Second- and third-zone performance assessment of a symmetrical component based improved fault impedance estimation method

The performance assessment of a symmetrical component based fault impedance estimation method that has previously been proposed by the authors is discussed in this paper. A brief review of the proposed method is given. The personal computer based Alternative Transient Program was used in these performance assessment studies. Voltage and current signals for various fault conditions were generated by simulating different types of fault on a selected transmission line of a sample power system. These signals were processed, sampled, and used in the proposed method. The apparent impedance of the protected transmission line from the relay location up to the fault point was calculated using the proposed method. These impedance estimates were inserted in R − X plane characteristics to determine the suitability of the proposed method for digital distance protection of the second and third zones. The results of these performance assessment studies are presented and discussed in the paper.     

基于异常点剔除的高压直流输电线路故障定位算法

针对现有直流线路时域故障定位算法采用精确线路模型以及固定数据窗存在的不足,提出一种基于异常点剔除的时域故障定位算法。该算法依据在故障点处从两端计算得到的沿线电压分布具有差值最小的特点,充分利用故障后的暂态数据,采用冗余数据窗移动,通过故障定位函数测量得到多个定位结果,将得到的多个定位结果作为数据集,采用统计学中的基于距离的异常数据处理方法将数据集中的异常数据剔除,进而得到最终的定位结果。基于PSCAD/EMTDC搭建云南-广东±800 kV双极直流输电系统模型对所提算法进行了验证分析,结果表明所提算法实现原理简单,在直流线路全长范围内能实现准确故障定位,充分利用故障后的暂态数据,有效地提高了故障定位精度和可靠性。     

基于函数幅值和线路等分法的双端故障定位研究

由于恶劣天气、外力破坏、绝缘老化、鸟害等原因,输电线路发生短路故障的概率很高。为了准确地找到故障位置和加快线路修复,提出了一种采用电压、电流数据的双端故障定位方法。该方法基于线路两侧不同步数据采用均匀传输线方程推导出新的故障定位函数,利用函数的幅值特性和线路等分法得到具体故障点或搜索范围。最后,MATLAB仿真与计算结果表明,提出的故障定位方法简单易行,定位结果(故障点和搜索范围)符合现场实际巡线需求,能克服过渡电阻和线路两侧数据不同步的影响,适用于各种短路故障类型。     

A single ended directional fault section identifier and fault locator for double circuit transmission lines using combined wavelet and ANN approach

Fault section identification and determining its location are important aspects to reduce down/repair time, speed up restoration of power supply and to improve the reliability. In this paper combined wavelet and artificial neural network based directional protection scheme is proposed for double circuit transmission lines using single end data to identify the faulty section and its location with reach setting up to 99% of line length. The proposed method requires the three phase currents and voltage to be measured at one end of the double circuit transmission line modelled using distributed parameter line model which also considers the effect of shunt capacitance. Approximate coefficients feature vector of the three phase voltage and current are extracted using discrete wavelet transform to train the ANN with Levenberg Marquardt algorithm. The proposed scheme involves two stages. The first stage identifies the zone/section of the fault and the second stage calculates the fault location from the relaying point. The proposed combined Wavelet and ANN based fault location scheme is also compared with ANFIS based fault location scheme. The test results of the proposed scheme show that the fault section identification and location estimation is very accurate and the average percentage error in fault location estimation is within 0.001%. This method is adaptive to the variation of fault type (both forward and reverse), fault inception angle, fault location and fault resistance. The main advantage of the proposed scheme is that it offers primary protection to 99% of line length using single end data only and also backup protection to the adjacent forward and reverse line sections.     

一种采用双端电气量的新型故障测距算法

本文针对高压输电线路两端故障录波器所录数据不同步问题，提出了一种新的利用线路两端电气量的精确故障测距算法。由于算法的理论基础是对称分量法，因此在求解故障距离时，不需要进行故障相。利用ＥＭＴＰ进行的数字仿真证明测距结果是令人满意的。     

基于S变换及同步相量测量的输电线路故障定位研究

文中提出一种基于S变换及相量测量装置(Phasor Measurement Units,PMU)的输电线路故障定位方法,将双端电压数据经过S变换预处理后,分离出故障波段与正常波段及其电压幅值相位数据,将两组数据之差经相模转换后作为初始数据源,输入故障定位特征函数中,最后通过粒子群优化算法(Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO)的全局搜索能力求解出定位目标函数的最优解以确定故障位置。仿真实验结果显示,文中方法能够实现故障的准确定位,并能提供更为丰富、可视化程度更高的故障信息。     

An adaptive PMU based fault detection/location technique fortransmission lines. I. Theory and algorithms

