考虑抽蓄-风-光-火联合系统运行经济效益的日前优化调度研究

可再生能源大规模开发与利用将助力我国"碳达峰、碳中和"目标的实现。为应对未来大规模具有随机性、波动性和间歇性的可再生能源并网,在兼顾已有火电机组运行的基础上,需推进灵活性储能与可再生能源的联合运行,以实现可再生能源安全经济并网。构建了抽蓄-风-光-火联合运行系统日前优化调度模型,运用Yalmip优化工具箱进行求解,得到联合系统在多种工作场景下日前优化调度结果。结果表明,抽水蓄能可提高联合系统运行经济性,降低系统治理污染成本,减少系统CO₂排放量,提升火电出力稳定性;不同容量配比下的各场景经济性有所差异,联合系统经济效益与可再生能源渗透率呈现非线性相关关系。     

基于布谷鸟搜索算法的水电站消纳风电调峰运行策略研究

为了研究水电站在消纳风电中的应用,利用水电转换公式将水流量及水头高度转化为水电站出力,并把风电出力的不确定性表示为一个具有零均值、呈正态分布的预测误差。构建风-水-火电力系统联合调度模型,该模型以系统成本最小为目标函数,包含了火电机组煤耗成本、水电站管理成本以及风电场管理成本和预测误差成本;模型以水力和火力发电约束、水流量约束、火电机组爬坡速率约束等为约束条件,采用布谷鸟搜索算法对其进行求解,得到了系统运行的经济最优策略。仿真结果表明,水电站能够在电力系统中发挥较好的调峰作用,弥补风电出力的随机波动,降低系统峰谷差率,减少火电机组出力的频繁变化,降低系统备用容量,增加电力系统的安全性、稳定性和供电可靠性。     

基于随机规划的风光柴储容量配比优化方法

在风光柴储系统容量配比的研究中,根据风光出力的不确定性,提出了一种基于随机规划的风光柴储容量配比模型。首先,综合分析新能源随机出力特性、装机容量、负荷平衡、弃风弃光等约束条件,基于随机规划理论建立了以系统负荷缺电率与投资运行成本最优的多目标风光柴储容量配比模型。并以全年风、光出力时间序列为输入,采用改进NSGA2算法与理想点法相结合进行求解,获得风光储最优容量配比。再以我国某区域独立电网数据进行算例验证,表明了所提方法的实用性。     

风电-光伏-抽水蓄能-蓄电池联合发电系统容量及运行协同优化

文章研究离网型风电-光伏-抽水蓄能-蓄电池联合发电系统的容量及运行两阶段协同优化。其中,一阶段容量优化模型以最小化联合系统的平准化度电成本为目标,利用量子粒子群算法求解系统容量优化配置。二阶段运行优化模型以最小化失负荷率为目标,考虑不同储能的运行约束,利用混合整数线性规划求解联合储能协同运行策略。案例分析结果表明:抽水蓄能-蓄电池联合储能通过协同优化运行可有效消纳风电、光伏的多余电能,并补充不足负荷,实现零弃风弃光损失及零不足负荷,从而验证了优化方法以及联合储能系统的有效性。     

水火电联合调峰电力电量平衡优化模型

水火电联合调峰情况下,以弃水电量最小为原则的电力电量平衡计算未考虑火电站的经济运行方式,存在一定的不足。从电力系统经济运行角度出发,以火电站运行煤耗成本与水电站弃水电量机会损失成本之和为系统总成本,建立了总成本最小的电力电量平衡优化模型。模型求解方面,考虑到机组组合优化和经济负荷分配问题的求解难度,采用了双层嵌套寻优算法,外层采用枚举法进行机组组合遍历寻优,内层采用等微增率法进行煤耗最小寻优。以云南省滇中区域电网典型日平衡计算为例,分别按照总成本最小模型和弃水电量最小模型计算了水火电调峰运行过程。计算结果表明：前者虽然弃水电量机会损失大于后者,但火电煤耗成本远小于后者,系统总成本更小。     

