微氧对葡萄酒品质影响的研究进展

1引言 近年来,氧在红葡萄酒生产中的作用引起了人们广泛关注,有关微量氧对葡萄酒品质的影响及其在生产实践中的应用已成为当前科研热点之一.为及时给不锈钢罐内葡萄酒补充适量溶解氧,Patrick Ducournal于90年代在法国西南部利用微氧技术为其创造一种橡木桶般的微氧环境,从而达到改善葡萄酒品质的目的,而我国刚刚开始重视微氧技术在葡萄酒生产中应用.     

不同酒花对葡萄酒感官品质的影响

为研究酒花对葡萄酒品质的影响,分别添加6个品种酒花（法格、哈拉道、捷克萨滋、卡斯卡特、西楚、西姆科）和4个梯度剂量（0.5 g/L、0.8 g/L、1.0 g/L和1.3 g/L）进行葡萄酒发酵,评价葡萄酒气味、滋味、色泽和口感等感官指标,并结合电子鼻对实验结果进行分析。感官评价结果表明,0.5 g/L西楚酒花葡萄酒气味（92.5分）与0.5 g/L西姆科酒花葡萄酒滋味和口感感官评分较高（86.0分和87.9分）,0.8 g/L法格葡萄酒的色泽呈红宝石色,颜色最清澈透明（90分）。电子鼻检测结果表明,空白对照和捷克萨滋、西姆科和哈拉道、法格和卡斯卡特两两相似度高;西楚与其他5种酒花葡萄酒及空白对照差异较大。实验结果对酒花酿造葡萄酒的工业化生产提供一定的参考。     

不同酵母多糖对蛇龙珠干红葡萄酒品质的影响

以酵母甘露聚糖、非活性酵母与酵母葡聚糖为研究对象,分析其对蛇龙珠干红葡萄酒基本理化指标、香气物质成分及感官品质的影响。结果表明:酵母甘露聚糖、非活性酵母与酵母葡聚糖的添加量分别为0.3、0.45、0.45 g/L时,对蛇龙珠干红葡萄酒品质影响效果最显著。其中酵母甘露葡聚糖作用效果最佳,与空白对照组相比,总酸、色调与单宁分别降低了13.3%,12.5%与12.3%,色度、总花色苷分别提升了16.3%和15.3%,柔和指数高于对照组,且在5.0以上;香气物质中酯类物质质量浓度提升了25.2%,醇类物质质量浓度无明显变化,酸类物质质量浓度降低了7.5%,醛酮萜稀类物质质量浓度增加了50%,其中新增风味物质均可增加葡萄酒香气复杂性;感官评定较空白对照组整体评分高。3种酵母多糖中甘露聚糖的添加效果最优,且3种酵母多糖均可降低葡萄酒酸度,减少单宁质量浓度,改善葡萄酒口感,增加酒体香气复杂性,稳定葡萄酒颜色,提高葡萄酒品质。     

试论货架期内葡萄酒感官品质的稳定

结合葡萄酒实际生产,分别从二氧化硫的使用、溶解氧的管理、微生物控制、氧化褐变抑制、储藏条件等方面进行了论述,为货架期内稳定葡萄酒的感官品质提供了一定的理论依据和参考。     

葡萄含糖量对蛇龙珠葡萄酒品质的影响

选取蛇龙珠葡萄为研究对象,对葡萄初始含糖量与蛇龙珠葡萄酒品质的关系进行研究.结果表明,随着初始含糖量的增加,葡萄酒中的总酚含量呈上升趋势,这有利于增加红葡萄酒的色泽及感官质量.初始含糖量增加,多数醇类和酯类成分的检出量也有所增加,主要包括2-甲基-1-丙醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇、2-甲基-1-丁醇、2,3-丁二醇、乙酸乙酯和丁二酸单乙酯.上述醇类和酯类均具有各自独特的感官特征,其含量的适量增加有利于提升葡萄酒的口感质量.葡萄原料糖分含量高时,葡萄酒口感圆润、醇厚,酒体丰满,结构感也比较强.综上所述,葡萄初始含糖量对葡萄酒品质具有极其重要的影响.酿造优质蛇龙珠干红葡萄酒时,应选择初始含糖量高的葡萄原料.     

HDPE瓶对乳酸菌饮料感官品质的影响研究

本实验选择了两种不同的HDPE(高密度聚乙烯)瓶原料A、B,将两种原料瓶下线后放置不同天数后,灌装同一活性乳酸菌饮料,密封后分别研究4℃12 h、28℃7 d、36℃7 d该饮料感官品质变化。结果表明,A、B瓶均受温度影响较大,温度越高,产品的整体喜好分值越低;A、B在刚下线后放置3 d以上,瓶味较稳定。对于整体喜好度、瓶味强度变化,A瓶的产品变化有规律且较平稳,而B瓶产品不稳定,无显著规律。在整个储藏期间,B瓶的瓶味强度分值始终高于A瓶。A瓶和B瓶的整体喜好度和瓶味强度均呈负相关性,且均有显著性差异(p<0.01)。      