An adaptive fault detection/location technique based on a phasor measurement unit (PMU) for an EHV/UHV transmission line is presented. A fault detection/location index in terms of Clarke components of the synchronized voltage and current phasors is derived. The line parameter estimation algorithm is also developed to solve the uncertainty of parameters caused by aging of transmission lines. This paper also proposes a new discrete Fourier transform (DFT) based algorithm (termed the smart discrete Fourier transform, SDFT) to eliminate system noise and measurement errors such that extremely accurate fundamental frequency components can be extracted for calculation of fault detection/location index. The EMTP was used to simulate a high voltage transmission line with faults at various locations. To simulate errors involved in measurements, Gaussian-type noise has been added to the raw output data generated by EMTP. Results have shown that the new DFT based method can extract exact phasors in the presence of frequency deviation and harmonics. The parameter estimation algorithm can also trace exact parameters very well. The accuracy of both new DFT based method and parameter estimation algorithm can achieve even up to 99.999% and 99.99% respectively, and is presented in Part II. The accuracy of fault location estimation by the proposed technique can achieve even up to 99.9% in the performance evaluation, which is also presented in Part II     

Further enhancements in the symmetrical components based improved fault impedance estimation method Part I. Mathematical modelling

This paper develops an approach that can be used for further enhancement of the symmetrical components based improved fault impedance estimation method that has previously been proposed by the authors. In addition to discussing the mathematical basis of the new approach, enhanced and computationally efficient performance equations are presented. In view of the recent advancements in optical transducers and high speed optical fibre communications, the new technique uses sequence components of voltage and current samples obtained from both the ends of the protected transmission line. It is also shown in the paper that the new performance equations are independent of fault resistance. The PC based Alternative Transients Program was used to model a six bus system and to generate fault data. The results of performance assessment studies on this new method are presented and discussed in Part-II of this companion paper.     

基于双端电气量的输电线路故障测距的新方法

利用输电线路两端的故障电压、电流量 ,提出了一种基于输电线路等效序网的故障测距方法。该方法不严格要求两端数据同步采样 ,不需要故障选相 ,且所需通讯数据少。测距结果不受线路负荷、线路两端的系统运行方式、故障点过渡电阻以及故障合闸角等因素的影响。理论及大量的ATP仿真结果表明 ,该方法具有较高的故障测距精度 ,完全满足现场实际要求     

Arc fault location: A nonlinear time varying fault model and frequency domain parameter estimation approach

In this paper a frequency domain formulation for nonlinear arcing fault location is presented. The proposed fault location formulation uses as input data first cycles after the fault inception voltages and currents. The formulation is based on circuit analysis and a parameter estimation method. To consider the main characteristics of nonlinear arcing faults, a time varying resistance embedded in a nonlinear model is proposed and used. The formulation is developed for the case of the most frequent single line-to-ground faults using phase components. The effects of fault inception angle, time-varying series resistance, source impedance, load flow, sampling frequency and others factors are investigated and analyzed. This new approach was successfully tested through computer simulation and real data obtained from a Southern Brazilian Energy Utility. The proposed method was developed as dedicated software and is currently used by CEEE-GT.     

基于VMD和SDEO的低采样率行波故障定位算法

针对传统行波测距方法易受波速不确定性影响和需要在较高采样率下才能保证测距精度的问题,提出了一种基于变分模态分解(VMD)和对称差分能量算子(SDEO)的低采样率行波故障定位算法,该算法充分利用了初始行波波头的到达时刻和线路长度来消除波速对故障测距的影响,提高了定位精度。并将变分模态分解和对称差分能量算子相结合,利用分解的模态稳定性强的优点和能量算子优异的跟踪信号奇异性的特点,使该算法在较低采样率下也能精确地检测出波头的瞬时能量突变时刻,从而准确定位故障的发生点。EMTP仿真结果验证了所提方法的测量精度较小波故障定位方法有所提升,而且能够节约设备成本,适合于工程实际中的应用。     

基于雷电信息的电网故障诊断系统研究

随着信息技术的发展,电网运行信息、故障信息及一次设备状态监测信息逐步开始融合,为实现基于多数据源信息的故障诊断与应用提供了前提依据,文中提出了一种利用雷电定位信息进行电网故障分析的信息综合处理方法。首先从整体上剖析了现有电网故障信息系统与雷电定位系统的基本构成和数据特征,在此基础上应用分阶段故障分析的思想,设计了使用雷电定位信息进行故障分析的流程,并提出数据融合与处理方法。最后,以某电网220 kV线路实际故障为例,对该故障诊断算法和方法和流程进行说明,并验证其有效性。     

基于电压暂降监测数据分析的配电网故障定位

将电能质量监测数据转化成对实际生产有用的信息是能源大数据应用的重要方面.配电网中大部分电压暂降是由故障造成的,因此残余电压幅值中隐含有故障位置的信息,为此,本文提出了一种利用电压暂降监测数据分析进行配电网故障定位的方法.首先,以监测量为输入,故障位置为输出,设计了反向传播神经网络,用于拟合故障位置与残余电压幅值的映射关...     

