Physical modeling of behaviors of cast-in-place concrete piled raft compared to free-standing pile group in sand

Similar to free-standing pile groups, piled raft foundations are conventionally designed in which the piles carry the total load of structure and the raft bearing capacity is not taken into account. Numerous studies indicated that this method is too conservative. Only when the pile cap is elevated from the ground level, the raft bearing contribution can be neglected. In a piled raft foundation, pile–soil–raft interaction is complicated. Although several numerical studies have been carried out to analyze the behaviors of piled raft foundations, very few experimental studies are reported in the literature. The available laboratory studies mainly focused on steel piles. The present study aims to compare the behaviors of piled raft foundations with free-standing pile groups in sand, using laboratory physical models. Cast-in-place concrete piles and concrete raft are used for the tests. The tests are conducted on single pile, single pile in pile group, unpiled raft, free-standing pile group and piled raft foundation. We examine the effects of the number of piles, the pile installation method and the interaction between different components of foundation. The results indicate that the ultimate bearing capacity of the piled raft foundation is considerably higher than that of the free-standing pile group with the same number of piles. With installation of the single pile in the group, the pile bearing capacity and stiffness increase. Installation of the piles beneath the raft decreases the bearing capacity of the raft. When the raft bearing capacity is not included in the design process, the allowable bearing capacity of the piled raft is underestimated by more than 200%. This deviation intensifies with increasing spacing of the piles.     

Centrifuge model tests on pile-reinforced slopes subjected to drawdown

Piles are generally an effective way to reduce the risk of slope failure. However, previous approaches for slope stability analysis did not consider the effect of the piles coupled with the decrease of the water level (drawdown). In this study, a series of centrifuge model tests was performed to understand the deformation and failure characteristics of slopes reinforced with various pile layouts. In the centrifuge model tests, the pile-reinforced slopes exhibited two typical failure modes under drawdown conditions: across-pile failure and through-pile failure. In the through-pile slope failure, a discontinuous slip surface was observed, implying that the assumption of the slip surface in previous stability analysis methods was unreasonable. The test results showed that drawdown led to instability of the piles in cohesive soil, as the saturated cohesive soil failed to provide sufficient constraint for piles. The slope exhibited progressive failure, from top to bottom, during drawdown. The deformation of the piles was reduced by increasing the embedment depth and row number of piles. In addition, the deformation of soils outside the piles was influenced by the piles and showed a similar distribution shape as the piles, and the similarity degree weakened as the distance from the piles increased. This study also found that the failure mechanism of unreinforced and pile-reinforced slopes induced by drawdown could be described by coupling between the deformation localization and local failure, and it revealed that pile-reinforced slopes could reduce slope deformation localization during drawdown.     

大间距桩筏基础地震响应离心模型试验研究

针对饱和软土地基中大间距摩擦型桩筏基础抗震问题,采用离心振动台开展了桩筏基础地震响应的试验研究。为模拟实际软土场地浅部超固结黏土和深部正常固结黏土的地层特征,试验在高岭土土样表面预铺砂层,然后在50g离心加速度下进行固结。上部结构简化为质点和杆构件,基础形式包括桩头刚接和桩头自由2种类型的大间距桩筏基础模型。试验分析了模型的加速度和位移、土层内部孔隙水压力以及桩身应变等响应。试验结果表明:在软土场地自振频率范围内,结构–基础–地基三者相互作用十分明显,基础与结构加速度放大系数高于其它频率范围;桩头刚接与桩头自由的基础在地震时均产生了较周围地表土体更大的竖向沉降,但震后较长时间内基础与地表沉降速率基本一致;地震结束时,桩头刚接的上部结构侧向位移与基础倾斜值均较桩头自由时减少一半以上,但上部结构加速度放大作用更加明显;桩筏基础承载能力因土体软化行为有所降低,震后部分上部荷载由群桩转移到筏板,但桩筏荷载分担比例总体变化不大。试验揭示了软土震陷时桩基的变形控制机理,为软土地基减沉桩基础的抗震设计提供参考。     

Centrifuge model tests on large-diameter monopiles in dense sand subjected to two-way lateral cyclic loading in short-term

