堆石料状态相关三维多重机制边界面模型

堆石料的应力应变特性与材料的密度、压力等状态密切相关。针对堆石料的变形与强度非线性,在临界状态和边界面弹塑性理论框架内,建立了一个堆石料状态相关三维多重机制边界面模型。模型将复杂的宏观变形行为分解为一个宏观体应变机制和一系列空间分布的相互独立虚拟微观剪切机制。每个微观剪切机制包含3个方向的微观剪应力–应变关系和微观应力–剪胀关系。引入一个与密度、压力相关的状态参数,用以统一描述不同状态下堆石料的变形和强度特性。模型包含12个参数,多数具有明确的物理意义。对2种堆石料三轴压缩试验结果进行模拟计算,模型模拟值与试验结果吻合良好,说明模型能够较合理地预测堆石料的应力应变特性。     

堆石料的亚塑性边界面模型及其验证

 基于高莲士教授针对天生桥面板堆石坝灰岩所进行的堆石料在不同应力路径下的大型三轴试验结果, 提出亚塑性理论边界面模型参数的简捷确定方法。通过编制调参程序, 对堆石料典型三轴试验进行数值模拟, 与试验成果的对比表明, 模型能较好地反映各种复杂加载路径下堆石料变形性状。进而对恒应力比转折、恒应力比加卸载、平面应变试验等土体单元可能出现的复杂应力路径进行了预测, 对深入了解高围压下摩擦型材料的屈服及应力路径相关等特性具有一定意义。同时合理的模型参数为进行面板堆石坝的变形预测和数值仿真模拟奠定了基础。     

Particle breakage evolution of coral sand using triaxial compression tests

Particle breakage continuously changes the grading of granular materials and has a significant effect on their mechanical behaviors.Revealing the evolution pattern of particle breakage is valuable for development and validation of constitutive models for crushable materials.A series of parallel triaxial compression tests along the same loading paths but stopped at different axial strains were conducted on two coral sands with different particle sizes under drained and undrained conditions.The tested specimens were carefully sieved to investigate the intermediate accumulation of particle breakage during the loading process.The test results showed that under both drained and undrained conditions,particle breakage increases continuously with increasing axial strain but exhibits different accumulating patterns,and higher confining pressures lead to greater particle breakage.Based on the test results,the correlations between particle breakage and the stress state as well as the input energy were examined.The results demonstrated that either the stress state or input energy alone is inadequate for describing the intermediate process of particle breakage evolution.Then,based on experimental observation,a path-dependent model was proposed for particle breakage evolution,which was formulated in an incremental form and reasonably considers the effects of the past breakage history and current stress state on the breakage rate.The path-dependent model successfully reproduced the development of particle breakage during undrained triaxial compression using the parameters calibrated from the drained tests,preliminarily demonstrating its effectiveness for different stress paths.     

A critical state based viscoplastic model for crushable granular materials

?Experimental studies have confirmed that the critical state of a granular material varies with alteration in granular fabric, particle shape and grain size. On the other hand, granular materials demonstrate significant strain rate dependency in the presence of particle crushing. While the first feature is well explored, the strain rate effects on the crushability of granular material and consequent critical state alteration are less ventured. This study highlights the strain rate dependence of the critical state of crushable granular materials like sand. A rate-dependent model is proposed bridging the macro and microscopic understanding. The model follows a consistent viscoplastic formulation without using any overstress function. The proposed model considers various loading rate effects at different porosities, confinements and pore water drainage conditions. Further, it can predict the strain rate-dependent particle crushing and dilation features that affect the critical state of granular materials. The model has been validated by comparing its responses with both the experimental and discrete particle simulations for drained and undrained triaxial conditions. An implicit stress return integration scheme is devised to enable accurate numerical response from the model. ? Finally, a parametric study is presented that envisages the evolution of critical state due to coupled strain rate and particle crushing effect.     

堆石料流变的黏弹塑性本构模型研究

堆石坝流变变形主要是堆石料在环境因素作用下的劣化和高接触应力下的颗粒破碎重排引起的。在等向压缩方程中引入反映堆石料颗粒强度的固相硬度参数,选用双曲线型式的固相硬度衰减模型,以反映堆石料颗粒强度随时间劣化的特性;在分析堆石料流变试验结果的基础上,建立了流变变形的双曲线型流动准则;推导了流变变形的计算公式,并构建了流变模量表达式,从而建立了一个可统一考虑加载与流变过程的堆石料黏弹塑性本构模型。通过模拟两种典型堆石料的流变试验资料验证了模型的有效性。     

