Fault tolerant sliding mode control for T-S fuzzy stochastic time-delay system via a novel sliding mode observer approach

In this paper, a fault estimation and fault-tolerant control problem for a class of T-S fuzzy stochastic time-delay systems with actuator and sensor faults is investigated. A novel sliding mode observer is proposed, which can simultaneously estimate the system states, actuator and sensor faults with good accuracy. Based on the state and actuator fault estimation, a new sliding mode control scheme is developed, which can effectively eliminate the influence of actuator fault. Sufficient conditions for the existence of the proposed observer and fault-tolerant sliding mode controller are provided in terms of linear matrix inequality, and moreover, the reachability of the sliding mode surface can be guaranteed under the proposed control scheme. The propose sliding mode observer and fault-tolerant sliding mode controller can overcome the restrictive assumption that the input matrix of all local modes is the same. Finally, a numerical example is provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed sliding mode observer and fault-tolerant sliding mode control technique.     

Fault-tolerant control strategy for multicylinder hydraulic press machine based on dynamic control allocation and adjustable multiobjective optimization

A hierarchical controller is proposed for achieving high-accuracy control and the dynamic balance with the presence of multiple faults of actuator, the external disturbance, and the model uncertainties in multicylinder hydraulic press machine (MCHPM). The method divides the controller design into three steps: Virtual fault-tolerant control law, control allocation algorithm, and actuator control law, which are progressive. First, to precisely compensate the lumped disturbances including the multiple faults of actuator, the external disturbance, and the model uncertainties, a disturbance observer (DO) is developed. By combining the observer with the sliding mode control (SMC), a virtual fault-tolerant control law is designed. Second, a highly integrated control allocation algorithm for the virtual fault-tolerant control law is proposed to get the desired driving force, taking into account dynamic control allocation (DCA), multiobjective optimization (MOO) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) simultaneously. Third, taking the driving force obtained from above control allocation algorithm as the desired target, the control law of each cylinder is calculated. The global stability for the whole system is proved by the Lyapunov theory. Lastly, results of simulation and experiment show that the proposed controller can effectively handle different faults and have more superior control performance.     

具有执行器故障的四旋翼无人机有限时间容错控制

本文主要研究了四旋翼无人机在外部干扰、执行器存在部分失效和偏置故障并发情况下有限时间轨迹跟踪的控制问题. 通过分析四旋翼无人机动力学特性, 构建了带有外部干扰、执行器机构故障的动力学模型. 基于鲁棒全局快速终端滑模控制算法, 设计了一种有限时间容错控制器, 提高了系统对故障的响应速度. 其次, 针对常值/时变故障和干扰,在控制器设计中采用改进的连续函数进行补偿, 减少了由切换函数引起的系统抖振, 并基于Lyapunov函数对控制器的稳定性进行了分析. 最后, 通过仿真实验验证了所设计控制器的有效性和可靠性, 同时存在执行器故障和外部干扰的情况下, 无人机能够实现较好的轨迹跟踪性能.     

Optimal fault-tolerant control for Markov jump power systems with asynchronous actuator faults

Communication problems in the sensor-to-controller and controller-to-actuator channels can cause both the controller and actuator to run asynchronously with the original system in different operating modes. This paper investigates an optimal fault-tolerant control approach for Markov jump power systems (MJPSs) with asynchronous controller and actuator. Firstly, an asynchronous controller is proposed to deal with incomplete information (i.e., system modes) transmission in the sensor-to-controller channel. Secondly, a new asynchronous actuator faults model is constructed to simultaneously represent the two partial losses, of modes information in the controller-to-actuator channel, and of control effectiveness (LoCE) caused by actuator faults. Under this framework, two related hidden Markov models (HMMs) are formed, which reveal that both the controller and actuator are asynchronous with the controlled system in different modes. By using Lyapunov and optimal approaches, sufficient conditions are derived to ensure that MJPSs are mean square stable with an optimal guaranteed cost. Finally, Monte Carlo simulations are used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control method.     

