好氧颗粒污泥同步硝化反硝化脱氮过程中N2O的产生

对同步脱氮过程中影响N2O产生的条件进行了研究.结果表明,由于受反硝化反应影响,COD/NH+4-N比值为2,3时产生较多的N2O,分别为15 mg/L和25 mg/L;而比值为4,5时N2O生成量较少.同样,较高的溶氧质量浓度(3,4 mg/L)减小了颗粒污泥内部的反硝化区域,反应产生较多的N2O,控制DO质量浓度在1～2 mg/L,有利于减少N2O的排放.脱氮过程中添加NO-2-N和NO-3-N,反应产生大量的N2O,最多可以达到75 mg/L. 实验发现,NO-2-N较NO-3-N更易形成N2O.     

同步硝化反硝化处理氨氮废水的研究

对同步硝化反硝化(SND)生物脱氮的机理进行了探讨。并对影响SND的各种因素进行了较详细的研究,得出控制溶解氧DO在0.5mg/L～1.0mg/L,进水COD/NH3-N在12左右,MLSS在5g/L左右,进水pH在8.0～8.5,通过6个小时的连续反应,氨氮去除率可以达到85%以上,总氮去除率达到66%。     

分离自养殖水体的异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌及其脱氮作用研究

本研究从8份养殖水体样品中富集、分离、纯化、鉴定能脱除亚硝态氮、硝态氮和氨氮的菌株资源,获得8株亚硝态氮脱除菌、8株硝态氮脱除菌和11株氨氮脱除菌,分布在Pseudomonas、Paracoccus、Zobellella、Achromobacter、Bosea、Paenarthrobacter、Corynebacterium、Bacillus、Delftia和Gordonia等属。对这27株菌进行脱氮特性分析,筛得2株异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌,分别鉴定为Pseudomonas stutzeri j-1和Zobellella denitrificans2G-5。这2株菌脱氮性能优越,在3种氮素培养基中培养18 h后,对亚硝态氮、硝态氮和氨氮的脱除率在99.53%～99.89%之间。将之用于未灭菌的养殖水脱氮,菌株j-1表现出一定的定殖和增殖能力,发挥出良好的脱氮效果;但菌株2G-5增殖能力较弱,脱氮效果不明显。本研究发掘了一批脱氮菌株资源,获得了2株具有重要应用潜力的异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌,为细菌氮循环代谢机制研究和脱氮技术研发积累了物质基础。     

光合菌与亚硝化菌在治理污染河流中静态模拟

实验对光合菌与亚硝化菌在治理污染河流中静态模拟研究,光合菌与亚硝化菌的加入对水质有一定的影响。水体中的COD、NH3-N均有不同程度的先升后降趋势。经实验表明先加光合菌3 d后,再加入亚消化菌要比其他两种方法在水质改善速率上要快。     

LCR 6013降解亚硝酸盐的途径及其亚硝酸盐还原酶的初步定位

研究了在De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe medium(简称MRS培养基）体系中NaCl、Vc对Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus 6013（简称LCR 6013）降解亚硝酸盐的影响。并利用电子捕获-气相色谱法和靛酚蓝染色法确定亚硝酸盐的降解途径。通过测定LCR 6013细胞中不同组分的酶活研究了亚硝酸盐还原酶（Nitrite reductase,NiR）的定位。在MRS体系中,NaCl、Vc浓度分别为0.75 %、0.02 %时,LCR 6013对亚硝酸盐的降解量最高分别为9.29 μg/mL和9.89 μg/mL,与对照比,此降解效果显著（p?0.01）。当NaNO2初始量为10.00 μg/mL时,降解产物中含有28.81?10-6的N2O气体,没有NH4+。当NaNO2初始量为50.00 μg/mL,在16 h时LCR 6013能够将NaNO2完全降解,14 h时N2O体积百分比含量最高为96.61?10-6;细胞周质间隙中NiR酶活是细胞质中的2.5倍。总之,在MRS体系中,LCR 6013能有效降解亚硝酸盐是源于细胞内亚硝酸盐还原酶NiR的作用;最可能通过NO2-?NO?N2O?N2的途径进行降解,而非铵化作用;降解产物中含有N2O气体。     

