Bandwidth scaling for fading multipath channels

We show that very large bandwidths on fading multipath channels cannot be effectively utilized by spread-spectrum systems that (in a particular sense) spread the available power uniformly over both time and frequency. The approach is to express the input process as an expansion in an orthonormal set of functions each localized in time and frequency. The fourth moment of each coefficient in this expansion is then uniformly constrained. We show that such a constraint forces the mutual information to 0 inversely with increasing bandwidth. Simply constraining the second moment of these coefficients does not achieve this effect. The results suggest strongly that conventional direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems do not scale well to extremely large bandwidths. To illustrate how the interplay between channel estimation and symbol detection affects capacity, we present results for a specific channel and CDMA signaling scheme     

多径环境下的直扩信号伪码周期估计

针对低信噪比条件下多径直接序列扩频(直扩)信号伪码周期估计的难题,拓展了先前提出的单径环境下基于信号功率谱二次处理的方法,提出了在低信噪比条件下多径环境中直扩信号的伪码周期估计的二次谱算法.该算法首先对多径直扩信号求取功率谱,然后将所得到的功率谱作为一输入信号求其第二次功率谱,所得二次功率谱将在伪码周期整数倍处出现代表信号存在的尖峰脉冲,通过对这些尖峰脉冲闻的距离进行检测就可以获得多径直扩信号伪码周期参数的检测估计.理论分析和计算机仿真结果表明:该算法可以有效地估计出多径环境下直扩信号的伪码周期,且估计性能和多径环境密切相关.     

Bandwidth requirements for Walsh functions (Corresp.)

The power-density spectrum for the Walsh function of binary orderkis calculated. The model analyzed considers the Walsh function as a random sequence modulating akth-order Rademacher function. The total number of Walsh functions of binary orderkand less is found to be aboutfrac{1}{6}of the overbound 2.4TW.     

GPS positioning in a multipath environment

We address the problem of GPS signal delay estimation in a multipath environment with a low-complexity constraint. After recalling the usual early-late estimator and its bias in a multipath propagation context, we study the maximum-likelihood estimator (MLE) based on a signal model including the parametric contribution of reflected components. It results in an efficient algorithm using the existing architecture, which is also very simple and cheap to implement. Simulations show that the results of the proposed algorithm, in a multipath environment, are similar to these of the early-late in a single-path environment. The performance are further characterized, for both MLEs (based on the single-path and multipath propagation) in terms of bias and standard deviation. The expressions of the corresponding Cramer-Rao (CR) bounds are derived in both cases to show the good performance of the estimators when unbiased     

Multi-scale aware dual path network for face detection in resource-constrained edge computing environment

Aiming at the problem that face detectors with complex deep neural structures are difficult to deploy in the resource-constrained edge computing environment,to reduce the resource consumption while maintain the accuracy in complex scenes such as multi-scale face changes,occlusion,blur,and illumination,SDPN(multi-scale aware dual path network) for face detection was proposed.The Face-ResNet (face residual neural network) was improved,and a dual path shallow feature extractor was used to understand the multi-scale information of the image through parallel branches.Then the deep and shallow feature fusion module,a combination of the underlying image information and the high-level semantic feature,was used in conjunction with the multi-scale awareness training strategy to supervise the multi-branch learning discriminating features.The experimental results show that SDPN can extract more diversified features,which effectively improve the accuracy and robustness of face detection while maintaining the efficiency of the model and low inference delay.     

相干多径环境下自适应阵列的性能改进

针对传统自适应波束形成算法无法抑制相干干扰的问题,引入了一种预处理技术--自适应加权空间平滑(Weighted Spatial Smoothing,WSS)算法,结合线性约束最小方差准则,可以有效地抑制相干干扰.同时,针对WSS引起的孔径损失,提出了一种对子阵进行相位补偿,利用全阵做波束形成的方法.理论分析和仿真结果表明,该方法对相干干扰的抑制能力明显优于常规均匀空间平滑(Uniform Spatial Smoothing,USS)算法,而且避免了孔径损失.     

Decentralized multiuser detection for time-varying multipath channels

Multiple-access interference (MAI) and time-varying multipath effects are the two most significant factors limiting the performance of code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems. While multipath effects are exploited in existing CDMA systems to combat fading, they are often considered a nuisance to MAI suppression. We propose an integrated framework based on canonical multipath-Doppler coordinates that exploits channel dispersion effects for MAI suppression. The canonical coordinates are defined by a fixed basis derived from a fundamental characterization of the propagation effects. The basis corresponds to uniformly spaced multipath delays and Doppler shifts of the signaling waveform that capture the essential degrees of freedom in the received signal and eliminate the need for estimating arbitrary delays and Doppler shifts. The framework builds on the notion of active coordinates that carry the desired signal energy, facilitate maximal exploitation of channel diversity, and provide minimum-complexity MAI suppression. Progressively powerful multiuser detectors are obtained by incorporating additional inactive coordinates carrying only MAI. Signal space partitioning in terms of active/inactive coordinates provides a direct handle on controlling receiver complexity to achieve a desired level of performance. System performance is analyzed for two characteristic time scales relative to the coherence time of the channel. Adaptive receiver structures are identified that are naturally amenable to blind implementations requiring knowledge of only the spreading code of the desired user.     

