演化规律。结果表明:沉积态组织主要由外延生长的微细柱晶组成,枝晶间无γ-γ'共晶组织析出,试样中γ'相体积分数约为70%。合金中元素微偏析造成了枝晶干和枝晶间γ'相尺寸差异,其中枝晶干处为210 nm,枝晶间为560 nm。经固溶时效处理后,γ'相(约370 nm)均匀分布在γ基体上,其尺寸分布符合LSW模型。经1000℃长期时效500 h后,合金组织中无TCP相(拓扑密排相)生成,γ'相仍保持立方形貌,其尺寸几乎保持不变。固溶时效处理后,合金显微硬度从沉积态时的4420 MPa增加至4870 MPa,长期时效能降低合金硬度,降幅约5.9%。     

980 ℃长期时效对DD15单晶高温合金组织稳定性的影响

采用选晶法在真空高梯度定向凝固炉中制备第四代单晶高温合金DD15试棒,热处理后在980 ℃分别时效400、800、1200、1600、2000 h,研究不同时效时间的合金组织。结果表明:合金的热处理组织由立方化较好γ′相和基体γ相组成。随着980 ℃时效时间增加,γ′相合并长大仍保持立方形状,基体通道的宽度增加;时效1600 h时,未有TCP相析出;时效2000 h时,析出极少量TCP相,合金具有良好的组织稳定性;合金中较多的Re、W、Ta、Mo、Nb等高熔点元素能够抑制γ′相长大,Ru元素能够抑制TCP相的析出,合金具有良好的组织稳定性。     

Mo和Re对含Ru新型单晶高温合金组织稳定性的影响

制备名义成分分别含0.4%Mo-6.4%Re、2.8%Mo-6.4%Re和0.4%Mo-6.7%Re的3种新型镍基单晶高温合金。分析合金经过热处理后的元素分配配比，经过1100℃，0～1000 h的热暴露后的γ′相演化、拓扑密排相（TCP）析出规律。结果表明，Re含量的微量增加和Mo含量的大幅增加会明显增加各元素在枝晶干和枝晶间、γ/γ′两相间的偏聚，低扩散元素Re等在枝晶干和γ相的偏析降低了热暴露过程中γ′相的粗化速率。Re的微量增加，促进P相析出数量增多，但P相的长大受到一定限制，原因是Re促进P相形成元素Re、W和Ru在枝晶干的偏聚，促进P相形核，使P相数量增多，但大量析出的P相互相接触交叉，反而降低了长大速率。Mo含量的大幅增加，使得在1100℃长时热暴露过程中同时存在μ相和P相，且μ相优先析出，数量多，尺寸大，而P相析出时间延迟，数量少，尺寸小，原因是Mo促进μ相的主要组成元素Re、W、Mo在枝晶干的偏聚，尤其是Mo含量的提高，促进μ相优先析出，随着μ相形成元素的消耗，以及P相在1100℃下更稳定，促使P相在μ相之后析出。     

一种定向凝固镍基高温合金950℃长期时效1000h的组织演变(英文)

研究一种用于燃气轮机叶片的定向凝固镍基高温合金在950℃长期时效1000后的组织演变。结果表明:随着时效时间的延长,在枝晶和枝晶间的γ’相变得更加有规则,而且γ’相的质量分数和尺寸也随着时效时间的延长而逐渐增加。在时效过程中,MC型碳化物的边缘部分发生溶解,而由其提供的碳元素与析出的Cr元素在晶界处形成M23C6型碳化物。玫瑰状的γ′/γ共晶部分溶解进入基体,时效过程也促进其向筏形γ′转变。合金经过1000h时效后,结构总体上是稳定的,没有发现针状的TCP相。     

长期时效对镍基合金的组织及高温拉伸性能的影响

研究了一种新型镍基合金在750 ℃、800 ℃、850 ℃长期时效过程中的高温拉伸性能与组织变化的关系.利用扫描电子显微镜对合金长期时效过程中的显微组织、高温拉伸断口进行了观察和分析.结果表明,该合金在750～800 ℃时效有针状TCP相析出;在750 ℃时效时,随着时效时间的延长,TCP相的析出量呈增加趋势且尺寸不断长大,当时效温度达到800 ℃后,随时效时间的增加TCP相的析出量先增加后减少,最后消失.另外,在长期时效过程中由于γ＇相析出的数量变化不大,750 ℃高温拉伸强度基本保持不变;合金的塑性与TCP相的析出有关,同时受到γ＇相尺寸及晶界碳化物析出的综合影响.试验合金的750 ℃高温断裂基本呈韧性断裂.     