根区温度与氮素形态互作对烟株生物量和烟碱积累的影响

为了揭示根区温度对烤烟烟碱积累的影响机制,通过盆栽试验研究了根区温度(10,18,26和35℃)与氮素形态(100%NH4-N,50%NH4-N+50%NO3--N和100%NO3--N)互作对烤烟生物量和烟碱积累的影响。结果表明:适当提高根区温度可增加烟株生物量,NO3--N比NH4-N更有利于烟株的生长。当根区温度为35℃时,供应100%NH4-N和50%NH4-N+50%NO3--N的烟株生长受到抑制,而供应100%NO3--N的烟株生长旺盛。氮素形态对烟株生物量的影响大于根区温度。烟株的烟碱积累量在根区温度为18℃时达到最大,供应100%NO3--N的烟株烟碱积累量是供应100%NH4-N烟株的1.64倍,施用NO3--N有利于烟碱的合成。当根区温度为35℃时,烟株的烟碱合成受到抑制。根区温度对烟碱积累的影响大于氮素形态。     

好氧同时硝化-反硝化脱氮微生物的混合培养

筛选和分离得到的多株脱氮微生物 ,能在完全好氧条件下将氨氮转化为NO2 - ,随即在好氧反硝化菌的作用下还原为N2 排放 ,整个生物脱氮过程历时较短 ,30h内对 2 0 0mg/L的氨氮去除率达 99% ,而且无中间产物NO2 - 的积累 .混合脱氮微生物菌群生长的适宜 pH范围为 7～ 10 ,探索实现混合脱氮微生物菌群高密度培养的 pH :发酵前期补酸控制 pH≤ 8,发酵中后期不控制 pH值 ,可缩短菌体的生长周期 ,提高菌体的氨氮降解速率 ,细胞质量浓度达 3.9g/L ,比自然 pH条件下提高了 6 2 .5 % .     

基于抗生素敏感性构建索罗金小球藻异养无菌体系的研究

为构建索罗金小球藻（Chlorella sorokiniana FZU60）的异养无菌体系,对其共生菌进行分离和鉴定,并考察了8种常见抗生素（头孢噻肟、卡那霉素、新霉素、氨苄青霉素、链霉素、四环素、氯霉素和红霉素）对共生菌和藻株FZU60生长的影响。结果表明：异养体系中主要的共生菌为芽孢杆菌（Bacillus）(78.76%)和甲基杆菌（Methylobacterium）(3.14%),且10 mg/L头孢噻肟、10 mg/L四环素、100 mg/L卡那霉素和100 mg/L红霉素对这两株共生菌均具有较好抑制效果,但对藻株FZU60的生长无明显影响。在此基础上,进一步考察了不同抗生素组合对藻株FZU60异养共生菌的抑制效果,发现采用10 mg/L头孢噻肟、10 mg/L四环素和100 mg/L卡那霉素的抗生素组合可成功构建异养无菌体系,且经3次传代培养后藻株FZU60仍可维持稳定的生长及无菌状态。本实验结果可为索罗金小球藻高密度异养中无菌藻种的制备提供一定的理论参考和实验依据。     

复合菌剂对白酒丢糟高温好氧堆肥的影响

将具有高效纤维素降解能力和氨化作用的复合菌剂接种到以白酒丢糟为主要原料的堆肥中,通过测定堆积发酵过程各种发酵参数和成分变化,以研究复合菌剂对白酒丢糟高温好氧堆肥的影响。结果表明,在堆肥过程中,接菌堆体比对照(CK)提前2 d进入高温期,且高温期持续时间较对照长。堆肥结束,接菌堆体NH4+-N含量和总氮损失率分别比CK低28.3%、4.1%,而NO3--N含量、有机氮和总氮含量分别比CK高出22.2%、6.6%和7.9%。接菌处理的纤维素降解率、腐殖化指数(HI)和发芽指数(GI)分别比CK高18.7%、113.5%和8.6%。复合菌剂的添加促进了白酒丢糟堆肥化的进行,有效地提高了有机肥的品质。     

