Refining of Straight‐Run Naphtha Cuts on Modified Zeolites

Straightrun crude oil of gas condensate naphtha cuts for use as components of motor fuels must be refined: to transform their lowoctane components – nparaffins – into highoctane compounds, while not decomposing isoparaffins if possible. A catalyst with high molecularsieve selectivity with respect to conversion of nparaffinic hydrocarbons and high catalytic stability is required for this. These requirements are satisfied by highsilica zeolites form the pentasil family [1 – 5].     

Optimization of the Heat Supply and Recovery Scheme in Delayed Coking Chemical Engineering Systems

The reasons for using a furnace for heating the primary feedstock and excess number of condensers on existing type 2110/300 delayed coking plants (DCP) are revealed. A variant of operation of the type 2110/600 DCP using a heatexchange system is proposed. It was shown that if heatexchange equipment of the optimum typesizes is used, it is no longer necessary to use a furnace for heating the primary feedstock and the number of terminal condensers can be reduced. All of this allows reducing fuel consumption, stack gas emissions, and consumption of coolant in the condensers.     

Mechanism of Combustion of Fuel‐Air Mixtures

A new mechanism of combustion of fuelair mixtures in internal combustion engines was formulated. According to this mechanism, a set of active particles: radicals, cation and anionradicals, ions, and electrons, participate in the combustion process.     

Petroleum Asphaltites – a Highly Effective Additive in Production of Carbon Adsorbents

TIt is not possible to eliminate the acute shortage of carbon adsorbents by creating a scientifically substantiated assortment of sorbing materials with defined properties based on traditional stock bases alone. Petroleum residues with the most important natural resource can be used for this purpose. The number increases with the development of heavy, resinous, and mediumsulfur crude oils [13 ].     

Activation of Carbon Adsorbents Based on Oil Binders

Carbon adsorbents fabricated from coal and oil binders acquire ionexchange properties (exchange capacity: up to 2.42 meq/g) under the effect of irradiation (dose: 5×10⁵ Gy) in 0.01 – 0.1 N propanol (isopropanol) solutions of NaOH. They are characterized by elevated adsorption power in extraction of arsenic from wastewaters.     

Modeling of Gradual Distillation of Nonmonotonically Distilling Products

The characteristics of modeling of distillation of products that nonmonotonically distill in gradual distillation according to the method in GOST 217782 (ASTM D86), mixed products in particular naphthas with addition of alcohols, ethers, and aromatic compounds, are described.     

Effect of Asphaltenes on the Thermal Properties of Petroleum and Bitumen Emulsions

The thermal properties and characteristics of the molecular structure of petroleum and bitumen emulsions were investigated by viscometer and Rayleigh light scattering. The viscosity, structural properties, and character of the intermolecular interactions in the emulsions are determined by the temperature of formation of these media. Formation at critical temperatures close to 36 – 38°C initiates a structural phase transition that alters the size and activity of molecular aggregates of asphaltenes. These aggregates serve as binder material in three—dimensional supramolecular structures containing wax microcrystals. The long (up to several months) memory of the emulsions concerning the conditions of formation is due to the strength of the three—dimensional structures that contain not only hydrogen but also covalent bonds.     

Optimization of the Composition of Binary Alternative Diesel Fuel

Alternative products — rapeseed, sunflower, soy, and other vegetable oils and derivatives — are increasingly being used as diesel fuel. Biodiesel fuel — vegetable oil fatty acid methyl esters — have 8–10% higher density and two times higher kinematic viscosity than petroleum diesel fuel. This is reflected in operation in the diesel cylinder and the integral environmental and economic characteristics. The composition of the alternative fuel can be optimized by mixing biodiesel with light crude oil cuts. The fractional distillation curves are given for Biodiesel, gas condensate, diesel fuel (summer and winter), and the proposed binary alternative fuel.     

Mathematical model for describing the process in the regenerator of a catalytic cracking unit 43–102

Conclusions Utilizing the mathematical model proposed, we have studied the effects which the initial coke content of the catalyst, the circulation rate, and the temperature at the regenerator top have on the regeneration in a 43–102 unit.A rise of the initial coke content (at unaltered values of the other parameters) considerably accelerates the warming-up process of the catalyst in the regenerator and shifts the hot spot into the lower sections of the regenerator. The removal of coke by burning may be incomplete both at high and at too low values of the initial coke content.Acceleration of the circulation rate (at unaltered values of the other parameter) has only a slight effect on the temperature of the hot spot in the regenerator. The hot spot is shifted in the direction of circulation of the current, and the regeneration does not attain the specified depth at high circulation rates.The temperature at the regenerator top has a strong effect on the temperature profile. A lowering of the temperature at the regenerator top results in a drop of the temperature in the hot spot of the reactor and in incomplete burning of the coke.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 6, pp. 37–40, June, 1969.     