热处理对DZ125定向凝固合金组织结构与蠕变行为的影响

通过不同条件蠕变性能测试及组织形貌观察,研究了热处理对DZ125合金的组织结构演变和蠕变行为的影响规律。结果表明,铸态合金的枝晶间区域存在较多放射状的共晶组织,在枝晶间和枝晶干处部分γ′相呈蝶形形态且γ′相尺寸具有较大差异。铸态合金的共晶组织及γ′相在固溶过程中被溶解,并在随后的冷却过程中类菱形的细小γ′相自γ基体中析出;一次时效期间,类菱形的细小γ′相发生钝化并长大直至转变成立方体形态;二次时效期间,γ′相的尺寸基本不变,但立方度增加,合金的组织结构为γ′相以共格方式自γ基体中析出。在热处理过程中基本消除了合金中的共晶组织,并提高了γ′相的立方度,但并未消除合金中的组织不均匀性,枝晶干区域的立方γ′相尺寸细小,而枝晶间区域的立方γ′相尺寸粗大,并且合金在980 ℃具有良好的抗蠕变性能。     

B元素对定向凝固镍基合金凝固特性和TCP相析出行为的影响

研究了B元素对定向凝固镍基合金凝固特性和TCP相析出行为的影响规律,并结合热力学计算软件Thermo-Calc和镍基合金数据库,计算分析了B元素对合金在非平衡凝固过程中的Cr、Co和Mo元素偏析行为的影响。结果表明,B元素的加入能够显著降低合金的固/液相温度,加宽凝固范围,增加共晶含量及Co、Cr和Mo元素在枝晶间的偏聚程度,进而加剧TCP相的析出;当B元素含量≤0.012%时,合金在850℃长期时效具有较好的组织稳定性能;当B元素含量增加到0.033%时,合金时效100 h,针状σ相开始析出,合金组织稳定性变差。     

激光增材制造高Nb含量GH4169合金微观偏析行为研究

目的减轻不同热处理状态下激光增材制造高Nb含量GH4169合金组织中的微观偏析。方法采用激光增材制造方法对球磨Nb合金化后的合金粉末进行快速成形,获得具有较高Nb含量的GH4169合金试样。通过光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及能谱分析、维氏硬度测试方法,对沉积态、固溶态和直接时效态试样进行分析,研究因合金中Nb含量变化引起的微观偏析对沉积态和热处理态合金的枝晶组织和显微硬度的影响。结果随着Nb含量的增加,一方面,由于枝晶间的Nb含量增加,枝晶间(γ+Laves)共晶数量增加,且共晶组织形貌更为连续;沉积态试样的显微硬度由228.4HV增大至534.1HV。另一方面,枝晶干Nb元素含量增加,枝晶干与枝晶间Nb元素含量的差异缩小,Nb元素的偏析比由8.59减小至4.13。后续固溶处理后,枝晶结构逐渐消失,枝晶间Laves相的数量随之减少,枝晶干与枝晶间的微观偏析减轻;固溶态试样硬度值随之减小,减小趋势随固溶温度的升高而逐渐平缓。随着Nb含量的增加,直接时效处理后,各试样显微硬度值在微观区域内的均匀性提高,枝晶干与枝晶间强化相的析出差异减小。结论合适的热处理制度既可以实现合金元素的均匀化,还能减小枝晶干与枝晶间强化相的析出差异,减轻激光增材制造高Nb含量GH4169合金组织中的微观偏析。     

GH742y合金凝固偏析行为

采用组织分析和差热分析相结合的方法系统研究GH742y合金的凝固偏析行为和铸态组织形成规律。GH742y合金枝晶偏析严重,组织析出复杂:Cr、Co、W、V和Al偏析于枝晶干,而Nb、Ti和Mo等元素在枝晶间的富集导致一次和二次γ′相、(γ γ′)共晶、MC碳化物、M6C碳化物、Laves相和δ相的析出;稀土元素La和Ce的偏析导致Ni5Ce相和富氧硫稀土相的枝晶间析出。相分计算表明,严重的元素偏析以及大量富Nb和Ti相的析出是σ相和μ相等有害TCP相析出的主要原因。GH742y合金的凝固顺序为:γ基体、MC碳化物、一次γ′相、(γ γ′)共晶、Laves相、Ni5Ce相和M6C碳化物。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.