乳酸菌合成细菌素及对肠道菌群的影响

细菌素是一类由细菌核糖体合成的抗菌肽,目前是食品、医药等多个学科领域的研究热点。乳酸菌在食品中的应用由来已久,通常被认为是一种安全的微生物,并且有助于促进肠道健康,因此其合成的细菌素具有很大的实际应用潜力。近年来人们对肠道菌群的关注度不断提高,同时随着乳酸菌的广泛应用及对其益生机制的不断探究,关于乳酸菌合成的细菌素对肠道菌群影响的研究显得意义重大。该文基于相关研究进展,阐述了乳酸菌合成的细菌素的分类、特点、应用及其对肠道菌群的影响,以期为功能性乳酸菌及乳酸菌细菌素的开发利用提供基础理论依据。     

乳酸菌细菌素的分类、生物合成及其应用

细菌素是细菌在核糖体上合成的具有抗菌活性的多肽.许多乳酸菌都能生产细菌素,这些细菌素在同一生境中能杀灭或抑制引起食品腐败的细菌和病原菌的繁殖,可作为天然的食品防腐剂在食品中应用.综述主要描述了乳酸菌细菌素的分类、生物合成及其应用.     

乳酸菌细菌素纯化技术的检测及研究进展

细菌素可以抑制大量的食品源腐败菌和致病菌,因此,近年来受到国内外广大学者的关注,其中乳酸菌细菌素因其安全性尤为受到关注。然而要使细菌素更好地应用到生物技术领域,揭示乳酸菌细菌素的生物化学结构和作用位点就显得尤为重要,而这又是建立在乳酸菌细菌素的纯化基础上。文章结合乳酸菌细菌素纯化技术及检测的最新研究进展,讨论乳酸菌细菌素在食品和医疗领域的发展潜力。     

乳酸菌素的研究现状和发展趋势

乳酸菌素是由乳酸菌产生的一种具有活性的多肽或蛋白质物质，大部分细菌素对近缘关系的细菌有抑制作用，少数细菌素抑菌谱很广。主要可分为热稳定的小分子肽，热敏感的大分子蛋白和羊毛硫抗生素。乳酸菌素是一种纯乳酸菌产生的制剂，是将脱脂乳经杀菌、真空浓缩．再经乳酸菌发酵后干燥而制成的乳酸菌体及其代谢产物混价粉状物，可作医药用或食品添加剂，属疗效型乳制品。本文对乳酸菌素的分类、抑菌机理及在食品和医药方面的应用作了全面系统的综述，并指出了今后的研究方向和应用前景。     

乳酸菌细菌素抗菌作用机制研究进展

乳酸菌细菌素是由乳酸菌在代谢过程中通过核糖体合成机制产生的一类具有抗菌活性的多肽。已有的研究表明乳酸菌细菌素具有作为食品防腐剂的潜力,目前由乳酸链球菌产生的Nisin已被允许作为食品防腐剂。然而,很多具有良好抗菌活性的细菌素,因抗菌作用机制不明确,限制了其在食品等领域的应用。显微技术、细胞模型制备、荧光探针技术、圆二色谱技术等被用于乳酸菌细菌素抗菌作用机制的研究。乳酸菌细菌素抗菌作用机制包括细胞膜损伤机制和细菌素的胞内作用形式。其中以细胞膜损伤机制为主,这一机制又包括无特异性靶点的"膜穿孔"机制及有特异性靶点(如Lipid Ⅱ和某些膜蛋白)的作用机制。乳酸菌细菌素的胞内作用形式是通过干扰细胞内核酸和蛋白质等物质的正常代谢来发挥抗菌作用。乳酸菌细菌素的抗菌作用机制并不是单一的,一种细菌素可以通过多种不同的作用机制发挥作用,而同一种细菌素对于不同的靶细胞也会有不同的作用机制。探讨细菌素的抗菌作用机制,可为其在多领域的高效应用提供良好的科学依据。     

乳酸菌细菌素的作用机制及在肉制品中的应用

乳酸菌细菌素是乳酸菌在代谢过程产生的一类具有抗菌活性的多肽或蛋白质,在各类食品中均有广泛应用。作为一种生物防腐剂,肉制品中添加乳酸菌细菌素可以抑制腐败菌和致病菌生长,从而提高产品的安全性和延长保质期。综述乳酸菌细菌素的分类、生物合成、作用机制及在肉制品中的应用,为建立乳酸菌细菌素防腐体系提供理论依据。     