Range determination in a multipath prone environment

The distance of the closest point of approach, along an aircraft flight path, to a beacon is required. Aircraft/beacon range information is achieved by the use of a dual Doppler technique. The Dopplers are corrupted by multipath interference. Two digital tracking filters succeed in significantly reducing errors in range caused by the multipath signals.<>     

一种多径环境下GPS抗干扰接收方法

空时联合处理由于优异的性能在GPS抗干扰方面广泛的应用,但是由于抗干扰性能取决于空时维数限制了其在干扰是非平稳或天线平台快速移动的情况时的应用。基于此,提出了一种多径环境下GPS信号的干扰抑制方法,在同样的抗干扰性能的情况下具有较小的复杂度和较好的抑制多径信号的能力,并通过仿真验证了结果。     

Joint detection for OFDM-CDMA communications in multipath fading channels

This paper proposes and compares four block joint detection algorithms for the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-code division multiple access (CDMA) communication systems. The performance of the proposed OFDM-CDMA joint detectors with orthogonal and non-orthogonal spreading sequences are investigated in mobile radio channels. The proposed OFDM-CDMA detectors are zero forcing (ZF) and minimum mean square error (MMSE) detectors with decision feedback (DF) structures. The proposed joint detectors do not require discrete Fourier transform (DFT) or fast Fourier transform (FFT) operations and can be used to compensate the channel distortion. Hence for hardware implementation, the proposed detectors are more efficient than the conventional methods. The channel sorting method offers approximately 2 dB gain for the DF joint detectors and reduces the impairing effect of error propagation. The bit error rate (BER) performance of orthogonal codes is better than that of non-orthogonal ones in time varying channels. Simulation examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed detectors.     

Multiuser detection in multipath environments for variablespreading-factor CDMA systems

A way to allow variable data rates in CDMA is by varying the spreading factor in accordance with the data rate requested by the user. A detection scheme suitable for multirate transmission is required in addition to one that combats multiple access interference of other users and intersymbol interference from multipath. In this letter, an energy-add multiuser detection method is combined with a scheme called Cholesky-iterative detection to cope with these challenges. It allows the users to be estimated on a symbol-by-symbol basis, making receiver complexity independent of data package length. Simulation results correspond closely to a single-user lower bound. The results also show that the bit-error probability performances of the various users for the Cholesky-iterative detector are closely clustered, while those of a previously published scheme, decorrelation feedback detection, are more widely spread     

Multiuser detection in fast-fading multipath environments

We propose a new framework for multiuser detection in fast-fading channels that are encountered in many mobile communication scenarios. Existing multiuser RAKE receivers, developed to combat multipath fading and multiuser interference in slow fading, suffer substantial degradation in performance under fast fading due to errors in channel state estimation. The detectors proposed in this paper employ a novel receiver structure based on time-frequency (TF) processing that is dictated by a canonical representation of the wide-sense stationary uncorrelated scatterer (WSSUS) channel model. The workhorse of the framework is a TF generalization of the RAKE receiver that exploits joint multipath-Doppler diversity. Analytical and simulated results based on realistic fast-fading assumptions demonstrate that the proposed multiuser detectors promise substantially improved performance compared to existing systems due to the inherently higher level of diversity afforded by multipath-Doppler processing     

非整数倍路径时延下的OMP信道估计方法

正交匹配追踪(OMP)算法是一种基于压缩感知的稀疏信道估计方法,本文对OMP算法的终止条件进行研究,针对非整数倍路径时延环境中路径能量泄露导致路径总数增多且难以确定的问题,给出了一种基于噪声方差的终止准则,其中噪声方差可以通过估计获得。这种基于噪声方差的OMP算法(NV-OMP)能够检测信道路径个数,并获得有效的信道估计。仿真结果表明,与基于稀疏度已知的OMP算法相比,NV-OMP算法在非整数倍路径时延环境下的信道估计性能更加鲁棒,因而更适合于实际应用。文章同时仿真分析了噪声方差对NV-OMP算法性能的影响。     

Amplification of chaotic pulses in a multipath environment

The characteristics of ultrawideband communications systems using chaotic RF pulses and operating in a multipath environment are considered. It is shown that, under certain conditions imposed on the pulse duration and on the guard time intervals between the pulses, the signal propagating in this environment is amplified with respect to the signal propagating in free space. It is found that this multipath-amplification effect may result in a considerable increase in the communication range. The characteristics of an ultrawideband communications system using chaotic radio pulses are compared to the characteristics of a communications system using ultrashort pulses under the conditions of a multipath environment.     