聚己内酯与陶粒系统强化反硝化研究

以聚己内酯(PCL)和陶粒分别为固体碳源与生物膜载体,首先研究了PCL在湖水微生物与非生物作用下的释碳效果,并分析了其对反硝化脱氮的作用;其次考察了PCL与陶粒共混条件下的基于微生物固定化作用的反硝化增强效果。结果表明:在非生物条件下,PCL在前24 h内静态水解释碳速率(0.656 mg/(g·d))较快,之后进入稳定释碳阶段,其后期稳定释碳速率为0.095 mg/(g·d)。在湖水微生物作用下,PCL的稳定释碳速率(0.286 mg/(g·d))远高于非生物条件下静态实验平均释碳速率(0.123 mg/(g·d)),为后者的2.33倍,说明生物过程能够显著提高PCL中溶解性有机碳(DOC)的释放。在PCL作为固体碳源的反硝化系统中分别加入20%、50%和100%陶粒可以实现其稳定反硝化速率由原来的0.813 mg/(L·h)(空白组,不添加陶粒)上升为0.894 mg/(L·h)、1.015 mg/(L·h)和1.056 mg/(L·h),表明陶粒的添加可以进一步强化系统的反硝化效果。对反应过程指标进行考察表明,系统不存在NO2--N的累积,但是可溶性微生物产物(SMP)具有上升趋势。     

Performance of a constructed wetland with a sulfur/limestone denitrification section for wastewater nitrogen removal

The effectiveness of a nonvegetated lab-scale subsurface flow constructed wetland for wastewater treatment had been evaluated with the feed ammonium concentration of approximately 20-40 mg of NH4(+)-N L(-1) and a hydraulic retention time of approximately 10 d. The present system had a nitrification zone plus a sulfur/limestone (S/L) autotrophic denitrification zone followed by an anaerobic polishing zone and was operated with and without aeration. The wetland had only 80% organics removal and no net nitrogen removal when there was no artificial aeration. However, almost 100% organics removal and approximately 81-90% total inorganic nitrogen (TIN = NH4(+)-N + NO2(-0-N + NO3(-)-N) removal were achieved when the oxic zone of the system was aerated with compressed air. S/L autotrophic denitrification contributed 21-49% of total NO3(-)-N removal across the whole wetland and 50-95% across the S/L column. TIN and NH4(+)-N in the effluent were always < 5.5 and < 0.7 mg L(-1), respectively, when the feed had NH4(+)-N < or = 35 mg L(-1). Sulfate removal of approximately 53-69% was achieved in the anaerobic polishing zone. The position of the S/L column was changed (1.78, 2.24, and 2.69 m from the inlet), and no remarkable difference in nitrogen removal was observed. However, without the S/L column, TIN removal decreased to approximately 74%, and the effluent NO3(-)-N increased about two times (9.13 mg of N L(-1)). The present study has demonstrated the possible use of S/L autotrophic denitrification for nitrate removal in a constructed wetland.     

17alpha-ethinylestradiol transformation via abiotic nitration in the presence of ammonia oxidizing bacteria

Impacts of trace concentrations of estrogens on aquatic ecosystems are a serious environmental concern, with their primary source being wastewater treatment facility effluents. Increased removal of 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) has been reported for activated sludge treatment with long enough solids retention time for nitrification. Previous work based on batch tests with Nitrosomonas europaea and nitrifying activated sludge at high EE2 concentrations (>300 000 ng/L) and high NH4-N concentrations (>200 mg/L) has led to the hypothesis that ammonia oxidizing bacteria cometabolically degrade EE2. This work investigated EE2 transformation with N. europaea and Nitrosospira multiformis at environmentally relevant EE2 concentrations and LC-MS-MS to observe transformation products. Degradation of EE2 was not observed in batch tests with no NH4-N addition or with 10 mg/L NH4-N fed daily. At increased NH4-N concentrations (200-500 mg/L) EE2 transformation was observed, but the only detected products were nitrated EE2. Abiotic assays with growth medium confirmed EE2 removal by nitration, which is enhanced at low pH and high NO2-N concentrations. These results suggest that EE2 removal at low concentrations found in municipal treatment activated sludge systems is not due to cometabolic degradation by ammonia oxidizing bacteria, or to abiotic nitration, but most likely due to heterotrophic bacteria.     

Characteristics of ammonium removal by heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification by Alcaligenes faecalis No. 4

Alcaligenes faecalis no. 4 has heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification abilities. By taking the nitrogen balance under different culture conditions, 40-50% of removed NH4+-N was denitrified and about one-half of removed NH4+-N was converted to intracellular nitrogen. The maximum ammonium removal rate of no. 4 (28.9 mg-N/l/h) and its denitrification rate at high-strength NH4+-N of about 1200 ppm in aerated batch experiments at a C/N ratio of 10 were 5-40 times higher than those of other bacteria with the same ability. Only a few percent of the removed ammonium was converted to nitrite, and the main denitrification process was speculated to be via hydroxylamine which was produced by ammonium oxidation.     

