Development and Application of H-joint Steel Pipe Sheet Piles in Construction of Foundations for Structures

This paper shows development and application potential of newly developed H-joint steel pipe sheet piles (SPSPs) in SPSP structures. The authors have developed a new H-joint SPSPs technology from a simple idea in which two steel pipes are connected by H-steel section welded on them in order to improve the performance and widen application areas of SPSP technology. The H-joint SPSP is expected to remediate problems of traditional joints in SPSPs. Installation accuracy, proposed field segment joint using a fillet welded splice plate and lateral bearing capacity for H-joint SPSPs were examined by field construction tests, full-scale bending tests and centrifuge model tests, respectively. Parametric studies using beam analysis were conducted to show that the cross sectional dimensions of SPSP foundations can be reduced by using H-joint SPSPs and to estimate a joint efficiency (μ) for design of H-joint SPSP foundation structures. The following observations were made from the studies: (1) H-joint SPSP can be installed with high driving accuracy due to rigidly welding 2 steel pipes and H-steel in a factory, (2) The proposed field segment joint for H-joint SPSP using a splice plate is strong and effective in bending, (3) H-joint SPSPs have high rigidity hence large lateral bearing capacity making them suitable in ensuring the stability of SPSP foundation structures, (4) A joint efficiency of H-joint SPSP foundation is larger than that of SPSP foundation with traditional joints, and (5) H-joint SPSP contributes to reducing the number of piles based on the reduction of the size dimension of the SPSP foundation.     

Model testing of tripod caisson foundations in silty clay subjected to eccentric lateral loads

In this study, model tests were conducted to investigate the bearing capacities of tripod caisson foundations subjected to eccentric lateral loads in silty clay. Lateral load–rotation curves of five eccentric-shaped tripod suction foundations were plotted to analyze the bearing capacities at different loading angles. It was observed that the loading angle significantly influenced the bearing capacity of the foundations, particularly for eccentric tripod caisson foundations. Compared with eccentric tripod caisson foundations, the traditional tripod foundation has a relatively high ultimate lateral capacity at the omnidirectional loading angle. By analyzing the displacement of the caissons, a formula for the rotational center of the tripod caisson foundation subjected to an eccentric lateral load was derived. The depth of the rotation center was 0.68–0.92 times the height of the caisson when the bearing capacity reached the limit. Under the undrained condition, suction was generated under the lid of the “up-lift” caisson, which helps resist lateral forces from the wind and waves.     

长、短桩及长短组合桩加固地基特性分析

 在典型工程的地基加固方案优化设计中,采用有限元分析法,对天然地基上的筏板基础、短桩加固、长短组合桩加固、长桩加固等方案进行系统计算与分析。作用相同荷载时,短桩加固地基的荷载水平–变形曲线接近天然地基,长短组合桩加固地基的荷载水平–沉降曲线接近长桩加固地基。基础中心剖面上土体的沉降分布及5 m深处平面上的沉降分布也是短桩加固地基接近于天然地基,长短组合桩加固地基接近于长桩加固地基。短桩加固地基与天然地基具有相似的塑性开展强度及范围,且集中在上部土层。长短组合桩加固地基则与长桩加固地基相似,塑性点往深部传递到桩端持力层。长短组合桩与长桩加固地基的反力分布及大小接近。     

Influence of geosynthetic stiffness on bearing capacity of strip footings seated on thin reinforced granular layers over undrained soft clay

Thin granular fill layers are routinely used to aid the construction of shallow footings seated over undrained soft clay foundations and to increase their load capacity. The influence of time- and strain-dependent reduction in reinforcement stiffness on the bearing capacity and load-settlement response of a footing seated on a thin reinforced granular fill layer over undrained soft clay foundations is examined in this paper using finite-difference method (FDM) numerical models. The time- and strain-dependent stiffness of the reinforcement described by a two-component hyperbolic isochronous tensile load-strain model is shown to influence the bearing capacity and load-settlement response of the reinforced granular base scenario. The additional benefit of a reinforced granular layer diminishes as the time-dependent stiffness of the geosynthetic reinforcement increases. An analytical solution for the ultimate bearing capacity of strip footings seated on thin unreinforced and reinforced granular layers over undrained clay is proposed in this study. The main practical outcome from this study are tables of bearing capacity factors to be used with the analytical solution. The bearing capacity factors were back-calculated from the numerical analyses and account for the influence of rate-dependent properties of geogrid reinforcement materials and clay foundations with soft to very soft undrained shear strength.     