振动方式对瓶储葡萄酒酚类物质的影响

葡萄酒在运输以及酒柜贮藏条件下都会发生不同程度的振动。研究不同振动方式对葡萄酒质量的影响,对葡萄酒在运输和贮存过程中保持良好品质,有效延长其货架期具有重要的现实意义。研究采用4种不同的振动方式(冷冻机振动、摇床振动、漩涡振动和车载振动)分别对葡萄酒常规理化指标、花色苷、单体酚和颜色进行研究,结果表明,振动影响葡萄酒基本理化指标,使葡萄酒酒度、总糖、干浸出物和总酸含量下降,挥发酸含量升高,且振动强度越大,理化指标变化幅度越大。振动对葡萄酒花色苷总量和单体酚总量影响较大。随着振动强度和振动时间的增加,其总量降低幅度越大。振动使葡萄酒明亮度增加,红色色调和黄色色调减少。     

发酵结束后浸渍时间对葡萄酒香气成分及感官品质的影响

为探究葡萄酒发酵结束后浸渍时间对葡萄酒色泽、香气和品质的影响,利用顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）结合气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）仪对干红葡萄酒进行香气成分分析,测定理化指标和感官质量评价。结果表明,对于酒精度12%vol的干红葡萄酒,发酵结束后延长浸渍10 d的葡萄酒（C1）与后浸渍20 d（C2）及后浸渍30 d的葡萄酒（C3）在色泽、香气和风味物质上差异显著（P＜0.05）,特别是在香气成分含量上C3、C2均高于C1,在挥发酸、总花色苷、单宁和总酚等理化指标上差异性显著（P＜0.05）,葡萄酒感官质量评价上C3处理最佳,此处理果香和植物香气更加浓郁,葡萄酒有甜感,层次清晰,结构饱满。在卫生条件有效控制的前提下,选择最佳分离期应在发酵结束后浸渍皮渣30 d后分离。     

碳酸钙降酸对山葡萄酒有机酸及感官品质的影响

利用CaCO3对山葡萄酒进行降酸,研究不同CaCO3添加量对山葡萄酒总酸含量、有机酸含量和有机酸质量分数变化及对感官品质的影响。结果表明,随CaCO3添加量的增加（8～12 g/L）,山葡萄酒总酸含量和有机酸含量逐渐降低,苹果酸和酒石酸质量分数逐渐降低,琥珀酸、草酸、乳酸和乙酸质量分数逐渐增加,柠檬酸质量分数先增加后降低。 添加10 g/L CaCO3的山葡萄酒降酸效果最佳,总酸含量为9.13 g/L,苹果酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸、草酸、乳酸和乙酸含量分别为5.59 g/L、0.16 g/L、1.45 g/L、1.20 g/L、0.09 g/L、 0.31 g/L和0.11 g/L,相应的质量分数分别为62.87%、1.79%、16.36%、13.51%、0.96%、3.28%和1.24%。 降酸后的山葡萄酒酸感平衡,入口柔和;酒体丰满、圆润;感官品质得分最高为（91.6±2.4）分。     

不同海拔高度和品种对脐橙酒香气组成及感官品质的影响

分别以重庆市不同海拔高度采收的4个品种的脐橙（福本、纽荷尔、奉园72-1、圆虹）为原料酿造脐橙酒,从脐橙汁、脐橙酒的理化指标、脐橙酒的香气化合物及感官质量等方面考察不同海拔高度和不同品种脐橙对其酿酒特性的影响。结果表明,4个品种脐橙出汁率均>60%,糖度均>11°Bx,pH在3.09～3.85;高海拔区域的4种脐橙酒均表现出了良好的酿酒特性,在香气和感官分析上花香、果香更明显。福本脐橙酒特征香气化合物主要为癸酸乙酯、D-柠檬烯;纽荷尔脐橙酒的特征香气化合物主要为芳樟醇、辛酸;圆虹脐橙酒特征香气化合物主要为乙酸异戊酯、1-癸醇和萜品醇;奉园72-1脐橙酒特征香气化合物主要为癸酸乙酯、香茅醇和D-柠檬烯。感官分析结果表明,奉园72-1和福本脐橙酒获得了更高的得分,表现出较好的香气和细腻的口感。综上,高海拔区域的奉园72-1和福本更适宜酿酒。     

天然木塞对干红葡萄酒品质的影响

对七种天然木塞(分别编号为1#～7#)的综合性能进行研究,通过检测木塞外观质量及物理特性,监测瓶贮期间是否漏酒、胀塞,酒液浸塞高度,瓶内游离氧,酒液中溶解氧、游离SO₂、色度、色调,感官评价等多项指标,分析不同天然木塞的优缺点及对瓶装葡萄酒品质的影响。结果表明,2#木塞表面光洁、端面平整、色泽均一;木塞密封性能2#>7#>6#>5#>4#>3#>1#。2#木塞塞孔径最小、皮孔深度最浅、皮孔条数最少,尺寸误差最小、回弹能力最强,瓶贮36个月后,瓶内顶端空间游离氧最低(0.13 mg/L),酒液中溶解氧最低(0.19 mg/L),游离SO₂最高(14 mg/L),色度最低(5.6),色调最低(0.96),感官品质最高(92分)。因此,2#木塞的性能指标及密封酒液的品质最好。     

