A case study in evaluating the status of consolidation of a soft soil deposit by incomplete piezocone dissipation tests using laboratory and field data

By using the piezocone penetration test (PCPT or CPTu), one can develop not only a better understanding of the soil stratification, but also an understanding of soil behavior parameters related to soil compressibility, as well as soil strength. This paper describes a case study that utilizes incomplete piezocone dissipation test to estimate status of consolidation of a soil deposit. Incomplete pore pressure dissipation record of PCPT is extrapolated on an inverse time scale (1/t method) to estimate the “in situ” pore pressure and “residual excess” pore pressure. No case study has been reported in open literature where this methodology has been utilized to estimate the status of consolidation of the soil deposit. In this paper, the 1/t method was verified using dissipation data from rigorous calibration chamber tests and field test data.     

单幅值循环动载下饱和砾砂动力特性试验研究

为探究动应力比和围压对饱和砾砂动力特性的影响,通过一系列饱和砾砂动三轴试验,分析了动应力比和围压对饱和砾砂轴向累积应变、回弹模量、动孔隙水压力以及滞回曲线的影响。结果表明:在同一围压下,动应力比增加时,砾砂的轴向累积应变、回弹模量增大,而动孔隙水压力减小;不同围压下,饱和砾砂的轴向累积应变、回弹模量以及动孔隙水压力均随围压的增加而增大;围压的增大有利于提高土体能量耗散的能力,而振次的增加会使土体的耗能作用减小;滞回曲线的倾斜程度随动应力比、围压以及振次的增加而增大,表明土体的回弹模量增加、刚度增大;滞回曲线的演化规律能够更加形象地反映出土体形变、刚度和耗能作用的变化,对土体动力特性进行分析时应结合滞回曲线的演化规律进行综合分析。     

循环荷载下砂质混合土孔隙水压力特性研究

通过对各种细颗粒含量的土实施从小到大应变水平的动力循环荷载试验,采用累积损失能量的观点,分别考察了土的细颗粒成分含量、围压、加载频率、加载形式及荷载的不规则性对孔压的影响,提出了孔隙水压力和累积损失能量的归一化方法,建立了砂质混合土的孔隙水压力上升模型,并探讨了模型参数和土的细颗粒成分含量的关系。     

Consolidation of partially saturated ground improved by impervious column inclusion: Governing equations and semi-analytical solutions

This study focuses on the consolidation behavior and mathematical interpretation of partially-saturated ground improved by impervious column inclusion. The constitutive relations for soil skeleton, pore air and pore water for partially saturated soils are proposed in the context of partially-saturated ground improved by impervious column inclusion. Settlement equation and dissipation equations of excess pore air/water pressures for a partially saturated improved ground are then derived. The semi-analytical solutions for ground settlement and pore pressure dissipation are then obtained through the Laplace transform and validated by the existing solutions for two special cases in the literature and the numerical results obtained from the finite difference method. A series of parametric studies is finally conducted to investigate the influence of some key factors on consolidation of partially saturated ground improved by impervious column inclusion. Based on the parametric study, it can be found that a higher value of the area replacement ratio or modulus of the pile results in a longer dissipation time of excess pore air pressure (PAP), a shorter dissipation time of excess pore water pressure (PWP), and a lower normalized settlement.     

土体气压劈裂的室内模型试验

气压劈裂是向岩土体中注入高压气体形成裂隙,增加流体的流动通道,从而提高低渗透性土体的渗透系数。通过室内模型试验探讨了土体在高压气体作用下的响应及劈裂现象。试验结果表明,向土体中喷入高压气体会在土体中生成超静孔压,超静孔压大小与喷气压力相关;超静孔压较大时,土体发生气压劈裂,生成的裂隙又为超静孔压的快速消散提供了通道,大部分超静孔压在裂隙闭合前消散;随着超静孔压的消散,裂隙随之减小,但不会完全闭合,留存残余微裂隙。     

静压有孔管桩超孔隙水压力消散的影响因素分析

静压管桩因其质量可靠和施工过程中具有无噪声、无振动、应力小等诸多优点被广泛用于工程中。但静压管桩属于部分挤土桩,在沉桩过程中,桩周土体不仅会产生较大位移,而且会在短时间内形成较高的水压力。有孔管桩通过在桩身开孔能使土中自由水流入管腔,从而减小局部土体位移,加速超孔隙水压力的消散并降低其最大值。本文利用圆孔扩张理论,通过理论公式和工程算例的对比分析,得出有孔管桩沉桩超孔隙水压力随径向距离的增大呈对数衰减,随沉桩速率的加快不断增大,随深度的加深呈递增趋势,随开孔孔径的加大逐渐减小。可对控制管桩挤土效应提供可靠的理论依据。     

