基于特征子空间的数字水印技术

根据特五子空间的原理，提出了一种新颖的基于特征子空间的数字水印算法，水印可以嵌入到不同的子空间中从而可以发展为多水印算法，由于特征子空间之间的正交特性，不同子空间中的水印相互独立，其稳健性不随水印数目的增加而变化，水印强度参数根据视觉系统的照度掩蔽和纹理掩蔽特性适当地进行调整，从而同时保证二值水印图像的稳健性和不可见性，该文就单水印，双水印以及多水印情形进行了仿真并进行JPEG压缩，图像缩放，剪切等失真测试，实验结果表明该算法具有很好的感知质量和稳健性并验证了以上分析。     

Partially compressed-encrypted domain robust JPEG image watermarking

Digital media is often handled in a compressed and encrypted form in Digital Asset Management Systems. And watermarking of the compressed encrypted media items in the compressed-encrypted domain itself is required sometimes for copyright violation detection or other purposes. In this paper, we propose a robust image watermarking technique for partially compressed-encrypted JPEG images. However, arbitrary embedding of a watermark in a partially compressed encrypted image can cause drastic degradation of the quality as the underlying change may result in random decrypted values. In addition, due to the encryption the compression efficiency may become very low. Thus the challenge is to design a watermarking technique that provides good watermarked image quality and at the same time gives good compression efficiency. While the proposed technique embeds watermark in the partially compressed-encrypted domain, the extraction of watermark can be done in the encrypted or decrypted domains. The experiments show that the watermarked image quality is good and the reduction in compression efficiency is low. The proposed watermarking technique is robust to common signal processing attacks. The watermark detection performance of the proposed scheme is better than the existing encrypted domain watermarking techniques.     

借助LDPC码提高数字水印鲁棒性

根据数字水印系统与通信系统模型的等效性，本文提出了一种基于LDPC码的鲁棒性图像数字水印方案。该之置采用LDPC码作为水印信道编码，对图像水印传输进行差错控制， 把用心码编码后的水印序列嵌入原始图像的频域，在提取水印时采用LPDC码的迭代译码算法。仿真实验结果表明，该方案降低了水印在传输过程中的误码率，提高了水印的抗 抗攻击能力，具有很好的鲁棒性和视觉不可见性。     

一个新的基于DCT的自适应数字水印算法

本文提出了一个利用DCT系数的关系来进行水印嵌入和提取的算法。该算法利用人类视觉系统HVS的特点，通过巧妙调整DCT系数之间的相互关系来嵌入水印．从而使得图像在嵌入一个比较稳健的水印后的视觉失真尽可能最小。水印提取不需要原始图像。实验结果表明本算法的图像保真度较好，并对JPEG压缩、剪切等常见的图像处理方法具有较好的稳健性，并优于文献上的相关算法。     

基于DWT-SVD域的彩色图像自适应水印算法

为了保护数字彩色图像版权,提出了一种结合离散小波变换(DWT)和矩阵奇异值分解(SVD)的彩色图像自适应水印算法。其主要设计思想是:先将原RGB彩色图像的各颜色分量进行小波分解;再将得到的中、低频带的小波系数与原水印图像分别进行奇异值分解,水印信息的奇异值重复嵌入到三通道中、低频带的小波系数奇异值中,且利用临界视觉阈值与奇异值之间的关系对水印嵌入强度作自适应调节,从而达到增强水印鲁棒性和确保水印透明性的目的。本算法适用于二值及灰度水印,在二值水印的提取过程中需设定一个提取阈值,以保证提取水印的完整性。仿真结果说明本算法对水印系统的透明性与鲁棒性作了较好的协调,是一种较稳健的算法。     

一种相移键控数字图像水印算法

根据相移键控原理．提出了一种不可逆DWT域二相相位键控数字图像水印算法．水印信号为二值图像，用不同相位的正弦信号将水印调制后嵌入到数字图像DWT变换系数中；用提取的同频率正弦信号的相位进行水印提取；该方法嵌入的水印具有非常好的安全性，且水印提取不需要原始未加水印的图像．实验结果表明该方法具有很好的不可见性；对JPEG压缩、图像加噪声和图像滤波等常见的图像处理具有极强的鲁棒性．     