Particle Crushing and Deformation Behaviour

Particle breakage occurs in granular materials with various engineering applications, such as when driving piles (especially where the strength of the particles is low) and in debris flows (where the energy levels are high), and the influence of this breakage on the mechanical behaviour of soils should be given proper consideration in a constitutive model for soils. Particle breakage results in an increase in the number of fine particles and broadens the grading of particle sizes, and the primary effect of broadening the grading is to lower the critical state line and other characteristics of the volumetric response in the compression plane. In our study, an existing constitutive model, the Severn-Trent sand model, in which the critical state line plays a central role as the locus of asymptotic states, has been extended to include the effects of particle breakage. Severn-Trent sand is a frictional hardening Mohr-Coulomb model described within a kinematic hardening, bounding surface framework. The central assumption is that strength is seen as a variable quantity, dependent on the current value of the state parameter (volumetric distance from the critical state line) which varies with changes in density and stress levels. If the critical state line falls as a result of broadening grading, the state parameter tends to increase and the soil feels looser.     

土的基本特性及本构关系与强度理论

土的基本特性及本构关系与强度理论是土力学及岩土工程学科的重要理论基础之一。本 文针对饱和黏土、砂土及堆石料等粗粒土,总结了这三类土在基本力学特性及本构强度理论方 面的研究现状和发展趋势。饱和黏土部分主要包括压缩特性、剪切特性—临界状态及剪胀/剪缩 、结构性及其破坏、中主应力影响、各向异性及主应力偏转效应、不排水抗剪强度、流变特性 、微观力学解析模型等;砂土部分包括临界状态概念与剪胀性、砂土各向异性、应变局部化等 ;堆石料等粗粒土部分则以颗粒破碎对堆石料等粗粒土的力学性质的影响为主线,重点介绍了 颗粒破碎的度量方法、颗粒破碎对剪胀性、临界状态线的影响以及相应的本构模型、宏观-微观 的力学分析方法。     

考虑级配和颗粒破碎影响的堆石料临界状态研究

临界状态土力学理论在描述细颗粒土应力变形特性方面较为成功,已经成为建立许多黏土和砂土本构模型的基础。对于堆石料,在应力、密度、级配等因素影响下,其变形特性非常复杂,且高应力条件下颗粒易发生破碎,是否存在"唯一"的临界状态值得探讨。通过对不同级配、不同密度的试样在不同围压条件下的一系列大型三轴剪切试验,研究了堆石料的临界状态及其影响因素。研究发现:不同级配、不同密度、不同初始固结应力条件下,当剪应变较大时试样都趋于临界状态,临界状态的值与初始密度、初始级配、颗粒破碎有关;q–p'平面内,堆石料存在唯一的临界应力比M;在e–(p'/p_a)~ζ平面内,临界状态线基本平行,其截距可以根据初始密度和初始级配直接求得。通过对比分析各试样的临界状态,提出了考虑级配和颗粒破碎影响的堆石料临界状态数学表达式。     

考虑颗粒破碎影响的粗粒土临界状态研究

粗粒土的临界状态是构建本构模型的重要工具,目前考虑颗粒破碎影响的粗粒土临界状态并不明确。通过大型三轴CD试验,研究了粗粒土在临界状态时的颗粒破碎规律和应力变形特性,探讨了颗粒破碎对粗粒土临界状态应力比和临界状态方程参数的影响。主要结论如下:①粗粒土的临界状态应力比M_c并不是定值,而是与围压之间呈现出非线性的关系;②初始孔隙比对于临界状态应力比M_c的影响则可以忽略;③初始级配相同,围压和初始孔隙比不同的粗粒土,其临界状态在e–(p/p_a)~ξ平面可以用同一条直线来描述,且直线的参数是与初始孔隙比和围压无关的常数。     

Particle breakage in triaxial shear of a coral sand

This paper presents a laboratory experimental study to comprehensively investigate the characteristics of particle breakage using numerous triaxial tests on a coral sand. Coral is a highly crushable granular material which fills the gaps between more crushable and less crushable granular materials. The monotonic tests and cyclic tests were terminated at the designated axial strains and the designated cyclic numbers, respectively. The grain size distributions were measured by sieve analyses of the specimens after the triaxial tests were performed. The relative breakage and relative fractal dimension were used to quantify the particle breakage. The cause of particle breakage that increased with increasing isotropic consolidation stress was shown to be isotropic stress. An almost linear increase in particle breakage in relative breakage was found as axial strain increased, whereas the increase in particle breakage in relative fractal dimension showed upward convexity. More particle breakage occurred in denser samples. During consolidation to the identical mean effective stress, the anisotropic stress state played a bigger role in particle breakage than the isotropic stress state, but during shearing particle breakage occurred more sharply in the triaxial tests with the isotropic consolidation to the higher confining pressure. In the cyclic shearing, the particle breakage in relative breakage and relative fractal dimension increased in upward convexity as the cyclic number increased, but in upward concavity with increasing axial strain. A hyperbolic model was proposed to correlate the relative fractal dimension with the relative breakage for use with both monotonic and cyclic tests. In the monotonic tests, a hyperbolic model was proposed to correlate the particle breakage in relative breakage and relative fractal dimension with the plastic work per unit volume. It is proposed that the loading-mode-induced (i.e., monotonic loading and cyclic loading) different mechanism of particle breakage meant that this model could not be applicable in the cyclic tests. The results suggested that the hyperbolic correlation of the particle breakage in relative fractal dimension and the plastic work per unit volume is the most reliable method of interpreting the energy consumption characteristics of particle breakage. This approach takes the fractal nature of soil into consideration. A microscopic view of particle breakage is also effective for observing the evolution of particle breakage.     