Behavior of strip footing on fiber-reinforced cemented sand adjacent to sheet pile wall

In urban areas, shallow foundations are often placed along the ground surface above a sheet pile wall. In this research, the potential benefits of reinforcing the active zone behind a model sheet pile wall by using polypropylene fiber and cement kiln dust have been investigated experimentally and numerically. Tests were conducted by varying parameters including fiber ratio (R_F), cement kiln dust (CKD) ratio, thickness of reinforced layer, footing location relative to the sheet pile wall and curing time of reinforced layer. Finite element computer code PLAXIS 2D foundation was used for numerical modeling. Close agreement between the experimental and numerical results was observed (maximum difference 14%). Experimental and numerical results clearly show that fiber insertion into the cemented soil causes an increase in ultimate bearing capacity of footing and significant reduction in the lateral deflection of the sheet pile wall. At higher fiber ratios (R_F ≥ 0.75%), the bearing capacity ratio (BCR) increased by about 42% and the effect of CKD ratio on BCR is more pronounced. The addition of fibers changed the brittle behavior of cemented sand to a more ductile one. Critical values of reinforcing parameters for maximum reinforcing effects are established.     

An experimental evaluation of the behavior of footings on geosynthetic-reinforced sand

This research was performed to investigate the behavior of geosynthetic-reinforced sandy soil foundations and to study the effect of different parameters contributing to their performance using laboratory model tests. The parameters investigated in this study included top layer spacing, number of reinforcement layers, vertical spacing between layers, tensile modulus and type of geosynthetic reinforcement, embedment depth, and shape of footing. The effect of geosynthetic reinforcement on the vertical stress distribution in the sand and the strain distribution along the reinforcement were also investigated. The test results demonstrated the potential benefit of using geosynthetic-reinforced sand foundations. The test results also showed that the reinforcement configuration/layout has a very significant effect on the behavior of reinforced sand foundation. With two or more layers of reinforcement, the settlement can be reduced by 20% at all footing pressure levels. Sand reinforced by the composite of geogrid and geotextile performed better than those reinforced by geogrid or geotextile alone. The inclusion of reinforcement can redistribute the applied footing load to a more uniform pattern, hence reducing the stress concentration, which will result reduced settlement. Finally, the results of model tests were compared with the analytical solution developed by the authors in previous studies; and the analytical solution gave a good predication of the experimental results of footing on geosynthetic reinforced sand.     

不同型式复合地基试验对比分析

基于相似理论,设计并完成了土工格室加筋垫层、砂井、散体材料桩、柔性桩等九组复合地基模型试验,并对其加固效果进行对比分析,分析结果表明：水平加筋垫层的设置可扩散上部荷载,提高复合地基承载力,土工格室的加强效果优于土工格栅;桩体复合地基须考虑群桩效应的影响,其承载能力明显好于加筋垫层复合地基;不同加载范围下桩和土体的承载能力发挥程度不同,单桩加载下桩体承载能力发挥较三桩、七桩加载时大,碎石桩桩顶桩土应力比>碎石桩+土工格栅>碎石桩+土工格室,而柔性桩+土工格室的桩顶桩土应力比>柔性桩+土工格栅>柔性桩;砂井和各种型式的碎石桩复合地基桩底桩土应力比在1左右,各种型式的柔性桩桩底桩土应力比较大,最大达24;软基浅部较深部孔隙水压力大、消散速度快;桩体复合地基孔隙水压力较土工格室复合地基和软土地基小,砂井和碎石桩复合地基的排水速度明显快于柔性桩复合地基。     

土工格栅加筋垫层的效果检验

泉州市两个古建筑城门楼工程(朝天门和临漳门)对沉降敏感,原设计采用桩基础加钢筋混凝土板的地基加固方案,因其造价昂贵,施工困难,而改为土工格栅加筋垫层的方案。由于当地首次采用加筋垫层,为了检验其效果,进行了多达21组载荷试验,并进行了沉降观测。结果表明,土工格栅加筋垫层可使地基承载力成倍提高,同时能有效地均衡差异沉降和减少总沉降量。建筑物的实际沉降非常小,朝天门城门楼的最大沉降量不超过1cm,临漳门则几乎测不出沉降量,完全能满足工程要求,由此节省了300多万元资金,并使施工大为简化。     