基于风速估计的风力机状态反馈滑模容错控制

针对风力机变桨距执行机构突变故障,提出了基于风速估计的自适应状态反馈滑模容错控制策略.首先,设计了基于自适应状态反馈滑模理论的鲁棒主动容错控制器,并结合全阶补偿器对控制律进行设计;然后,利用基于变速灰狼优化算法的组合径向基函数神经网络实现风速估计,可以改善风速测量精度并提高控制系统可靠性;最后,根据线性矩阵不等式和Lyapunov理论对控制器稳定性进行讨论,并与现有控制策略进行比较.仿真结果表明,在健康/故障的变桨距执行机构条件下,所提容错控制方法均能获得较好的控制效果.     

Integrated design of fault reconstruction and fault-tolerant control against actuator faults using learning observers

This paper addresses the problem of integrated fault reconstruction and fault-tolerant control in linear systems subject to actuator faults via learning observers (LOs). A reconfigurable fault-tolerant controller is designed based on the constructed LO to compensate for the influence of actuator faults by stabilising the closed-loop system. An integrated design of the proposed LO and the fault-tolerant controller is explored such that their performance can be simultaneously considered and their coupling problem can be effectively solved. In addition, such an integrated design is formulated in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) that can be conveniently solved in a unified framework using LMI optimisation technique. At last, simulation studies on a micro-satellite attitude control system are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

Fault diagnosis for a class of active suspension systems with dynamic actuators’ faults

In this paper, a new fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control method for a class of active suspension systems with actuator faults is proposed. The considered actuators have uncertain dynamic characteristics, which are the electromagnetic actuators made up with a motor control system and a ball screw transmission mechanism. To detect such suspension system actuator faults, dynamic fault diagnosis observers are designed for the actuators to estimate the possible faults. The actuators are analyzed to first and second order dynamic models, respectively, whose output can be measured but the rate is non-measurable. Then, the fault diagnosis method is developed for these two kinds of models to obtain the fault information. Using the fault estimation and adaptive control technique, a robust fault-tolerant controller is constructed to guarantee the performance of the rail vehicles in the faulty case. Finally, using the parameters of a practical suspension system, a simulation study is conducted to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Self-Healing Control Design under Actuator Fault Occurrence on Single-rotor Unmanned Helicopters

Actuator faults are inevitable but affect reliability and safety of unmanned helicopters (UHs), especially when there are actuator constraints. In this paper, self-healing control, which is an extended active fault-tolerant control (FTC) method with reference redesign on-line, is proposed to analyze and to guarantee the safety of single-rotor UHs (SUHs) under both actuator faults and constraints. The safety includes body safety and mission safety. More specifically, body safety represents the stability of SUH itself and mission safety represents mission accomplishment with acceptable performance, furthermore, set-point tracking mission is considered. The main contribution of this paper is to analyze and to guarantee the safety of SUHs by solving a set of Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs) at one time. The set of LMIs includes saturation compensator design and stability guaranty with a given controller in the absence of actuator constraints, actuator fault compensation analysis, reference reachability analysis and reference redesign. On the other hand, by adding swashplate configuration, SUH model with real actuator outputs as control inputs is constructed which can describe actuator faults more clearly compared to SUH models with nominal control inputs. Finally, the proposed self-healing control method is illustrated by simulation with a nonlinear SUH model.     

Prescribed-performance fault-tolerant control for feedback linearisable systems with an aircraft application

This paper investigates fault-tolerant control (FTC) for feedback linearisable systems (FLSs) and its application to an aircraft. To ensure desired transient and steady-state behaviours of the tracking error under actuator faults, the dynamic effect caused by the actuator failures on the error dynamics of a transformed model is analysed, and three control strategies are designed. The first FTC strategy is proposed as a robust controller, which relies on the explicit information about several parameters of the actuator faults. To eliminate the need for these parameters and the input chattering phenomenon, the robust control law is later combined with the adaptive technique to generate the adaptive FTC law. Next, the adaptive control law is further improved to achieve the prescribed performance under more severe input disturbance. Finally, the proposed control laws are applied to an air-breathing hypersonic vehicle (AHV) subject to actuator failures, which confirms the effectiveness of the proposed strategies.     