Settlements in Fine-Grained Soils Under Cyclic Loading

Based on the methods previously presented by the authors (Yasuhara et al., 1992, 1994, 1996) for predicting the degradation in strength and stiffness of soft clays in the course of cyclic loading, a methodology has been developed to estimate the cyclic loading-induced settlements. The method also includes not only immediate settlements but also post-cyclic long-term settlements due to dissipation of cyclically induced excess pore pressures in soft soils. The simplified formulae included in the proposed methodology are given as functions of the amplitude of cyclic-induced excess pore pressure normalized by the confining pressure, u/p'_c, plasticity index I_p and factor of safety against bearing capacity failure, F_s. The calculations of cyclic-induced settlements were conducted for soft soil deposits with different index and geotechnical properties. The results calculated using the proposed methodology are presented in the form of a design chart to give the settlement versus normalized excess pore pressure ratio relations including the effects of the plasticity index and safety factor for bearing capacity. An example of the calculated results using the proposed procedure for the earthquake-induced settlements of embankments founded on soft clay, is presented to demonstrate the practicality of the method for design at fields.     

矩形顶管施工引起的地面沉降变形研究

以南宁市轨道交通1号线南湖站Ⅰ号过街通道顶管工程为背景,分别考虑顶管机及后续管节对土体的作用力引起开挖面周围土体的施工时变形、土体损失引起地面永久沉降、注浆对土体损失补偿引起的地面抬升、地层中超孔隙水压力消散发生失水固结效应引起的工后沉降等因素,揭示了在注浆压力作用下矩形顶管隧道周围土体的变形模式,推导了由注浆填充引起的土体竖向变形计算方法,给出了扰动范围土体内超孔隙水消散引起的工后固结沉降的计算公式。运用Mindlin弹性理论解、随机介质理论、分层总和法分别对该工程由土体应力状态变化、地层损失、注浆填充和失水固结4个方面引起的地面变形进行计算,根据计算结果与实测数据的对比分析,对矩形顶管施工扰动引起的地表沉降变形特性进行系统研究,叠加后的计算结果与实测数据变化规律基本一致,且数值吻合较好。     

Numerical simulation of caisson installation and dissipation in kaolin clay and calcareous silt

Caissons are widely used to support fixed platforms in shallow water or moor floating platforms in deep water. Although the installation and pullout behaviours of caissons have been explored extensively, few studies are on the dissipation of excess pore pressures induced by installation of the caisson. The pull-out capacity or bearing capacity of the caisson under undrained conditions is enhanced by dissipation of excess pore pressure, given the caisson is installed in normally consolidated cohesive soil. This paper reports numerical simulations of caisson installation and the subsequent dissipation. The analyses were carried out using a coupled effective stress-pore pressure large deformation finite element (LDFE) approach incorporating the modified Cam-Clay model. The robustness of the LDFE model was validated by comparing the penetration resistance with centrifuge testing data and the guidelines. Caissons in two fine grained soils, kaolin clay and calcareous silt, were explored. The geometry of the caisson was varied to encompass the typical sizes of caissons. The dissipation responses at four locations near the caisson tip were interpreted. A normalised dissipation time around caissons is proposed, by modifying the conventional expression for a cone.     

饱和粉土地基低强度混凝土桩振动沉管及静载试验

为研究饱和粉土地基低强度混凝土桩振动沉管施工产生的超孔隙水压力分布、消散规律及单桩和复合地基的承载特性,对滨州市饱和粉土地基进行了低强度混凝土桩的振动沉管和静载试验。结果表明:沉管振动下沉时,最大超孔隙水压力一般出现在桩端以上2~3 m;沉管振动下沉对桩周土体的扰动较小,最大超孔隙水压力与上覆土有效应力的比值仅为0.327;单桩振动拔管后15 min,临近超孔隙水压力的消散率可达到65%~75%;与设计规范的估算值相比,振动沉管成桩后单桩竖向极限承载力偏小,仅为估算值的55%~60%;低强度混凝土桩的加固作用明显,复合地基承载力与天然地基相比提高了约1倍。     