To evaluate the lateral resistance of rigid monopiles for wind turbines in dense sand under lateral cyclic loading, centrifuge model tests are performed, focusing on the base resistance and degradation of the soil resistance under two-way lateral cyclic loading in the short-term. The slenderness ratio (embedded pile length to diameter) is varied from 3.75 to 8 and the loading frequency is in the range of 0.002 to 0.4 Hz in the prototype scale. Under cyclic loading with a maximum horizontal displacement of 5% of the pile diameter, the build-up of excess pore water pressure is observed, but the maximum value of the average excess pore water pressure ratio is around 50% in the steady-state for dense sand whose relative density is 80%. A simple analytical model for the rigid piles, considering the base resistance, is derived and then used to quantify the significance of the resistance at the pile base and the degradation of the soil resistance under cyclic loading. When the slenderness ratio is less than 5, a significant contribution of the moment resistance at the base is confirmed. The estimation of the degradation of the horizontal subgrade reaction coefficient using the simple analytical model suggests that, through cyclic shear tests for the determination of the deformation properties of the soil in a laboratory, it is possible to estimate the degradation of the soil stiffness and the parameters for the reduced sway-rocking type of foundation model.     

Behavior of raft on settlement reducing piles:Experimental model study

An experimental program is conducted on model piled rafts in sand soil.The experimental program is aimed to investigate the behavior of raft on settlement reducing piles.The testing program includes tests on models of single pile,unpiled rafts and rafts on 1,4,9,or 16 piles.The model piles beneath the rafts are closed ended displacement piles installed by driving.Three lengths of piles are used in the experiments to represent slenderness ratio,L/D,of 20,30 and 50,respectively.The dimensions of the model rafts are 30 cm×30 cm with different thickness of 0.5 cm,1.0 cm or 1.5 cm.The raft-soil stiffness ratios of the model rafts ranging from 0.39 to 10.56 cover flexible to very stiff rafts.The improvement in the ultimate bearing capacity is represented by the load improvement ratio,LIR,and the reductions in average settlement and differential settlement are represented by the settlement ratio,SR,and the differential settlement ratio,DSR,respectively.The effects of the number of settlement reducing piles,raft relative stiffness,and the slenderness ratio of piles on the load improvement ratio,settlement ratio and differential settlement ratio are presented and discussed.The results of the tests show the effectiveness of using piles as settlement reduction measure with the rafts.As the number of settlement reducing piles increases,the load improvement ratio increases and the differential settlement ratio decreases.     

桩筏基础的设计计算方法及模型试验研究综述

总结了工程设计中桩筏基础的设计理论和方法、桩筏基础的模型试验研究现状,结合复合桩基的理论和设计方法,探讨了对桩筏基础的筏板受力性状研究的重要性,提出模型试验要多关注筏板的受力机理的建议,从而为设计积累经验。     

海上四桩导管架基础水平受荷离心模型试验

导管架基础广泛应用于海上风力发电和油气开发,水平向风、浪、流、地震等作用是导管架基础发生失效破坏的主要原因。通过离心模型试验针对饱和砂土地基中四桩导管架基础,研究其在沿边长方向和沿对角线方向水平静力作用下各基桩的内力分配、桩周土反力差异和变形特性。导管架基础沿对角线加载时基桩最易被拔出,其下压基桩的桩顶剪力、桩顶负弯矩和桩身最大正弯矩均较上拔基桩大,但二者的桩身水平位移相差不大。对于本文桩间距为5.8倍桩径的导管架基础,由于群桩效应及桩身上拔力降低了桩周土有效应力,沿边长加载时上拔桩在泥面下2.5倍桩径深度范围内的桩周土反力约为下压桩的60%,而沿对角线加载时上拔桩在该深度范围内的桩周土反力仅为下压桩的40%。沿对角线加载时下压桩与上拔桩在桩顶剪力、桩顶最大负弯矩、桩顶轴力及桩身最大正弯矩等参数之间的差别也明显大于沿边长加载情况。与单桩水平加载离心模型试验结果对比发现,同一深度处单桩的桩周土反力介于导管架基础上拔桩与下压桩的桩周土反力之间。     