产细菌素乳酸菌菌株的来源及所产细菌素的分类研究进展

乳酸菌产生的细菌素对很多导致食源性疾病的致病菌和腐败菌均具有抑制作用,近年来引起了诸多研究者的关注,在食品 储存和保鲜中也有应用。为了便于科研工作者更好的开发抑菌谱广、抑菌效果好的细菌素,该文对产细菌素乳酸菌菌株的来源食品、 菌株的所属种属、细菌素的分类以及分离纯化方法等做一评价,为相关的研究提供基础材料和参考,促进天然防腐剂的开发工作更 好更快地开展。     

乳酸菌细菌素研究进展及其在水产养殖和加工中的应用

乳酸菌细菌素是一种由乳酸菌在核糖体内合成、具有抑菌活性的多肽或蛋白质。由于乳酸菌通常被认为是安全的微生物,因此由它产生的细菌素受到了广泛地关注。目前由于大部分乳酸菌细菌素抑菌机理研究还不够深入,在一定程度上限制了它的发展和应用。本文对现有乳酸菌细菌素研究成果进行总结,并对细菌素进行了系统分类,阐述了各类乳酸菌细菌素对革兰氏阳性菌的作用机理,最后介绍了乳酸菌细菌素在水产养殖、水产品加工贮藏过程中的应用,旨在为乳酸菌细菌素的应用提供新的探索和基础理论依据。     

乳酸菌类细菌素的研究进展

对乳酸菌进行了简要分类，然后按乳酸菌产生的细菌素的结构组成特点进行了分类，对不同类型的乳酸菌细菌素的组成特点和功能特点进行了简要介绍。此外，对其合成过程及其产生抗菌活性的可能机理进行了描述，在此基础上，对影响乳酸菌类细菌素抗菌作用效果的外界因素和内部环境条件进行了详细分析。最后，论述了目前乳酸菌类细菌素在食品中的应用现状，对其在食品行业中的应用前景进行了探讨和预测。     

乳酸菌细菌素研究进展及其在肉制品防腐保鲜领域的应用

乳酸菌细菌素是一种天然的生物防腐剂,可以抑制或杀灭食品里致病微生物和腐败微生物从而保证食品安全。文中概述了乳酸菌细菌素的分类、作用机制、分离纯化方法及在肉制品防腐保鲜领域的应用,并展望了以后的研究方向。     

Bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria: Their potentials as food biopreservative

Abstract

Numerous strains of lactic acid bacteria used in the fermentation of foods are known to produce bacteriocins. In general, bacteriocins are a group of proteinaceous antimicrobial substances that inhibit the growth of closely related bacteria. However, some bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) exhibit a relatively broad antimicrobial spectrum and are active against several food‐spoilage and health‐threatening microorganisms. Many investigators have reported on the use of bacteriocins as food preservative to extend the shelflife of various foods. This review decribes the research that has been conducted on bacteriocinogenic lactic acid bacteria— isolated from a wide variety of foods and in some instances of animal origin—and the characteristics of bacteriocins. Special emphasis is placed on their potentials for use as food preservative and on their physicochemical nature, antibacterial spectrum, and genetic behavior.     

Class IIa bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria: antibacterial activity and food preservation

In the last decade, a variety of ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides, or bacteriocins, produced by lactic acid bacteria have been identified and characterized. As a result of these studies, insight has been gained into various fundamental aspects of biology and biochemistry such as bacteriocin processing and secretion, mechanisms of cell immunity, and structure-function relationships. In parallel, there has been a growing awareness that bacteriocins may be developed into useful antimicrobial food additives. Class IIa bacteriocins can be considered as the major subgroup of bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria, not only because of their large number, but also because of their significant biological activities and potential applications. The present review provides an overview of the knowledge available for class IIa bacteriocins and discusses common features and recent findings concerning these substances. The activity and potential food applications of class IIa bacteriocins are a major focus of this review.     

Application of bacteriocins in vegetable food biopreservation

Bacteriocins are generally recognized as "natural" compounds able to influence the safety and quality of foods. In the past years, a lot of works have been aimed to the detection, purification and characterisation of bacteriocins, as well as to their use in food preservation strategies. A list of review articles dealing with the application of bacteriocins to the protection of foods of animal origin is also available in literature, but it lacks for a summary on the utilization of bacteriocins in vegetable foods. These biopreservatives can be used in a number of ways in food systems and this paper mainly focuses on the state-of-the-art application of bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to promote the microbial stability of both fermented and non-fermented vegetable food products using bacteriocinogenic strains as starter cultures, protective cultures or co-cultures and the employment of pure bacteriocins as food additives. In addition, applications of bacteriocins from non-LAB are also reviewed. The scopes of future directions of research are summarised.     