考虑堆石料破碎影响的黏弹塑性本构模型

通过对等向压缩条件下加载速率对堆石料应力-应变特性的影响规律的分析,提出与时间相关的应力-应变关系式。结合堆石料颗粒破碎的研究成果,将与时间相关的本构关系由等向压缩推广到剪切,从而建立能够考虑颗粒破碎和时间效应综合影响的本构模型。对试验数据的预测结果表明:新模型不仅能够合理地考虑加载过程中颗粒破碎及时间因素对变形的影响,而且还能较好地描述荷载稳定时变形随时间的发展规律。     

破碎性堆石料单剪试验研究

介绍了自行研制的叠环式大型单剪试验仪。对两种不同岩性的堆石料进行了不同竖向应力条件下大变形的单剪试验,分别研究了竖向应力施加过程(压缩过程)及单剪过程中颗粒破碎的变化。试验结果表明:颗粒破碎与颗粒抗压强度及施加的竖向应力有关,颗粒抗压强度小及施加的竖向应力大,压缩过程与剪切过程中颗粒破碎率大;无论是压缩过程还是剪切过程,颗粒破碎均存在一个临界值;颗粒破碎主要发生在压缩或剪缩过程中。     

基于广义塑性理论的堆石料动力本构模型研究

分析了堆石料在等幅与不等幅应力循环荷载作用下的变形特性,以此为基础,确定了不同加载过程中堆石料的剪胀方程,加载方向,切线模量及塑性模量,建立了一个可以考虑堆石料循环加载特性的广义塑性本构模型.模型将所有的加卸载阶段都视为弹塑性过程,并在剪胀方程中引入老化函数来考虑体积应变积累对剪胀(缩)性的影响.模型共有12个参数,均可通过常规室内单调及循环加载试验确定.为验证模型的有效性,依据试验资料确定了两种不同堆石料的本构模型参数,并对等幅循环三轴压缩与不等幅循环三轴压缩试验进行了模拟.两种材料在不同围压下的模型预测结果与试验数据均吻合良好,表明模型可以有效地反映循环荷载作用下堆石料应力应变曲线的滞回特性与永久变形的积累.     

Stress-fractional soil model with reduced elastic region

The original stress-fractional plasticity approach was developed for the axisymmetric stress state. However, it cannot accurately capture the stress-strain behaviour, e.g., quasi-steady state flow, temporary stress peak and state-dependent dilatancy of soils under different loading conditions. In this study, a modified fractional-order plasticity model for soils under the general stress state is developed using an alternative yielding surface with a reduced elastic region at the dry side of the critical state line. The proposed model is then validated against the results of a series of drained and undrained tests conducted on different soils, including sand, rockfill, ballast and clay, subjected to different loading paths. It is observed that the proposed model can reasonably simulate the key features, such as the hardening/softening, contraction/dilation, liquefaction, quasi-steady state flow and steady state flow behaviour, of different soils.     

筑坝土石料的统一广义塑性本构模型

室内三轴试验资料的分析表明：与砾石土心墙料不同,密实堆石料、砂砾料的破坏应力比,随围压的增长出现明显降低;而反映坝料剪胀特征的应力比,随着围压的增长基本不变。根据试验资料,建立了描述土石料剪胀状态和破坏状态的统一应力表达式;针对现有广义塑性模型不能合理反映土石料压缩性的问题,采用改进剪胀方程,利用室内压缩试验和三轴剪切试验成果,构造弹性和塑性模量,提出了一个可以考虑土石料复杂加载特性的实用的统一广义塑性本构模型;将上述模型编制程序,模拟土石料的试验加载,得到预测值与试验数据吻合良好,可较好反映筑坝土石料的应力变形特性。     