Influence mechanism of vertical-horizontal combined loads on the response of a single pile in sand

Pile foundations are used to support both vertical and horizontal loads in many geotechnical projects, such as the coastal and offshore engineering. The responses of piles under vertical-horizontal combined loading are separately analyzed and then superposed in current design practice. This simplified analysis approach does not take the coupling effect of the combined loads into consideration. The research on this topic is limited and the results reported to date are inconclusive with regard to the influence of vertical loads on the horizontal response of piles. In this paper, a series of centrifuge model tests under different vertical-horizontal combined loading conditions was performed to investigate the influence rules and mechanism of the combined loads on the response of piles in sand. The vertical load is shown to densify the soil near the pile and therefore decrease the horizontal displacement and bending moment of the pile: this is termed the “soil densification effect”. The vertical load induces an additional bending moment of the pile due to the lateral deformation of the pile: this is termed the “P-Δ effect”. The soil densification effect plays a dominant role in the early horizontal loading while the P-Δ effect is strengthened as the horizontal loads increases. These compound effect of these two seemingly opposing effects is a decrease in the bending moment of the pile decrease first then increase as the horizontal load increases. Additional settlement of the pile is caused by horizontal loading and isa positively correlated with the pre-vertical loads.     

水平偏心荷载下斜桩群桩受力性状的离心机模型试验

为研究斜桩群桩在水平偏心荷载下的受力性状,在砂土中开展了一系列离心机模型试验,着重对比了直桩群桩和斜桩群桩抵抗水平及偏心荷载的不同特性。详细介绍了模型试验的装置、方法以及内容。试验结果表明：水平荷载偏心距大小对群桩水平承载力有一定的影响,但是对群桩扭转承载力的影响较小。对于直桩群桩,在试验范围内小偏心距（4.3倍桩径）加载对应的水平承载力大于零偏心距（即纯水平加载）及大偏心距（7.1倍桩径）加载的水平承载力。相同条件下,斜桩群桩抵抗水平、偏心及扭转荷载的能力显著强于直桩群桩。水平偏心荷载下,斜桩群桩中各基桩的桩顶水平位移相互差异较直桩群桩更大,且该差异随偏心距的增加而增大;在多向荷载的共同作用下,基桩桩顶剪力与桩顶位移方向有所不同。水平荷载下斜桩群桩中的基桩轴力显著大于直桩群桩。斜桩群桩较好地发挥了基桩的轴向承载能力,从而能够更有效地抵抗水平荷载。     

分层地基模型|桩筏基础|沉降|非线性|离心模型试验

基于改进的分层地基模型,考虑桩–土–筏的共同作用,提出了刚性桩筏基础非线性分析方法。地基附加应力计算考虑土层参数的变化,采用层状弹性体系的Burmister应力解;地基变形采用分层总和法,所采用的计算参数压缩模量和一维回弹模量试验确定方便。通过简单的室内一维加卸载试验确定其随加卸载次数的变化,进一步得到桩筏基础在重复加卸载下的沉降规律。对单桩和桩筏基础进行离心模型试验,并将计算结果和试验结果进行对比分析,验证了本文方法的正确性,可应用于实际工程问题的分析。     

软黏土中导管架基础水平循环加载离心模型试验

为研究海上风机四腿导管架基础在风、浪等水平循环荷载作用下的受力及变形特性,开展了近海饱和软黏土地基四腿导管架基础水平循环加载离心模型试验。实测获得了水平循环荷载下导管架顶部的位移、基桩顶部的水平位移以及桩身弯矩,并利用实测桩身弯矩推导出桩身变形与桩周土反力。试验结果表明:水平循环荷载作用下导管架顶部的荷载–位移曲线表现出明显的非线性;后排桩的水平位移约为前排桩的80%,且均小于导管架顶部的水平位移,导管架发生了一定角度的倾斜;桩身最大弯矩值出现在泥面下约6D深度处。在此基础上,采用双曲正切型p–y曲线方法拟合试验结果并与API规范作对比,发现API规范p–y曲线的初始刚度和极限土反力均偏小。试验进一步揭示了泥面下5D深度范围内需考虑桩周土反力的弱化现象,且前排桩周土反力的弱化程度明显大于后排桩,在工程设计时应分开考虑下基桩桩周土的强度弱化情况。     