基于三迭代算法的输电线路故障测距方法

提出了一种基于改进的联合对角化算法的故障测距方法,能较为精确地确定输电线路故障距离。该方法首先对含有丰富故障信息的高频暂态分量进行相模变换,然后分别用FFT和TIA分析所选的模分量,结合两种算法的结果,确定出相邻两个固有频率之差,进而计算出故障距离。用MATLAB对-例500kV输电系统进行了算例仿真,结果表明,该方法能较为准确地提取出固有频率之差,测距精度很高。     

基于TensorFlow框架的有源配电网深度学习故障定位方法

随着大规模分布式电源(DG)接入配电网,配电网的结构由传统的辐射型变为多端电源结构,传统的故障定位方法不再完全满足含DG的配电网系统,对此提出一种基于深度学习的有源配电网故障定位方法。首先通过馈线监控终端采集过电流故障数据与节点电压数据,结合各电源出力数据,形成故障数据向量;然后使用Tensorflow构建基于全连接网络的深度神经网络模型,挖掘故障数据向量与故障支路之间的映射联系,形成故障定位模型;最后利用该模型在线定位故障并验证其有效性。模型测试结果表示,与反向传播神经网络、学习向量量化神经网络模型相比,深度学习模型收敛速度更快,故障定位准确率更高,同时在数据畸变或缺失时,模型具有较高的容错性。     

基于概率神经网络的直流滤波器电容器开路故障定位方法

针对高压直流输电工程中直流滤波器电容器开路故障定位方法效率低、威胁检修人员的安全等问题,提出了一种基于概率神经网络的直流滤波器电容器开路故障定位方法。该方法首先采用主成分分析法过滤冗余的信息,既降低了数据的维度,也得到了能有效反映直流滤波器电容器运行状态的特征向量;然后利用概率神经网络对特征向量进行故障分类,从而实现对电容器开路故障的定位。利用直流滤波器电容器运行状态样本数据对所提定位方法的有效性进行验证,同时考虑电容器有不同的开路故障电容元件数,验证所提定位方法的适应性。实验结果表明,文章所提方法对直流滤波器电容器的开路故障位置具有较好的定位效果。     

基于架空线路简化模型的柔性直流电网双极短路故障定位法

在模块化多电平换流器(MMC)组建的多端柔性直流输电系统中,准确定位直流侧双极短路故障位置是确保快速功率恢复的重要举措。针对目前故障测距存在的问题及获取架空线路参数的困难,文中提出了一种基于架空线路简化R-L模型的柔性直流电网双极短路故障定位方法。通过预设双极短路故障试验可反推出架空线路故障态下的单位电阻和电感值,从而得到R-L线路模型。在此模型的基础上推导故障定位公式,代入故障线路两端的实测电压和电流数据即可较为准确地计算出故障位置。通过PSCAD/EMTDC中的四端柔性直流系统验证了所提定位算法的有效性。仿真结果表明,所提定位算法具有很高的精度和可靠性,几乎不受过渡电阻和系统传输功率的影响,同时这也证明了简化R-L模型具有很高的精度。     

基于GrapSAGE算法的配电网故障定位方法

本文提出一种基于GraphSAGE (graph sample and aggregate)算法的配电网故障定位方法。以对系统侧母线电压进行形态学黑帽运算的结果启动故障定位算法;利用GSA模型自主挖掘网络拓扑和零序电流特征,根据节点特征和标签建立函数映射,评估线路运行状态从而实现故障定位。基于PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台搭建IEEE33节点模型,测试结果表明所提配电网故障定位方法可行且有效。并且配电网拓扑变化时,该方法无需重新训练模型即能获得可靠的故障定位结果,验证了方法的鲁棒性和对拓扑变化的适应性。     

A state estimation approach for fault location in transmission lines considering data acquisition errors and non-synchronized records

The performance of algorithms for fault location is directly related to the accuracy of its input data. Thus, factors such as errors in the line parameters, failures in synchronization of oscillographic records and errors in measurements of voltage and current can significantly influence the accuracy of algorithms that use bad data to indicate the faults location. This paper presents a methodology for fault location based on the theory of state estimation in order to determine the location of faults more accurately by considering realistic systematic errors that may be present in measurements of voltage and current. The methodology developed is innovative because, besides calculating the most likely fault distance obtained from measurement errors, the variance associated with the distance found is also determined, using the errors theory. The obtained results are relevant to show that the proposed estimation approach works even adopting realistic variances. Moreover, the fault location brings performance gains compared to a traditional algorithm, available in the literature.     

A novel method for SLG fault location in power distribution system using time lag of travelling wave components

This paper presents an approach to single line‐to‐ground fault location in a power distribution system based on the time lag of different modal components . It is a single‐ended method applicable to unsynchronized measurements. The fault location formulation is derived by analyzing the traveling wave propagation characteristic in a distributed parameter model. To tackle the key problem of ground‐mode velocity estimation, an iterative velocity method based on prior knowledge is first proposed. Since the practical measurements are not ideal because of sensor accuracy and nonequivalent transient response, fuzzy neural network is utilized to process traveling wave data acquired at multiple measurements to get an error‐tolerant effect. Furthermore, electromagnetic transient simulations for a 34‐bus test feeder system under various conditions of fault resistances, inception angles, and distributed generator access reveal the robust estimation of fault location. The performance of the proposed method is also validated by simulations with noisy and noise‐free measurements. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.