考虑半渗透边界的隧道周围超孔隙水压力消散解

通过引入衬砌半渗透边界条件,将Terzaghi-Rendulic固结理论和Burgers黏弹性模型相结合建立土体固结-流变耦合模型,采用复变函数解法推导出求解黏弹性介质中半透水隧道周围超孔隙水压力的消散表达式,并以上海地铁二号线某区间隧道为工程背景分析了不同衬砌透水程度对隧道周围超孔隙水压力消散与分布的影响规律。研究发现,随着衬砌与土体相对渗透系数的增大,隧道外壁处超孔隙水压力的消散速度不断增快;隧道周围土体距离衬砌外壁越远,其初始超孔隙水压力越小,土体的超孔隙水压力消散速度也越慢。     

Seasonal influence on cone penetration test: An unsaturated soil site example

Interpretation of electric cone penetration test (CPT) based pore water pressure measurement (CPTu) is well established for soils with behavior that follows classical soil mechanics. The literature on the interpretation of these tests performed on unsaturated tropical soils is limited, and little is known about the influence of soil suction on in situ test data. In this context, the CPT data are presented and discussed to illustrate the seasonal variability in an unsaturated tropical soil site. The test data show that soil suction significantly influenced CPT data up to a depth of 4 m at the study site. It shows the importance of considering seasonal variability in unsaturated soil sites caused by soil suction, which was related to water content through a soil-water retention curve (SWRC). It is also important to consider this aspect in the interpretation of CPT data from these soils.     

Ko固结饱和土沉桩引起的超静孔隙水压力

根据饱和粘土中沉桩特点,用柱孔扩张理论模拟其贯入过程,将扩张后周围土体分为塑性区和弹性区,由柱孔扩张基本平衡方程和边界条件,采用能够考虑天然状态土体实际固结性状的K_o固结土体本构模型的屈服面方程为屈服准则,以对数应变考虑桩周土体发生的大变形,结合Henkel孔压公式,推导出沉桩后桩周超静孔隙水压力的理论表达式。通过算例分析了土体剪切模量、临界状态应力比、超固结比和静止侧压力系数对超静孔隙水压力的影响。同时,与基于修正剑桥模型解答和工程实例进行对比分析,理论计算值和现场实测值吻合较好,表明理论结果的合理性与实用性。     

超静孔隙水压下软土卸荷蠕变特性试验研究

考虑超静孔隙水压作用的软土卸荷力学特性对富水软土地区地下空间开挖变形和稳定性分析具有重要作用。以深圳地区淤泥质软土为研究对象,开展不同初始超静孔隙水压作用下的K_0固结不排水三轴卸荷强度试验和卸荷蠕变试验。试验结果表明:初始超静孔隙水压越大,固结围压越小,软土卸荷破坏越具有突然性;软土卸荷强度应力-应变曲线大致呈双曲线型,其双曲线函数拟合结果表明,卸荷强度随着初始超静孔隙水压的增大而大致线性减小。卸荷蠕变对初始超静孔隙水压敏感性很大,卸荷蠕变破坏时的偏应力约为卸荷强度试验中偏应力的90%。UU0.5应力路径相对于UU0.0应力路径更容易发生卸荷强度破坏和卸荷蠕变破坏,在实际工程中,应尽可能控制软土侧向卸荷比和超静孔隙水压的大小。     

Centrifuge modeling of the behaviour of helical piles in cohesive soils from installation and axial loading

Centrifuge modeling offers a viable tool for research in the soil-pile interaction, but this technique has not been used for helical piles in cohesive soils. A centrifuge model test program of helical piles in cohesive soils was carried out to investigate the axial soil-pile interaction and pile failure mechanism. Helical piles were installed while the centrifuge was spinning, which enabled the determination and interpretation of installation torque and pore pressure response of the soil. An analytical model for calculating the installation torque of helical piles screwed into cohesive soils was proposed and verified by test results. The pore pressure response to pile installation was monitored near two piles at two depths. Comparing the measured dissipation curves with the analytical curves for driven piles suggested that the excess pore pressure was primarily induced by the helical pile shaft. The model piles were axially loaded under 20 g condition. The present research may be considered as the first centrifuge test program that measured the axial load distribution along helical piles. The shaft internal loads were recorded using an innovative strain gauging method. The results show that the axial failure modes of helical piles depend on the strength of soil and inter-helix spacing. In general, it may be easier for a stiffer clay to form an inter-helix soil cylinder during axial pile movement.     