新能源对清江梯级电站运行影响分析研究

随着我国碳达峰和碳中和目标的提出，以风电、光伏发电为主的新能源将成为我国能源结构优化的主力军。从生产特性来看，新能源发电具有波动性、随机性、间歇性的特点，水电作为调节性能优异的清洁能源，其灵活快速的调峰能力可充分弥补新能源出力的不确定性。在区域电网内，充分利用水电及新能源，实现灵活互补优化调度，是构建清洁低碳多能互补电源体系的大势所趋，但同时，也会给水电的运行方式带来明显影响。以清江梯级电站为例，构建水、风、光互补运行出力模型，分析了新能源对清江梯级电站运行影响。     

新型区域电力系统电源规划和时序生产模拟

以新能源为主体的新型区域电力系统电源规划和时序生产模拟面临较大困难,针对于此,设计了区域电力系统机组检修计划与机组组合的双层耦合框架,提出了中等规模机组集群方法,可使机组检修与机组组合优化直接耦合。还提出了新型区域电力系统检修优化模型,以系统空闲容量最小为目标函数,考虑系统电力平衡、调峰容量平衡等约束条件,检修计划有利于促进新能源消纳。在机组组合优化模型中,以系统运行成本最小为目标函数,对中等规模火电机组集群进一步采用机组集群求解方法,较准确计算火电运行及机组启停煤耗。在区域电力系统时序生产模拟中,上述方法计算结果明显优于启发式方法,可对各类电源间出力协调平衡进行全局寻优。     

计及水库运行约束的极端气象场景下抽蓄电站优化调度研究

极端气象场景下风电和光伏出力非同步骤减，系统调节需求攀升，需要抽蓄电站灵活运行填补缺额，维持电力供需平衡及电网稳定运行。本文用单位电能上水库水位降深系数和单位上水库水位抬升消耗电能系数简化水电转换关系，建立了基于上水库水位运行控制的水量抽发平衡，作为抽蓄电站电力运行边界条件；在此基础上考虑高温连晴、低温寒潮、台风、沙尘、雾霾等极端天气对风光出力及负荷的影响，建立起极端气象场景下风光出力非同步骤减的含抽水蓄能电力系统高效经济优化调度模型，以实现合理调用抽水蓄能满足系统调峰需求，缓解极端天气对电力平衡的冲击。通过算例分析，验证了所提约束和所建模型的合理性和可行性，研究成果可为电力系统利用抽蓄电站应对突发气象过程提供决策支持。     

基于NSGA-Ⅱ的多目标风光水储互补优化模型

构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统逐渐成为电力行业转型升级的发展趋势。由风电、光伏、水电、储能电池多种新能源组成的多能互补系统,通过对出力条件（风力发电机出力、光伏组件出力、水电站水轮机组出力）、储能电池容量以及充放电功率等约束的综合考虑,建立以系统出力波动性最小和运行经济效益最大为目标的多目标优化模型。利用改进粒子群优化算法和NSGA-Ⅱ优化算法,以中国西北地区某风电场、光伏电站、水电站以及电化学储能电站组成的多能互补系统为例,验证目标模型和求解方法的有效性。算例与结果表明：相比改进MOPSO,采用NSGA-Ⅱ算法求解此风光水储联合系统中的多目标问题可以减少15%的出力波动,提高28 835元/年的经济效益,相对风-光-储互补系统,小型水电站的加入通过NSGA-Ⅱ算法可降低31%的出力波动。     

喀什河流域梯级电站EDC研究及应用

喀什河流域梯级5座水电站中有3座是径流式,基本无调蓄能力,随着洪水预报精度的进一步提高,经济调度优化势在必行。通过喀什河流域梯级电站EDC系统研究、仿真计算和调度的实施,避免大机组小负荷运行振动效应,提高了各电站单机出力和机组负荷率,优化了机组运行工况,大幅度地提升了流域梯级电站的综合效益。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。