Oxygen permeability of macrocrystalline paraffin wax and relevance to wax coatings on natural corks used as wine bottle closures

The oxygen permeability of a commercial macrocrystalline paraffin wax was determined. This permeability figure and diffusion theory were used to calculate the theoretical ingress of oxygen through the paraffin coating of a cork used as a bottle closure. We wanted to ascertain whether macrocrystalline paraffin wax coatings used on corks could be permeable enough to allow oxidation of wine. We also employed electron microscopy to show the spread of coatings on waxed corks before and after insertion inside a bottle. Our calculations indicated that oxygen permeation along the length of paraffin coating on a cork closure would not allow ingress of sufficient oxygen to cause oxidation of wine during storage.     

Wine bottle closures: physical characteristics and effect on composition and sensory properties of a Semillon wine 1. Performance up to 20 months post-bottling

A Semillon wine was bottled using 14 different closures: a screw‐cap type, two grades of conventional natural cork, two ‘technical cork’ closures (natural cork with a synthetic component), and 9 closures manufactured from synthetic polymer material. Closure performance was evaluated for physical aspects (e.g. extraction force and energy, change in closure diameter, and ease of closure reinsertion), and for wine composition and sensory properties. Wine under the screw cap closure retained the greatest concentration of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and ascorbic acid and had the slowest rate of browning. For other closures the trend of SO₂ loss relative to the screw cap closure was apparent from an early stage of testing, and was most evident in the group of synthetic closures, intermediate in the conventional corks, and least evident in the technical cork closures. The loss of SO₂ was in general highly correlated with an increase in wine browning (OD₄₂₀) and the concentration of SO₂ in the wine at six months was a strong predictor of future browning in the wine, particularly after eighteen months. Neither the concentration of dissolved oxygen at bottling (0.6–3.1 mg/L), nor the physical closure measures were predictors of future browning. For several closures upright storage tended to accelerate loss of SO₂ from the wine, but in many cases this effect was marginal. The closures differed widely in regard to physical characteristics, and in general synthetic corks appeared least ‘consumer‐friendly’ in terms of extraction forces, energies, and ease of closure re‐insertion, but there was a trend for natural cork closures to exhibit larger variability in physical characteristics than technical cork and synthetic closures. Sensory analysis indicated large differences in wine flavour properties, with closures which tended to result in the best retention of free SO₂ having wine sensory scores for ‘citrus’ that were generally high whilst scores for the attributes ‘developed’/‘oxidised’ were low. The situation was reversed for wine under closures that performed poorly in the retention of free SO₂. It was found that below a critical level of free SO₂ remaining in the wine, closures exhibited substantially higher ‘oxidised’ aroma. Whilst trichloroanisole‐type (TCA) taint was a noticeable problem for some cork and technical cork closures, any plastic‐type taint appeared not to be a problem with most synthetic closures.     

不同预处理对马铃薯片浸渍速率及感官品质的影响

采用理化测定和感官评定相结合的方法考察了烫漂、冷冻、微波干燥、烫漂+冷冻四种预处理方式对马铃薯片在麦芽糊精溶液中的浸渍速率及感官品质的影响。结果表明,以45%的糊精溶液为浸渍液,在45℃下进行浸渍,烫漂+冷冻的预处理方式浸渍速率最大,在30min时即已达最大浸渍量的80%,基本满足工艺要求;经此处理浸渍后的薯片外形平整饱满,色泽浅黄半透明,质感厚实。烫漂+冷冻的预处理方式可作为马铃薯脆片加工中浸渍工序的最佳预处理措施。     

Oxidative stability of red wine stored in packages with different oxygen permeability

A young red wine was aged in containers with different oxygen permeability, i.e. glass, polyethyleneterephtalate (PET) and polyethyleneterephtalate including an oxygen scavenger (PETA), to determine variations in antioxidant components and antioxidant activity, determined as radical scavenging activity. The phenolic composition and the antioxidant activity of the wine were evaluated during approximately 24 weeks of storage at 20 or 30 °C. Significant changes were observed in total anthocyanin concentration in all samples, while other indexes such as total phenolics and total flavonoids remained stable during storage in all conditions. The antioxidant activity diminished in all samples, with differences between the various containers, both at 20 and 30 °C. HPLC analysis showed that important changes occurred in some flavonoid components (catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin TB2) and in most anthocyanidins in all storage conditions, with greater degradation at 30 °C and in PET bottles. Samples stored in PETA bottles showed the highest stability. The research demonstrated that ageing-related changes during storage are influenced by the oxygen permeability of the containers and can be slowed by the use of PET materials with enhanced oxygen barrier capacity.     

农药残留及瓶塞对葡萄酒品质的影响

该文介绍了我国葡萄酒质量存在的问题,主要从农药残留、瓶塞两个方面对影响葡萄酒的品质进行了分析。重点介绍了农药残留量、最大残留限量、软木塞和合成瓶塞对葡萄酒的品质的影响,指出了我国葡萄酒标准体系存在的问题,并提出应完善标准体系,加强企业监管和做好风险评估。