Bacteriocins and their Food Applications

Over the last 2 decades, a variety of bacteriocins, produced by bacteria that kill or inhibit the growth of other bacteria, have been identified and characterized biochemically and genetically. This review article focuses on the ecology of bacteriocins, determination of bacteriocin activity, biosynthesis of bacteriocins, and mode of action. Bacteriocin production and modeling are discussed in the article. Nisin is discussed in some detail in this article since it is currently the only purified bacteriocin approved for food use in the U.S. and has been successfully used for several decades as a food preservative in more than 50 countries. For activity spectra and food applications, the review article focuses primarily on class I and class IIa bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) given their development as food preservatives.     

Ⅱa类乳酸菌细菌素的异源表达研究进展

Ⅱa类乳酸菌细菌素由于其对单核细胞增生李斯特菌的强烈抑菌活性,已成为天然食品防腐剂研究与开发的热点。但是受生物合成调控系统控制,天然细菌素的产量往往很低而且提取过程较为复杂,很难满足相关研究和实际应用的需求。为此,许多研究者进行过Ⅱa类细菌素的异源表达研究,本文对该类细菌素在大肠杆菌、乳酸菌以及酵母菌中的异源表达研究作较为全面系统的综述,并指出目前存在的主要问题及今后的研究方向。     

提高乳酸菌细菌素合成量方法的研究进展

细菌素是某些细菌通过核糖体合成机制产生的蛋白质或多肽,能够抑制与其亲源关系相同或相近的微生物,某些细菌素在食品加工和发酵过程中能抑制致病菌和腐败菌。乳酸菌被认为是一般公认安全,其细菌素具有安全性高、稳定性好、抑菌谱广等优点,作为一种新型食品防腐剂备受关注,但商品化的乳酸菌细菌素十分有限,仅限于Nisin和Pediocin PA-1等少数几种,合成量低是细菌素在食品中应用受限的主要原因之一。从不同原料中筛选高产菌株、发酵培养基和发酵条件优化、诱变育种、原生质体融合、基因工程方法、群体感应系统调控六个方面,论述了增加乳酸菌细菌素合成量的方法,以期为实现乳酸菌细菌素的工业化生产提供一定的借鉴。     

Development of Wide-Spectrum Hybrid Bacteriocins for Food Biopreservation

The food industry demands new procedures and methods to produce minimally processed, ready to eat food with intact nutritional, taste, and flavor properties. The biopreservation and the use of both bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and bacteriocinogenic strains as an alternative to substitute chemical antimicrobial for food preservation became increasingly important in the last two decades. When the new proposed natural preservatives techniques are applied, probiotics food can be obtained and, simultaneously, foodborne pathogens and spoilage contaminants can diminish. However, bacteriocins produced by LAB have a narrow antibacterial spectrum and are inactive against Gram-negative bacteria like Salmonella and the emergent enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Knowing the mechanism of action and the structural features of microcins synthesized by Gram-negative bacteria and with potent antimicrobial activity against the mentioned microorganism, the proposal is to obtain hybrid peptides (microcin–bacteriocin) with broad antimicrobial spectrum. This review explains how the inability of bacteriocins to cross the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria unable them to act on the bacteria. It will also be discussed how a hybrid bacteriocin can be obtained.     

Bacteriocins: safe, natural antimicrobials for food preservation.

Bacteriocins are antibacterial proteins produced by bacteria that kill or inhibit the growth of other bacteria. Many lactic acid bacteria (LAB) produce a high diversity of different bacteriocins. Though these bacteriocins are produced by LAB found in numerous fermented and non-fermented foods, nisin is currently the only bacteriocin widely used as a food preservative. Many bacteriocins have been characterized biochemically and genetically, and though there is a basic understanding of their structure-function, biosynthesis, and mode of action, many aspects of these compounds are still unknown. This article gives an overview of bacteriocin applications, and differentiates bacteriocins from antibiotics. A comparison of the synthesis. mode of action, resistance and safety of the two types of molecules is covered. Toxicity data exist for only a few bacteriocins, but research and their long-time intentional use strongly suggest that bacteriocins can be safely used.