考虑输入饱和的近空间飞行器姿态容错控制

针对近空间飞行器姿态控制中出现的执行器故障,输入饱和与外部干扰等问题,设计了一种基于二阶滑模干扰观测器和辅助系统的鲁棒容错跟踪控制方法.首先,将系统不确定,外部扰动和执行器故障作为复合干扰,设计super-twisting二阶滑模干扰观测器对其进行估计.然后为解决输入饱和问题构造了辅助分析系统,并借助backstepping方法,设计姿态容错跟踪控制器.利用Lyapunov方法,严格证明了所有闭环系统信号的收敛性.最后将所设计的控制方法应用于近空间飞行器姿态控制中,仿真结果验证了该控制方法的有效性.     

Fault-tolerant control systems design via subdivision of parameter region

This paper presents a linear matrix inequality （LMI） approach to solve the fault-tolerant control （FTC） problem of actuator faults. The range of actuator faults is considered as a parameter region and subdivided into several subregions to achieve a certain desired performance specification. Based on the integral quadratic constraint （IQC） approach, a passive fault-tolerant controller for the whole fault region and multiple fault-tolerant controllers for each fault subregion are designed for guaranteeing stability and improving performance of the FTC system, respectively. According to the estimation of parameters by FDI process, the corresponding subregion controller is chosen for the stability and optimal performance of closed-loop systems when the fault occurs. The case of incorrect estimation is also considered by comparing the performance index between the switched controller and the passive fault-tolerant controller. The proposed design technique is finally evaluated in the light of a simulation example.     

航天器自适应快速非奇异终端滑模容错控制

针对存在外部干扰、转动惯量矩阵不确定以及执行器故障的航天器姿态跟踪控制问题,本文提出了基于自适应快速非奇异终端滑模的有限时间收敛故障容错控制方案.通过引入能够避免奇异点,且具有有限时间收敛特性的快速非奇异终端滑模面,设计了满足多约束条件有限时间收敛的姿态跟踪容错控制律,利用参数自适应方法使控制器不依赖转动惯量和外部干扰的上界信息.Lyapunov稳定性分析表明:在存在外部干扰、转动惯量矩阵不确定以及执行器故障等约束条件下,本文设计的控制律能够保证闭环系统的快速收敛性,而且对执行器故障具有良好的容错性能.数值仿真校验了该控制律在姿态跟踪控制中的优良性能.     

双时滞系统的故障诊断和动态最优容错控制

对含有状态时滞和控制时滞的线性时滞系统, 研究系统发生不可直接测量的传感器故障和执行故障时的故障诊断和最优容错控制问题. 首先基于时滞系统的线性变换, 利用Riccati矩阵方程和Sylvester方程设计了故障情况下的最优容错控制律, 并证明了最优容错控制律的存在唯一性. 然后通过构造一种新的含有故障的增广系统的降维状态观测器, 实现了故障的实时在线诊断和系统状态的观测, 解决了最优容错控制的物理不可实现问题. 最后利用故障诊断的结果给出了物理可实现的动态最优容错控制律. 仿真实例验证了故障诊断方法和动态最优容错控制方法的可行性和有效性.     

存在部分解耦扰动的网络化系统容错控制

针对一类存在执行器故障和部分解耦扰动的离散时间网络化控制系统,研究测量数据随机丢失情况下的主动容错控制问题。首先,通过模型转换将原系统化为一个与之等价的状态增广系统;然后在考虑测量数据发生随机丢失情况下,构造未知输入观测器(unknown input observer, UIO)实现对系统状态与故障的联合估计,再基于状态和故障的在线估计值,设计基于信号补偿的容错控制律实现对原系统的主动容错控制。在该容错控制算法中,观测器与控制器增益的存在性条件均可利用李雅普诺夫稳定性理论对误差系统进行随机分析得到,相应的估计器和控制器参数可通过在线求解具有凸约束的矩阵不等式获得。最后,通过一个喷气式发动机模型的仿真算例验证所提出的故障估计与主动容错控制方法的有效性。     

执行器故障时变系统的PID迭代容错控制

对存在执行器故障的连续线性时变系统，给出了PID型迭代学习容错控制律的收敛条件。对连续时变故障系统设计了一种PID迭代学习容错控制律，在[λ]范数意义下给出了故障系统PID型迭代容错控制器收敛的充要条件；基于Schur补原理和不等式变换，将容错控制器收敛条件转换成线性矩阵不等式，当迭代学习收敛速度设定时，基于线性矩阵不等式能快速确定最优迭代控制增益，避免了迭代控制增益设置的盲目性。旋转控制系统的数值仿真，验证了PID迭代容错控制器优良的容错性能和跟踪性能。     