某匝道桥撞损桩基的加固设计及处理措施

本文以工程实例，验证了人工静压 PHC 管桩加固撞损桥梁桩基，其入土长度和竖向承载力均可达到设计要求和使用要求，桥梁横向抗推刚度也得到了提高，为同类桩基加固处理提供了参考。     

Experimental study on the load bearing behavior of geosynthetic reinforced soil bridge abutments on yielding foundation

This paper presents an experimental study of the load bearing behavior of geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS) bridge abutments constructed on yielding clay foundation. The effects of two different ground improvement methods for the yielding clay foundation, including reinforced soil foundation and stone column foundation, were evaluated. The clay foundation was prepared using kaolin and consolidated to reach desired shear strength. The 1/5-scale GRS abutment models with a height of 0.8 m were constructed using sand backfill, geogrid reinforcement, and modular block facing. For the GRS abutments on three different yielding foundations, the reinforced soil zone had relatively uniform settlement and behaved like a composite due to the higher stiffness than the foundation layers. The wall facing moved outward with significant movements near the bottom of facing, and the foundation soil in front of facing showed obvious uplifting movements. The vertical stresses transferred from the footing load within the GRS abutment and on the foundation soil are higher for stiffer foundation. The improvement of foundation soil using geosynthetic reinforced soil and stone columns could reduce the deformations of GRS abutments on yielding foundation. Results from this study provide insights on the practical applications of GRS abutments on yielding foundation.     

Seismic vulnerability assessment of wall pier supported highway bridges using nonlinear pushover analyses

Pushover analyses were conducted to assess the seismic vulnerability of wall pier supported highway bridges on southern Illinois priority emergency routes. Three-dimensional finite element models were developed to reflect typical hammerhead and regular wall pier bridges from a random sample of the bridge inventory. The models incorporated expected nonlinear structural and material behavior of all the bridge components—superstructure, expansion joints, approach embankments and/or abutments, bearings, wall piers, footings and/or pile caps, and pile and/or mat foundations (plus soil effects)—as well as defining failure measures for each component. Both transverse and longitudinal pushover analyses were conducted on ninety wall pier bridge models reflecting the sample population variation in bridge characteristics such as wall pier type, number of piers, skew, type of foundation, concrete reinforcement ratio, bearing type, and wall height. It was found that the population of wall pier bridges studied was generally vulnerable to wall bearing and abutment bearing failures, wall pier ductility failures, and footing shear and/or bending failures, with bridge skew leading to a coupling of the failure mechanisms from the two pushover directions.     

散体桩复合地基工后浅层加固优化技术研究

散体桩式复合地基的破坏形式主要为鼓胀破坏,而鼓胀破坏的主要原因是浅层桩间土对桩体的围护力不足,同时桩间土本身的承载能力也主要决定于浅层部位桩间土的力学特性。基于以上原理,提出散体桩复合地基工后浅层加固技术,即工后对浅层部位桩间土进行加固来提高复合地基承载力的方法;对比分析了加固前、后地基承载特性的变化,论证不同加固深度对地基承载力的影响,得出只要进行(0.5～1)倍散体桩桩径深度的浅层加固就可以大大提高地基承载力的结论,同时通过实际工程证明浅层加固技术合理性和有效性。     

Finite element limit analysis of load-bearing performance of reinforced slopes using a non-associated flow rule

This paper presents a numerical study on the load-bearing performance of reinforced slopes under footing load using a finite element limit analysis (FELA) method where a non-associated flow rule is assumed in the analysis. The method was validated against results from full-scale model tests and a limit equilibrium (LE) analytical method. A series of parametric analyses was subsequently carried out to examine the influences that the soil dilation angle, footing location, and reinforcement design (i.e. length, tensile strength, and vertical spacing) could have on the load-bearing performance of reinforced slopes. Results indicate that dilation angle has a significant influence on the predicted magnitudes of bearing capacity, slope deformation, and mobilized reinforcement load. The predicted values of bearing capacity using the FELA are smaller than those from the Meyerhof's analytical method for unreinforced semi-infinite foundation, especially for larger friction angle values. Additionally, the ultimate bearing capacity of the slope and its corresponding horizontal deformation increase with the reinforcement tensile strength. Finally, the slip planes under the applied footing load are found to be y-shaped and primarily occur in the upper half of the slope.     