多径环境下TDDM-BOC信号伪码周期估计

针对低信噪比下存在多径效应的时分数据调制二进制偏移载波( TDDM-BOC )调制信号的伪码周期估计难题,提出了一种基于二次谱的TDDM-BOC信号伪码周期估计算法。该算法首先推导出多径环境下TDDM-BOC信号模型,然后求出多径TDDM-BOC信号的功率谱,再求其二次谱,最后通过检测二次谱的尖峰脉冲间的间距得到多径环境下TDDM-BOC信号的伪码周期。实验过程中采用累加平均的方法可以达到降噪和精确估计的目的。仿真结果表明：该算法能够在多径环境下对TDDM-BOC信号伪码周期进行有效估计,且估计性能与多径环境有密切关系,这为今后我国“北斗冶导航接收设备的开发提供了一定的理论参考。     

A stochastic multipath channel model including path directions for indoor environments

A novel stochastic channel model for the indoor propagation channel is presented. It is especially for, but not limited to future communication systems with multiple antennas like space division multiple access (SDMA), spatial filtering for interference reduction (SFIR), or multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO). The model is designed for indoor scenarios, straight forward extendable to urban environments. It is based on physical wave propagation. The new approach describes the channel by multipath components, each characterized by its transfer matrix (including loss), delay, direction of arrival, and departure. The appearance and disappearance of multipath components over time is modeled as a birth and death process, a marked Poisson process. This enables first-time the correct modeling of spatial and temporal correlations. In each modeling step, path properties change according to the motion of transmitter and receiver. The changing delay times of propagation paths yield a realistic Doppler behavior of the channel. Deterministic ray tracing results are used to produce the huge data sets required for the statistical evaluation of the parameters of the proposed model. This method enables an automated parameter extraction for new environments or frequencies. The ray tracing tool has been verified by narrowband, wideband, and directional channel measurements. The novel stochastic spatial channel model allows the simulation of third-generation broadband radio systems including arbitrary antenna configurations and patterns. System simulations for the bit-error rate of radio links can be performed including intelligent antenna configurations like SDMA, SFIR, or MIMO. Furthermore, the capacity of complete systems can be investigated.     

Linear space-time multiuser detection for multipath CDMA channels

We consider the problem of detecting synchronous code division multiple access (CDMA) signals in multipath channels that result in multiple access interference (MAI). It is well known that such challenging conditions may create severe near-far situations in which the standard techniques of combined power control and temporal single-user RAKE receivers provide poor performance. To address the shortcomings of the RAKE receiver, multiple antenna receivers combining space-time processing with multiuser detection have been proposed in the literature. Specifically, a space-time detector based on minimizing the mean-squared output between the data stream and the linear combiner output has shown great potential in achieving good near-far performance with much less complexity than the optimum space-time multiuser detector. Moreover, this space-time minimum mean-squared error (ST-MMSE) multiuser detector has the additional advantage of being well suited for adaptive implementation. We propose novel trained and blind adaptive algorithms based on stochastic gradient techniques, which are shown to approximate the ST-MMSE solution without requiring knowledge of the channel. We show that these linear space-time detectors can potentially provide significant capacity enhancements (up to one order of magnitude) over the conventional temporal single-user RAKE receiver     

Blind turbo multiuser detection for long-code multipath CDMA

We consider the problem of demodulating and decoding multiuser information symbols in an uplink asynchronous coded code-division multiple-access (CDMA) system employing long (aperiodic) spreading sequences, in the presence of unknown multipath channels, out-cell multiple-access interference (OMAI), and narrow-band interference (NBI). A blind turbo multiuser receiver, consisting of a novel blind Bayesian multiuser detector and a bank of MAP decoders, is developed for such a system. The effect of OMAI and NBI is modeled as colored Gaussian noise with some unknown covariance matrix. The main contribution of this paper is to develop blind Bayesian multiuser detectors for long-code multipath CDMA systems under both white and colored Gaussian noise. Such detectors are based on the Bayesian inference of all unknown quantities. The Gibbs sampler, a Markov chain Monte Carlo procedure, is then used to calculate the Bayesian estimates of the unknowns. The blind Bayesian multiuser detector computes the a posteriori probabilities of the channel coded symbols, which are differentially encoded before being sent to the channel. Being soft-input soft-output in nature, the proposed blind Bayesian multiuser detectors and the MAP decoders can iteratively exchange the extrinsic information to successively refine the performance, leading to the so-called blind turbo multiuser receiver     

Broadband ing interferometry for weak multipath signal detection

An appropriate technique dedicated to indoor channel sounding and characterisation is described. Generally screened by strong line of sight (LOS) signals, weak non-line of sight multipath is difficult to detect and to quantify accurately. For this reason the ing interferometric approach, well suited for achieving LOS dimming, is proposed to emphasise multipath contributions. Preliminary experimental results, performed in the millimetre band, are presented.     

Bandwidth limitations of two-colour diode lasers for direct terahertz emission

The accessible bandwidth for tunable terahertz (THz) emission directly out of a diode laser is analysed in terms of gain bandwidth and semiconductor nonlinearities.