临近空间飞行器的模型参考滑模容错控制

针对临近空间飞行器中未知的执行器控制效益损失和漂移故障,提出了一种模型参考滑模容错控制方法,保证故障系统对参考模型的稳定跟踪性能。利用跟踪误差系统设计容错控制器,首先构造积分滑模面,以增强系统鲁棒性并消除稳态误差;随后,在无需故障诊断单元的条件下设计模型参考滑模控制律,使其增益能实现自适应调节以处理未知故障影响,其中自适应律基于李雅普诺夫稳定性理论设计,保证闭环系统稳定。在临近空间飞行器纵向动力学模型上的仿真验证表明,该方法能处理执行器中发动机节流阀调节通道和升降舵偏转量通道的不同故障,保证系统获得满意的鲁棒容错跟踪性能。     

Predefined-time control for Euler–Lagrange systems with model uncertainties and actuator faults

A novel adaptive predefined-time tracking control algorithm is proposed for the Euler–Lagrange systems (ELSs) with model uncertainties and actuator faults. Compared with traditional finite-time and fixed-time studies, the system output tracking error under the proposed predefined-time controller converges to a small neighborhood of zero in finite time, whose upper bound is exactly a design parameter in the control algorithm. For the uncertain model, radial-based function neural network (RBFNN) is utilized to approximate the continuous uncertain dynamics. To deal with the actuator faults, an adaptive control law is involved in the fault-tolerant controller. In order to achieve the predefined-time bounded, a novel predefined-time sliding mode surface is designed. It is proved that the tracking error vector trajectory of closed-loop system is semi-globally uniformly ultimately predefined-time bounded, and the upper bounds of both the system settling time and the corresponding output tracking error can be adjusted with a simple parameter. Simulation examples finally demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm.     

基于迭代学习观测器的航天器姿态主动容错控制

针对含有外部扰动和执行器故障的一类航天器姿态控制系统,本文提出基于迭代学习观测器的主动容错控制方案.首先,建立了含有外部扰动和执行器故障的航天器姿态控制系统的运动学和动力学模型.其次,为了提高观测器的故障估计精度,在传统迭代学习观测器设计基础上引入上一时刻状态估计误差信息,文章提出一种改进型学习估计算法.进一步,基于滑模控制和指定时间稳定理论,利用学习观测器的故障估计信息设计指定时间主动容错控制器.与现有的航天器主动容错控制方案相比,本文所提出的算法的优势在于可以使故障系统的姿态能在指定时间跟踪上指令信号.基于Lyapunov方法,本文从理论上证明了改进型学习观测器和姿态容错控制系统的稳定性.最后,通过数值仿真,说明了所提容错控制方案的有效性和可行性.     

Adaptive fault-tolerant control of linear systems with actuator saturation and L2-disturbances

This paper studies the problem of designing adaptive fault-tolerant H-infinity controllers for linear timeinvariant systems with actuator saturation. The disturbance tolerance ability of the closed-loop system is measured by an optimal index. The notion of an adaptive H-infinity performance index is proposed to describe the disturbance attenuation performances of closed-loop systems. New methods for designing indirect adaptive fault-tolerant controllers via state feedback are presented for actuator fault compensations. Based on the on-line estimation of eventual faults, the adaptive fault-tolerant controller parameters are updated automatically to compensate for the fault effects on systems. The designs are developed in the framework of the linear matrix inequality （LMI） approach, which can guarantee the disturbance tolerance ability and adaptive H-infinity performances of closed-loop systems in the cases of actuator saturation and actuator failures. An example is given to illustrate the efficiency of the design method.     

带有执行器故障的网络控制系统的自适应容错H∞控制

针对带有执行器故障的网络控制系统, 提出了一种自适应容错控制方法. 首先基于最近提出的一种新的网络诱导时滞模型, 设计了状态反馈形式的自适应容错控制器. 然后以线性矩阵不等式的形式给出了控制器存在的充分条件. 该条件不仅保证了系统在执行器故障和正常情形下均能达到稳定, 而且使得其H∞性能最优. 最后通过一个数值例子证明了所提方法的有效性.