砂土中大直径单桩水平受荷离心模型试验

大直径桩基在海洋工程中已越来越广泛应用。针对目前API规范p-y曲线对水平受荷大直径单桩的不适用性,通过离心模型试验研究了砂性土中大直径单桩分别在水平静力和循环荷载作用下的受力和变形特性。验证了通过实测桩身弯矩推算桩身变形和桩周土反力的有效性,分别获得了干砂和饱和砂的大直径单桩水平静力p-y曲线。在修正p-y曲线初始刚度的基础上,采用双曲线型p-y曲线分析了水平受荷大直径单桩的内力和变形。揭示了水平单向循环荷载下大直径单桩的桩身变形及内力变化特性,试验结果显示桩身变形和最大弯矩近似与循环次数的对数线性相关。最后,由各循环次数下的桩身弯矩获得了大直径单桩水平循环p-y曲线,提出了循环应力比相关的p-y曲线循环弱化因子,以及相应的桩基变形累积和内力变化分析方法。     

水平循环荷载下高桩基础受力性状模型试验研究

近海高耸结构基础承受风,浪,波流等水平循环荷载作用,受力变形性状十分复杂.在饱和粉土地基中完成了单桩和群桩的水平循环加载试验,揭示了单桩和群桩响应随循环加载的变化规律.试验结果表明循环加载使桩周土体产生累积塑性变形,桩-土体系水平刚度随循环次数增加不断下降;先期循环加载对后期加载的刚度有着明显影响;群桩中各基桩分担的水平荷载比例随循环加载发生重分配,前排桩的作用得到更多发挥;荷载循环效应对群桩的影响大于单桩.基于p-y曲线法引入循环效应系数以考虑荷载循环的影响,并将该方法与其它文献方法和试验结果作了对比验证.     

长群桩基础承载力性状的大比例尺模型试验研究

目前有关长桩基础承载性状的研究大都为工程静载试验的基桩,有关长群桩基础的承载性状的机制研究较少,亟需深入研究。通过大比例尺长群桩基础模型试验,对竖向荷载作用下的长群桩基础的承载力性状进行了深入研究,给出了基桩桩身轴力、侧阻力和承台底土压力的承载性状随群桩沉降发展的相关结果,深入分析了长群桩基础的承载力性状机理。该成果可为长群桩基础沉降性状的进一步研究提供依据。     

北京地区群桩基础荷载传递特性的现场测试研究

首先对试验情况作了简要介绍,在此基础上对比分析了单桩和群桩、群桩中桩数(桩距)以及端承条件不同(纯摩擦与端承摩擦)等影响因素下,不同方案所得到的桩侧阻力、桩端阻力随荷载水平、位移变化的分布特点和发挥性状,讨论了北京地区群桩基础中桩土承台相互作用产生的各种“削弱”和“增强”作用性状和作用机理,并由此归纳总结了北京地区群桩基础侧阻力、端阻力的分布特点和模式。成果不仅对北京地区群桩基础应力分布计算所需的参数提供了实测数据,同时也对其它地区的桩基设计和研究起到参考和借鉴作用。     

Evaluation of ultimate behavior of actual large-scale pile group foundation by in-situ lateral loading tests and numerical analysis

Structures resting on a liquefied natural gas (LNG) base must be completely stable during an earthquake in order to ensure a steady gas supply. Thus, the stability of the foundations on which these large-scale structures rest is one of the most significant factors for realizing the safety and ease of maintenance in the event of an earthquake. Problems can potentially occur when the actual bearing capacity of an in-service practical LNG tank foundation has not been verified, and when the operative design method for the pile-group effect is inadequate, especially for large-scale pile groups. To date, no prediction method capable of appropriately simulating the mechanical behavior of large-scale pile groups has been established. Therefore, in this study, in-situ lateral loading tests were conducted on a real-life practical tank foundation upon the demolition of an LNG tank after 40?years of service. A 3D elasto-plastic finite element method (FEM) analysis was also conducted. From the results, the bearing capacity and the failure level of the practical LNG tank foundation were investigated and its soundness was confirmed. In addition, the behavior of a large-scale pile group foundation for load share distribution was observed and compared with the operative design.     