桥梁群桩基础非线性静力计算模型及拟静力试验研究

 线弹性地基反力法(m法)仅适用于正常使用时桥梁桩基础变位较小的情况,但在强震作用下基础的变位较大。为了研究桩基础在地基土及桩身进入非线性状态下的水平承载能力及变形特性,通过群桩基础缩尺比例模型,采用拟静力试验研究桩基础的破坏机制、承载能力、变形性能以及滞回特性。提出水平荷载作用下群桩基础的非线性静力计算模型,在该模型中采用分布PMM塑性铰模拟变轴力作用下桩身的弹塑性,采用美国API规范给出的p-y曲线、t-z曲线以及q-z曲线模拟地基土的非线性(其中,p为桩侧土水平抗力,y为水平位移,t为桩周土竖向摩阻力,q为桩端土竖向抗力,z为桩土竖向相对位移)。研究结果表明：(1) 本文提出的分析模型与模型试验结果吻合较好;(2) 可采用Clough退化双线性模型模拟桩基础的滞回特性;(3) 桩身受力薄弱部位在桩顶以下0～4倍桩径范围内。研究结果可为应用能力谱法评价桩基础的抗震性能提供参考。     

注浆式微型桩在地基加固中的应用

对新型的地基加固方法——注浆式微型桩的组成及特点进行了介绍,具体阐述了注浆式微型桩在承载力和外在承载力的影响因素及桩体抗弯强度的计算方法,并结合实例探讨了注浆式微型桩在地基加固中的应用,以期指导实践。     

Ultimate bearing capacity of strip footing resting on soil bed strengthened by wraparound geosynthetic reinforcement technique

In the recent past, the wraparound geosynthetic reinforcement technique has been recommended for constructing the geosynthetic-reinforced soil foundations. This paper presents the development of an analytical expression for estimating the ultimate bearing capacity of strip footing resting on soil bed reinforced with geosynthetic reinforcement having the wraparound ends. The wraparound ends of the geosynthetic reinforcement are considered to provide the shearing resistance at the soil-geosynthetic interface as well as the passive resistance due to confinement of soil by the geosynthetic reinforcement. The values of ultimate load-bearing capacity determined by using the developed analytical expression agree well with the model footing load test values as reported in the literature.     

钢丝网水泥砂浆加固混凝土梁高温后的抗弯性能

对钢丝网水泥砂浆加固钢筋混凝土梁高温后抗弯性能进行试验,研究受热温度对钢丝网水泥砂浆加固钢筋混凝土梁高温后抗弯性能的影响规律。研究结果表明:采用钢丝网水泥砂浆加固法能有效提高梁的抗弯刚度,减少跨中挠度;随着受热温度的升高,钢丝网水泥砂浆加固梁的承载力有一定程度的降低,当受热温度在450℃以下时,加固梁承载力的降低不超过5%。也即采用钢丝网水泥砂浆加固混凝土梁具有良好的抗火能力。     

钢管混凝土栓钉柱脚节点抗冲切性能试验研究

通过拟静力试验方法研究静力荷载作用下带有栓钉的钢管混凝土柱埋入钢筋混凝土基础梁式柱脚节点的冲切破坏机制,冲切面位置及影响冲切承载力的因素等。研究表明:在钢管外焊接栓钉后,冲切破坏面的上边缘由钢管底部移至最上排栓钉处,扩大了混凝土冲切面积,有效地提高了构件的抗冲切承载力,当栓钉数量足够且布置合理时,柱脚的抗冲切能力可以大于抗剪能力,使柱脚节点设计满足抗弯、抗剪要求,保证构件安全。     

连体啮合灌注桩在深基坑围护中的应用

天津市铜锣湾广场工程基坑开挖过程中,选用连体啮合钢筋混凝土灌注桩作为基坑支护方案。介绍了连体啮合钢筋混凝土灌注桩的施工工艺、施工过程,以及施工过程的监测结果。