Personal computer program for the investigation of crude oils

Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 9, pp. 1112, September, 1993.     

The “Iodine Number” of TS–1 Fuel. On Elimination of the Index from GOST 10227–86

It was shown that unsaturated hydrocarbons in concentrations characteristic of TS–1 fuel weakly affect sludging in this fuel but significantly increase the existent gum content, and the rejected standard based on this limits the concentration of unsaturated hydrocarbons in fuel to a much greater degree than the iodine number index. Scientifically substantiated recommendations are given for eliminating the iodine number index from GOST 10227–86 for TS–1 fuel.     

Deposition of Coke in Pyrolysis of Vacuum Gasoil after Hydrocracking

Research data on pyrolysis of the residue from light hydrocracking of heavy feedstock on a laboratory setup are reported. The more severe the hydrocracking process, the less the coke deposited on the walls of the reactor tubes during pyrolysis. This is probably due to a decrease in the content of components prone to coking in the residue: primarily bi and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.     

Agroindustrial Wastes as Feedstock for Production of Oils

The prospects for rational utilization of secondary feedstock resources – different plant wastes – in refineries were demonstrated. In exhaustive processing of these wastes, it is possible to obtain quality vegetable oils for food and technical purposes. The environmental and technological aspects of the production and use of such oils are examined. The increased role of lubricants and other products based on biospherecompatible vegetable oils is emphasized.     

The Tube Furnace in the Crude—Oil Stabilization Plant

Kedr—89 Co. developed and delivered a turnkey tube furnace for the USN—4—2 crude oil stabilization plant at Nizhnevartovsk Petroleum Refining Association.     

Conversion of Acid Products of Industrial Emissions

The solubility of acid products (carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide) in water from the stack gas plume at fuelburning plants at the smoke stack outlet was examined. The ratio of the masses of these products and the water formed during burning of fuel was determined. Factors of transformation of acid products in atmospheric air were proposed. The effect of ammonia on dissolution and the possibility of decreasing formation of acid rain were demonstrated.     

Effect of Temperature on Hydrogen–Free Atmospheric Reforming

Hydrogen–free reforming of naphtha cuts under pressure of 1.5–3 MPa, called zeoforming, was studied in detail in [1, 2]. We created a process for hydrogen–free catalytic reforming at atmospheric pressure, called KATRIFAT, as a result of selecting a mixture of dehydrocyclization, cracking, and isomerization catalysts [3, 4].     

Variant of Oxidative Utilization of Hydrogen Sulfide-Containing Gases

Direct oxidation into sulfur in a pseudo-fluidized bed of spherical catalyst is a selective method of treating hydrogen sulfide-containing gases (HSCG) [1]. In contrast to the Claus method, it can be used for treating gases with a wide range of hydrogen sulfide contents [2]. Acid (as in Claus units) and hydrocarbon-containing (casing-heated petroleum, natural, refinery) gases can be treated with this method [3].     

Determination of Chlorine in Crude Oils and Light Cuts

Two methodological variants are developed for determination of the content of organically bound chlorine (OBC) in crude oils and light cuts in quality monitoring in the absence of conditions for implementation of the ASTM D 4929 method. The monitoring scheme is supplemented by the gas –chromatographic method of determining organochlorine compounds (OCC), and flooding of carbon tetrachloride into the crude is found. The drawbacks of the ASTM D 4929 method and the advantages of fast determination of the OCC content directly in crudes with the possibility of predicting naphtha quality are demonstrated.     

Possibilities of improving ejector pump characteristics

We describe a method of choosing an ejector pump for given operating conditions. Generalized dimensionless characteristics of ejector pumps are given for averaged loss coefficients and top-notch designs. We explore the possibility of decreasing the coefficient of head loss by improving the profile for the delivery of passive fluid to an ejector pump (use of stepped diffusers).__________Translated from Khimicheskoe i Neftegazovoe Mashinostroenie, No. 2, pp. 26–28, February, 2005.     

A method for designing drum-type vacuum filters having an external filtering surface

In the journal Khimicheskoe i Neftyanoe Mashinostroenie No. 4 and 5, 1965 is published the standard specification Method for Designing Drum-Type Vacuum Filters Having an External Filtering Surface, which were developed by N. V. Shpanov and Yu. V. Gutin of the Scientific Research Institute of Chemical Engineering. In the article below, the above-mentioned authors have examined the presently known methods of engineering design of vacuum filters. On the basis of an analysis of filtration equations, the method recommended by the Scientific Research Institute of Chemical Engineering for the design engineering of drum-type vacuum filters was substantiated and explained.