端部横向荷载作用下改进Vlasov地基上梁的稳定性

采用变分原理,给出了端部作用横向荷载时改进Vlasov双参数地基上梁稳定性分析的解析方法。梁的失稳荷载可通过求解特征值方法得到,梁的失稳模态可表示为无量纲参数γ的函数形式,通过简单的迭代程序可求得失稳荷载与失稳模态。针对不同的梁端荷载和边界条件进行了参数分析,其结果表明当梁的长细比较小时,端部横向荷载对其稳定性存在影响;当长细比较大时,可忽略该影响。     

A numerical investigation into the response of free end tubular composite poles subjected to axial and lateral loads

This paper presents a numerical investigation of cantilevered glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) tubular poles subjected to lateral and axial loads. A 3D finite element analysis was conducted to establish the lateral load–deflection responses under different axial loads and the axial load–bending moment interaction curves at ultimate. The model accounts for geometric nonlinearities and the composite laminate structure. Failure modes were established based on either material failure according to the Tsai-Wu failure criterion, or stability failure. The model was validated by using experimental results. A parametric study was then carried out on poles with various angle-ply and cross-ply laminates as well as different diameter-to-thickness (D/t) and length-to-diameter (L/D) ratios. The study showed that the reduction in axial strength as (L/D) ratio increases becomes more severe as (D/t) ratio is reduced. The GFRP laminate structure has a considerable effect on axial and flexural strengths of the poles for certain (D/t) ratios. It was also shown that axial load–moment interaction curves are generally linear. Increasing the fraction of longitudinal fibers in cross-ply laminates or reducing the fiber angle with the longitudinal direction in angle-ply laminates results in a larger interaction curve. A simplified design approach for the poles has been proposed.     

水平及扭转荷载作用下群桩基础受力分析方法

江河与海上的大型结构在船舶撞击、风浪等作用下,其桩基础往往会受到水平及扭转荷载共同作用,极易造成基础倾斜倒塌。针对水平和扭转共同受荷下群桩基础,建立了由刚性承台-弹性梁-土非线性弹簧组成的群桩计算模型。通过水平p-y曲线法、竖向荷载传递法、扭转τ-θ曲线法,计算单桩非线性刚度;群桩各基桩间相互作用和基桩各自由度耦合,通过考虑p乘子和运用考虑推力弯矩影响的基桩受扭计算模型体现。结合牛顿迭代法,对计算模型进行求解,并与大尺寸物理模型试验结果进行了对比。通过参数分析表明在水平和扭转荷载共同作用下,群桩中各基桩桩头剪力分配不均性十分显著;并获得不同承台高度时群桩中基桩轴力变化规律,为复杂荷载下群桩设计提供依据。     

砂土中竖向和水平荷载共同作用下的单桩承载特性研究

水平荷载引起桩体水平位移,导致桩侧摩阻力发生变化,从而影响单桩的竖向承载特性;竖向荷载影响桩周土体抗力,并随着桩身挠曲变形而产生附加弯矩,从而影响单桩的水平承载特性。利用室内模型试验研究了砂土中单桩在竖向和水平荷载共同作用下的受力和变形特性。试验结果表明:预先施加竖向荷载有利于单桩水平承载力的提高和水平位移的减小;预先施加水平荷载对桩身上部桩侧阻力的发挥有减小作用,但水平荷载的增大对桩端阻力的发挥有促进作用,总体上表现为预先施加水平荷载削弱了单桩的竖向承载力;单桩水平荷载引起的最大弯矩位置在地面以下约5d~7d处,水平荷载对桩身弯矩和桩侧摩阻力的影响主要集中在地面以下0~10d的深度范围内。结合已有研究成果和理论分析,验证了试验成果的合理性并从理论上分析了砂土中竖向和水平荷载共同作用下的单桩承载机理。