砂土三维多重机构边界面模型

以土的临界状态和边界面塑性理论为基础,引入状态参数,考虑砂土的剪胀特性,提出一个新型三维多重机构边界面模型。模型将复杂的宏观变形行为分解为一个宏观体应变机构和一系列空间分布的虚拟一维微观剪切机构。每个微观剪切机构包含一个微观剪应力–应变关系和一个微观应力–剪胀关系。利用三轴压缩试验中的应力条件,建立典型宏微观参数之间的关系。模型包含13个参数,多数可通过具有明确物理意义的土性参数来确定。通过对砂土三轴压缩试验和空心圆柱扭剪试验结果的数值模拟,表明模型不但能够合理反映在排水或不排水条件下砂土的硬化及软化特性,而且能在不增加任何参数条件下预测应力主轴旋转产生的变形累积特性和应变增量主轴与应力主轴之间的非共轴特性。     

Time-Dependent Behavior of Crushable Materials in One-Dimensional Compression Tests

Particle crushing is a progressive phenomenon. This study examines time-dependent behavior due to particle crushing. A review of the literature was made to find evidence of time-dependent behavior due to particle crushing. Single particle crushing tests and one-dimensional compression tests were carried out on four crushable materials with careful visual observations. The mechanism of time-dependent compression was discussed. The following observations were made: (1) The time-dependent behavior under one-dimensional compression stems mainly from a repetitive cycle of crushing, rearrangement of particles and redistribution of contact stresses. (2) Crushing patterns and rearrangement in one-dimensional compression tests are different depending on the characteristics observed in single particle crushing tests.     

Experimental study on compaction-induced anisotropic mechanical property of rockfill material

The anisotropy of rockfill materials has a significant influence on the performance of engineering structures. However, relevant research data are very limited, because of the difficulty with preparing specimens with different inclination angles using traditional methods. Furthermore, the anisotropy test of rockfill materials is complex and complicated, especially for triaxial tests, in which the major principal stress plane intersects with the compaction plane at different angles. In this study, the geometric characteristics of a typical particle fraction consisting of a specific rockfill material were statistically investigated, and the distribution characteristics of particle orientation in specimens prepared via different compaction methods were examined. For high-density rockfill materials, a set of specimen preparation devices for inclined compaction planes was developed, and a series of conventional triaxial compression tests with different principal stress direction angles were conducted. The results reveal that the principal stress direction angle has a significant effect on the modulus, shear strength, and dilatancy of the compacted rockfill materials. Analysis of the relationship between the principal stress direction angles, change in the stress state, and change in the corresponding dominant shear plane shows that the angle between the compacted surface and dominant shear plane is closely related to interlocking resistance associated with the particle orientation. In addition, different principal stress direction angles can change the extent of the particle interlocking effect, causing the specimen to exhibit different degrees of anisotropy.     

堆石料加载与流变过程中塑性应变方向研究

确定塑性应变增量方向是建立土体弹塑性本构模型的核心之一,弹塑性理论中通常假定塑性应变增量方向仅与应力状态有关,与应力增量无关。流变试验是一种应力状态恒定的特殊试验,应力增量为零,所有应变均为塑性变形。研究流变过程中塑性应变方向与应力状态的关系及其与加载过程中塑性应变方向的差异,对于建立土体弹塑性本构模型具有重要价值。通过对某抽水蓄能电站筑坝堆石料的大型三轴压缩试验和三轴流变试验,分别研究了加载和流变过程中剪胀比与应力比之间的关系。结果表明,三轴压缩和三轴流变过程中,堆石料的剪胀比均随着应力比的增加而减小,且相同三轴压缩应力状态下,堆石料的流变剪胀比明显大于加载剪胀比,即流变过程中堆石料剪缩性比三轴压缩过程中的剪缩性更为强烈。因此,采用相同的塑性势函数同时确定加载塑性应变方向和流变黏塑性应变方向是不恰当的,建立考虑堆石料流变的弹塑性模型时应该选用不同的应力剪胀方程或塑性势函数。     

考虑颗粒破碎效应的粒状材料本构研究：进展及发展

颗粒破碎会引起材料的压缩性变大及强度软化，因此颗粒破碎对粒状材料力学特性影响的研究非常重要。首先从试验研究方面着手，总结了颗粒破碎的描述方法、不同加载条件下（一维及等向压缩、三轴剪切、扭剪及单剪）应力应变的颗粒破碎效应；接着总结了考虑颗粒破碎效应的粒状材料力学本构模拟方法，即一维及等向压缩模型、三维剪切模型及基于离散元法的微观土力学模型。最后，通过大量试验结果分析并结合笔者近年来的研究成果，指出可破碎颗粒材料在应力应变过程中的颗粒级配变化可由修正相对破碎指数来表示，可通过塑性功来确定，且塑性功确定法的优越性还体现在循环加载下的累积破碎评价；然后再通过修正相对破碎指数，来确定临界状态线的位置，进而可通过当前状态与临界状态线的相对位置来评价颗粒破碎对颗粒材料力学特性的影响。所提出的以修正相对破碎指数为关键变量的本构方程可直接应用于考虑颗粒破碎效应的粒状材料静动力本构模型的开发。