不同肥料配比对南方烟田土壤养分淋溶的影响

为探明大田烤烟基肥施用方式对土壤养分淋溶的影响,通过田间小区试验,对5种不同肥料配比下土壤养分淋溶规律进行了研究。结果表明,烤烟生长期的烟田土壤氮素淋失以硝态氮为主,呈现出先低后高,然后降低的趋势,单施无机肥处理的淋溶量最大,对地下水污染存在潜在危险;铵态氮淋溶量很少,下层土壤淋溶水铵态氮的质量浓度呈现低－高－低的趋势,不同处理间差异明显,施用高比例有机肥有利于减少铵态氮淋溶;土壤淋溶水速效钾动态变化呈现低－高－低的规律,有机、无机肥配施可不同程度减少速效钾的淋失率,单施无机肥对地下水的污染威胁高于其它处理。为减少土壤养分淋溶,在我国南方烤烟基肥施用方式上,提倡20%以上的有机肥与无机肥配施。     

Nitrogen removal in a small constructed wetland: an isotope mass balance approach

The nitrogen (N) removal potential of constructed wetlands is increasingly used to lower the N load from agricultural nonpoint sources to inland and coastal waters. To determine the removal efficiency and key factors limiting wetland N removal, N fluxes were studied in a small constructed wetland in Central Switzerland. With an isotope mass balance approach integrating the natural isotope signature of nitrate (NO3-, ammonium (NH4+), and particulate nitrogen (PN), the N transformations such as assimilation, mineralization, nitrification, and denitrification were quantified. On average, the wetland removed 45 g m(-2) yr(-1) N during the studied 2.5 years, corresponding to a removal efficiency of 27%. Denitrification contributed 94% to the N removal, while only 6% of the removed N accumulated in the sediments. Denitrification was most efficient during periods with an oxic water column overlying anoxic sediments, as NH4+ released during mineralization of sediment organic matter was completely nitrified and subsequently denitrified at the sediment-water interface. During water column anoxia, NH4+ accumulated in the water and fueled assimilation by duckweed and internal recycling. The NO3-N isotope signature in the wetland mainly reflected the mineralization of sediment organic matter and subsequent nitrification, while denitrification at the sediment-water interface produced no fractionation.     

霞多丽葡萄不同砧穗组合对硝态氮和铵态氮的吸收、分配及利用特性

通过对霞多丽5种砧穗组合植株施用15N标记的硝酸钙和硫酸铵,研究其对硝态氮和铵态氮的吸收、分配和利用特性.结果表明,所有砧穗组合植株对铵态氮的吸收均显著大于硝态氮.不同砧穗组合对氮形态的敏感性存在差异,SO4组合根系供铵处理的Ndff是供硝处理的3.22倍,而3309C和101-14M组合的两种处理差异仅为1.74倍和2.07倍.供氮形态也影响了不同砧木器官对氮的竞争吸收能力,供硝有利于其地上部新生器官的吸收.不同砧穗组合对两种形态氮的吸收利用也有明显不同,以101-14M和3309C组合对两种形态氮的利用率均较高,而SO4组合则更喜好铵态氮,对硝态氮的利用率为最低.两氮形态处理不同砧穗组合各器官的15N分配率均有着相同的趋势,大体为叶＞根＞当年生枝＞砧木茎＞品种茎,多数组合叶的15N分配率达到50％以上.     