一种自适应的彩色图像水印算法

提出了一种新颖的彩色图像水印算法，算法利用DCT系数块之间的相关性将水印嵌入到彩色图像亮度分量Y的DCT系数中，在提取过程中无需使用原始图像和其它参数。它可以根据原始图像的特征自适应地调节水印的嵌入强度，使得盗版者难以估计嵌入的位置。实验表明，本算法较好保持了原始图像的品质，对非几何攻击和有损压缩具有较好的稳健性。     

基于LDPC码的数字图像水印技术研究

图像水印系统和通信系统的模式具有相似性。为了提高数字水印的鲁棒性和降低传输过程的差错,在研究低密度奇偶校验码(low density parity check,LDPC)在数字水印中的应用的基础上,提出了一种基于LDPC码的图像数字水印技术。该技术利用了LDPC码的纠错性能和图像的人眼视觉特性,实现了静止图像中数字水印的嵌入和提取;实验结果表明,该技术不仅降低了水印在传输过程中的差错率,而且可以达到提高埋藏水印的鲁棒性和隐匿性的目的。     

基于禁制搜寻的多用途水印算法的优化

提出了一种多重水印技术做为多媒体资料保护的方法,来克服过去许多基于空间、DCT和小波等视觉模块方法的缺点,并自适应于各种图像攻击,嵌入两个功能互补的水印,以期在遇到任何攻击的情况下,至少还有一个水印能存活。以可见的水印宣告版权拥有人,并且用不可见的水印作为版权保护。这两个水印运用不同的技术嵌入在图像中。此外还提出了一个最佳化技术,以禁制搜寻算法实现水印的鲁棒性与改善图像品质。实验结果显示,所提的方法能有效改善数字水印技术中图像品质与水印鲁棒性相互制衡的问题。     

Fractal and neural networks based watermark identification

Transform techniques generally are more robust than spatial techniques for watermark embedding. In this paper, a color image watermarking algorithm based on fractal and neural networks in Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) domain is proposed. We apply fractal image coding technique to obtain the characteristic data of a gray-level image watermark signal and encrypt the characteristic data by a symmetric encryption before they are embedded. We then use neural networks and Human Visual System (HVS) to embed the watermark in the DCT domain. A Just Noticeable Difference (JND) threshold controller is designed to ensure the strength of the embedded data adapting to the host image itself entirely. Aiming at misjudging problem of the extracting process, maximum membership principle criterion is selected for identifying the watermark. And the CIELab color space is chosen to guarantee the stability of the results. The simulation results show that the algorithm is robust for common digital image processing methods as attacks and that the quality of the image is retained.     

A novel color image watermarking scheme in nonsampled contourlet-domain

Geometric distortion is known as one of the most difficult attacks to resist, for it can desynchronize the location of the watermark and hence causes incorrect watermark detection. It is a challenging work to design a robust color image watermarking scheme against geometric distortions. Based on the support vector regression (SVR) and nonsubsampled contourlet transform (NSCT), we propose a new color image watermarking algorithm with good visual quality and reasonable resistance toward geometric distortions in this paper. Firstly, the geometrically invariant space is constructed by using color image normalization, and a significant region is obtained from the normalized color image by utilizing the invariant centroid theory. Then, the NSCT is performed on the green channel of the significant region. Finally, the digital watermark is embedded into host color image by modifying the low frequency NSCT coefficients, in which the HVS masking is used to control the watermark embedding strength. In watermark detection, according to the high correlation among different channels of the color image, the digital watermark can be recovered by using SVR technique. Experimental results show that the proposed color image watermarking is not only invisible and robust against common image processing operations such as filtering, noise adding, and JPEG compression etc., but also robust against the geometrical distortions.     