强夯加固粉土地基试验研究

在某机场飞行区进行强夯加固浅层粉土地基的现场试验,对地表沉降、地下水位和孔隙水压力等进行了监测,并在试验后进行静力触探试验和标准贯入试验。结果表明:强夯处理后消除了地层6 m深度范围内粉土地基的液化,同时改善了该范围内土层的工程性质。强夯前需采取降水措施,可有效避免出现夯坑内积水和场地局部液化现象,强夯加固产生的超静孔隙水压力消散比较快。强夯施工间隔1 d后不同深度的超静孔隙水压消散比例都超过80%,间隔5 d后超静孔隙水压基本消散,点夯加满夯处理的加固效果整体上好于满夯,并且较小单击夯能和较多夯击次数的点夯施工工艺可以获得较好的加固效果,采用1 500 kN.m夯能点夯两遍和800 kN.m夯能满夯一遍的施工工艺较为合理。     

圆柱形空腔固结解析解及应用

基于圆柱形空腔扩张理论的初始超静孔隙水压力分布,采用分离变量法,在考虑空腔壁处任意排水条件下,求解得到圆柱形空腔扩张引起的超静孔隙水压力消散的一般弹性解析解。讨论分析了剪应力和不同排水条件对超静孔隙水压力初始分布及其消散的影响;同时,与现场固结试验实测的孔压消散曲线进行了对比分析,理论计算与实测结果相符合,表明了该解析解对现场测定土体固结系数和分析打桩引起的孔压消散具有一定的实用价值。     

考虑部分排水和土体流变性影响的应变保持试验数值分析

旁压应变保持试验(SHT)是测定土体水平固结系数的有效原位测试方法之一。通常采用Clarke建议的步骤,由于包含了一些简化的假设而导致对固结系数的不准确地评估。以Drucker-Prager理想弹塑性模型为基础,利用有限元法模拟饱和黏土中SHT,分析了Clarke等固结时间因数曲线(根据Randolph和Wroth解)的适用条件,并考虑渗透性及应变加载率引起的部分排水的影响,对Clarke曲线进行修正,建议了误差曲线。进一步地采用Drucker-Prager理想弹塑性与土体流变的耦合模型模拟SHT,分析土体流变性对超孔隙水压力消散的影响。研究表明:土体流变对超孔隙水压力消散的影响,除了通过应力松弛改变边界应力水平而使超孔隙水压力下降,还通过改变超孔隙水压力的分布而减缓其渗透固结速度;渗透系数越小,土体流变性对超孔隙水压力的消散速度影响越明显。忽略土体流变性会高估水平固结系数,可高估几倍到数十倍。     

基于位错理论的饱和土渗流特性CPTU评价研究

孔压静力触探（CPTU）测试数据通常用于土层划分和岩土工程设计参数评价。国际上CPTU测试技术的最新进展之一在于采用测得的锥尖阻力、侧壁摩阻力和孔隙水压力快速、连续地获得饱和土的渗透系数,以避免孔压消散试验费时的缺点。首先简要回顾了基于CPTU测试资料确定饱和土渗透系数的的研究成果,并进行了分析与改进,提出了基于位错理论和圆柱面径向流模型的水平向渗透系数预测新方法。选取典型场地进行了CPTU测试,并在黏性土场地采用薄壁取土器获得无扰动的原状试样,进行室内水平向渗透试验,在无黏性土场地进行现场钻孔抽水试验。以室内渗透试验和现场抽水试验的结果为参考,对3种基于CPTU连续评价饱和土渗透系数的方法进行了对比分析。研究表明,位错理论适用于评价饱和土的原位渗透系数,然而准确性与所采用的渗流模型有关。对国际标准CPTU探头,孔压过滤环位于锥肩（u₂）位置时,采用圆柱面的径向流模型能够获得最为准确的水平向渗透系数预测结果,采用球面流或半球面流模型时趋于低估土层的渗透性。     

Effect of clogging of stone column on drainage capacity during soil liquefaction

Stone columns act as vertical drains, and due to their high permeability, allow for the quick dissipation of earthquake induced excess pore water pressure. When water flows through a loose sandy soil, it washes away fine soil particles. The fine sand particles get detached when the hydrodynamic force applied on the soil particles breaks the inter particle bonds between soil grains. These detached soil particles are then migrated by the seepage water. Based on the concentration of the soil particles in the seepage water, these may be captured at the pore constriction of gravels during the flow of water through the stone column. Thus, the clogging of stone column initiates which reduces of the permeability of column. The rate of dissipation of pore water pressure during earthquake is affected due to the clogging of column. In this paper, a mathematical model is proposed to determine the rate of dissipation of pore water pressure of stone column-reinforced ground by considering the clogging effect of column. The result obtained from the proposed model is verified with the available in-situ experimental data. A parametric study is also performed to investigate the effect of different parameters of the proposed model on the clogging of stone column. It is observed that when the permeability ratio, compressibility ratio and area ratio decrease, the possibility of clogging increases. The peak value of the excess pore water pressure ratio can increase up to around 50% due to clogging.