小白菜硝酸盐含量与NO3－/NH4+及氮代谢关键酶的相关性

采用液体培养实验研究了不同NO3－与NH4＋浓度比（分别为50∶50、75∶25和100∶0）对10 个品种小白菜（Brassica chinensis L.）的硝酸盐含量、光合系统参数及氮代谢关键酶活性的影响。结果表明,随着硝铵比的增加,小白菜总干质量逐渐增加（除品种天津小白菜和大头清江白菜的总干质量随硝铵比的增加先降低后升高,品种香港春秀甜白菜（236）和正旺达88的总干质量先升高后降低外）,与c（NO3－）∶c（NH4＋）为50∶50比较,增幅分别为12.66%～76.88%（c（NO3－）∶c（NH4＋）为75∶25）和17.98%～95.07%（c（NO3－）∶c（NH4＋）为100∶0）;小白菜叶和根中的硝酸盐含量增加,而叶柄硝酸盐含量则表现出先增加后下降的趋势,小白菜硝酸盐的含量叶柄（3 882.62～5 448.81 mg/kg）＞叶（2 004.86～4 146.50 mg/kg）＞根（505.39～2 188.68 mg/kg）。小白菜叶片中硝酸盐含量与硝酸还原酶活性成显著负相关,而与亚硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性成显著正相关。小白菜叶片中硝酸盐的含量随着净光合速率（Pn）和胞间二氧化碳浓度（Ci）的增加而下降,随蒸腾速率（Tr）的增强而增加。     

Effect of carbon source and COD/NO₃⁻-N ratio on anaerobic simultaneous denitrification and methanogenesis for high-strength wastewater treatment

The effect of carbon source and COD/NO(3)(-)-N ratio on denitrification and methanogenesis in mixed methanogenic matrix was investigated in this study. Industrial wastewater, anaerobic treated cassava stillage (CS) and glucose synthetic wastewater were used as carbon sources respectively for comparison. Experimental results showed that denitrification was the main nitrate reduction pathway for all COD/NO(3)(-)-N ratios tested in two substrates. Simultaneous denitrification and methanogenesis occurred at COD/NO(3)(-)-N higher than 7 regardless of carbon sources. Incomplete denitrification was observed at COD/NO(3)(-)-N ratio below 7 in both the anaerobic effluent of CS and glucose-fed cultures due to the insufficient available organic carbon. The nature of carbon sources was observed to play a key role in the nitrate and organic carbon utilization rates. COD/NO(3)(-)-N ratio had a strong effect on the organic matter utilization pathways. Methanization consumed more organic matter than denitrification with further increase of COD/NO(3)(-)-N ratio above 7 in two substrates. Results of VFA variation suggested that propionate and butyrate were preferably utilized by the denitrifiers than acetate.     

反硝化除磷工艺研究

研究了反硝化除磷工艺的运行效果。结果表明，此反硝化除磷工艺可以较好地进行除磷脱氮，但是磷的去除对进水氮的浓度有一定的要求。在进水COD 400mg／L，总磷15mg／L，氨氮84mg／L的条件下COD的降低率可达96％以上，氮的去除率稳定在86％～88％，磷的去除率为92%～95%。进水氨氮质量浓度为60mg／L时，磷的去除率为78％，在进水氨氮质量浓度降为44mg／L时磷的去除率降为68％。反硝化除磷比以氧为电子受体的生物除磷可减少耗氧55．5％，剩余污泥的产生量可减少53％，温室气体CO2的产生量可减少体积分数21．4％。     

不同小白菜品种硝酸盐含量、氮代谢关键酶活性及NRT1表达和亚细胞定位

采用液体培养实验研究了不同硝铵比（c（NO3 － ）∶c（NH4 ＋）分别为50∶50、75∶25和100∶0）对低硝酸盐富 集品种‘香港特选奶白菜’和高硝酸盐富集品种‘揭农四号春白菜’硝酸盐含量、氮代谢关键酶活性的影响,并 探讨了两个品种小白菜硝酸盐转运蛋白基因的表达和亚细胞定位。结果表明：‘香港特选奶白菜’和‘揭农四号春 白菜’在硝铵比100∶0处理中,叶硝酸盐含量分别较硝铵比50∶50处理增加了13.2%和30.4%,叶柄硝酸盐含量增加 了14.3%和4.9%。随着硝铵比的增加,小白菜叶片硝酸还原酶、谷氨酸合成酶活力呈降低趋势,亚硝酸还原酶活力 呈上升趋势,谷氨酸脱氢酶活力呈先增加后降低趋势,且两个小白菜品种之间差异显著。低亲和硝酸盐转运蛋白 （nitrate transporter,NRT）1基因NRT1在两个小白菜品种中均显著表达,且高富集硝酸盐品种“揭农四号春白菜” 的表达量显著高于低富集硝酸盐品种‘香港特选奶白菜’的表达量。NRT1是一个定位于细胞膜上的低亲和NRT。