一种基于空间域的彩色图像水印算法

多媒体数字水印可以为媒体提供所有权证明和知识产权保护,或用来验证媒体的内容是否真实可信。该文提出一种基于空间域的彩色图像水印算法,利用不同处理和攻击对YUV彩色空间中亮度通道Y和色度通道UV的破坏力不同的特性,根据图像亮度和纹理的不同,对亮度和色度通道分别嵌入不同强度的水印信息。在水印检测算法中,为提高水印对图像增强处理的稳健性,对待检图像和原始图像进行了归正。实验结果表明该方法能很好地抗击JEPG压缩的攻击,同时对中值滤波等低通滤波器、亮度/对比度等图像增强、锐化、平滑、栅栏及噪声干扰等攻击也具有较好的稳健性。     

Applications of the naturalness preserving transform to image watermarking and data hiding

The paper presents an image watermarking technique using the naturalness preserving transform (NPT). The goal is to produce an invisible and robust watermark that resists signal processing and geometric distortion attacks. Unlike traditional techniques, the proposed algorithm inserts and extracts the watermark via a special orthogonal transform class in between the spatial and frequency representations of the host image data. Two modified forms of the NPT employing the Hartley and discrete cosine transforms, respectively, are presented in order to improve the quality of the transformed image. Enhancements for the quality of the transformed images are achieved via reduction to the artifacts that occur to images transformed via the classical Hadamard-based NPT. The proposed watermark has demonstrated robustness against a variety of image attacks including, JPEG compression, low pass filtering, image cropping, and noise. The marked image must be severely degraded in order to prevent the reconstruction of the watermark.     

面向屏幕拍摄的端到端鲁棒图像水印算法

目的 在抗屏摄鲁棒图像水印算法的研究中,如何在保证含水印图像视觉质量的同时提高算法的鲁棒性是存在的主要挑战。为此,提出一种基于深度学习的端到端网络框架以用于鲁棒水印的嵌入与提取。方法 在该网络框架中,本文设计了包含摩尔纹在内的噪声层用以模拟真实屏摄噪声造成的失真,并通过网络训练来学习到抵抗屏摄噪声的能力,增强网络生成的含水印图像的鲁棒性;同时引入了最小可察觉失真（just noticeable distortion,JND）损失函数,旨在通过监督图像的JND系数图与含有水印信息的残差图之间的感知差异来自适应控制鲁棒水印的嵌入强度,以提高生成的含水印图像的视觉质量。此外,还提出了两种图像区域自动定位方法,分别用于解决：拍摄图像中前景与背景分割即含水印图像区域的定位矫正问题,以及含水印图像经过数字裁剪攻击后的解码问题。结果 实验结果表明,引入JND损失函数后嵌入水印图像的视觉质量得到了提高,平均的峰值信噪比（peak signalto-noise ratio,PSNR）、结构相似性（structural similarity,SSIM）可分别达到30.937 1 dB和0.942 4。加入摩尔纹的噪声模拟层后,所提算法的误码率可下降1%～3%,具有抵抗屏摄噪声的能力。另外,将图像的R通道嵌入用于抗裁剪的模板,使得算法可有效抵抗较大程度的数字裁剪攻击。本文算法的计算复杂度较低,对单幅图像进行嵌入时,定位与提取操作的总耗时小于0.1 s,可满足实际应用场景的实时性需求。结论 本文算法的嵌入容量和生成的含水印图像视觉质量较为理想,且在不同拍摄距离、角度以及不同拍摄和显示设备条件下的鲁棒性优于已报道的主流算法。     

Digital watermarking algorithm based on Kalman filtering and image fusion

A digital watermarking algorithm based on Kalman filter and image fusion is proposed. The digital watermarking can be viewed as a process that embedding a weak signal (watermark) to a strong signal (original image), so the process of watermarking can be viewed as a process of image fusion. In the proposed watermarking algorithm, the watermark embedding and extraction process are expressed as the state estimate process, and Kalman filter is used as an optimal estimation algorithm in the process of image fusion. An optimal estimation model is built according to the watermark image and the original image, and then the state equation and the corresponding measurement equation are built. The optimal estimation is archived in case of the minimum estimation error variance. Crossentropy and mutual information are used to evaluate the performance of image fusion. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has a good performance in both robustness and invisibility.     

A new DCT audio watermarking scheme based on preliminary MP3 study

In this paper, a new audio watermarking scheme operating in the frequency domain and based on neural network architecture is described. The watermark is hidden into the middle frequency band after performing a Discrete Cosine transform (DCT). Embedding and extraction of the watermark are based on the use of a back-propagation neural network (BPNN) architecture. In addition, the selection of frequencies and the block hiding the watermark are based on a preliminary study of the effect of MP3 compression at several rates on the signal. Experimental results show that the proposed technique presents good robustness and perceptual quality results. We also investigate the application of the proposed technique in video watermarking. Traditional techniques have used audio channel as supplementary embedding space and adopt state-of-the art techniques that resist to MP3 compression attack. In these techniques, the MPEG compression attack is only evaluated on the video part and the audio part is kept unaffected. In this paper, we adapt the preliminary MP3 study to video watermarking technique but with a preliminary study of the MPEG compression applied to the audio channel. Here again, we notice that the application of the preliminary MPEG study to the audio channel improves the robustness of the video watermarking scheme though keeping high-quality watermarked video sequences.     

基于IWT和HVS的彩色图像盲水印算法

针对目前大多数图像水印技术是关于灰度图像并且基于离散小波变换的研究,提出了一种基于整型小波变换（Integer Wavelet Transform,IWT）将彩色数字水印嵌入到彩色宿主图像中的算法。采用YCbCr色彩空间的Y分量嵌入水印,利用人类视觉系统特性（Human Visual System,HVS）实现彩色水印嵌入位置的自适应确定;彩色水印的提取不需要原始水印和原始宿主图像。实验证明,嵌入水印后的图像具有很好的不易觉察性,并且对常见的图像处理操作具有很强的鲁棒性。     

基于多尺度分解与预测误差扩展的可逆图像水印算法

针对现有可逆图像水印算法中嵌入量与图像视觉质量之间的矛盾,提出了一种基于多尺度分解与预测误差扩展的可逆图像水印算法。首先,对原始图像进行多尺度分解,将其分解为同质块和非同质块;其次,通过对同质块进行预测误差扩展来嵌入水印信息;最后,通过计算非同质块信息熵,根据嵌入水印信息量选择合适的非同质块,通过对选取的非同质块进行整数小波变换,在中高频中嵌入剩余水印信息。实验结果表明,该算法易于实现且完全可逆,能有效提高水印嵌入量,具有较高的视觉质量。     

一个基于矢量量化的数字水印算法

文章提出了一个新的基于矢量量化的数字水印算法,与基于DCT(DiscreteCosineTransform)、DFT(DiscreteFourierTransform)及DWT(DiscreteWaveletTransform)等的传统水印算法不同,该算法利用码书分割方法和矢量量化索引的特点,在矢量量化的不同阶段分别嵌入水印来保护原始图像的版权,水印检测不需要原始图像。实验结果表明,该方法实现的水印具有良好的不可见性,并对JPEG压缩、矢量量化压缩、旋转以及剪切等空域操作也具有较好的稳健性。     

基于离散小波—奇异值分解的多水印嵌入算法

为提高传统数字图像水印算法的安全性, 解决数字水印对信号处理和几何失真比较敏感的问题, 提出一种新的以离散小波多级分解与奇异值分解相结合的数字图像水印算法. 不同于常见的基于小波变换的数字水印技术, 该方案在原始图像离散小波变换的低频近似区域和高频对角区域中嵌入水印, 在图像的保真度和鲁棒性之间取得较好的折衷. 水印检测时, 将从低频近似区域和高频对角区域中提取出的水印进行比较, 选择效果较好的水印作为最终检测水印. 实验结果表明, 提出的多水印算法对于各种攻击具有较强的鲁棒性.