WETTABILITY AND INTERFACIAL REACTIONS OF Pd-Ni-(Cr,V) BASED BRAZING FILLERS ON Si3N4 CERAMIC

采用座滴法研究了4种钎料Pd60-Ni40, PdNi-(3-6)V, PdNi-(7-15)V 和PdNi-(16-24)Cr-(6-15)V(质量分数, %)在Si3N4陶瓷上的润湿性. 结果表明, 在1250℃/30 min的真空加热条件下, 4种钎料均在Si3N4母材上润湿铺展, PdNi-(16-24)Cr-(6-15)V钎料不但润湿角小, 而且形成了无缺陷的润湿界面. 该钎料与Si3N4形成的扩散反应层中, Cr和V优先与从母材扩散出的N反应生成相应的Cr-N和V-N相;只有少量的Si参与反应生成相应的Cr-Si和V-Si相; 钎料基体区中主要是溶有少量Si的Pd-Ni固溶体以及Pd-Si和Ni-Si相. Cr相对于V更容易向界面扩散.     

Pd-Ni-（Cr，V）基高温钎料对Si3N4陶瓷的润湿及界面反应

采用座滴法研究了4种钎料Pd60-Ni40,PdNi-(3-6)V,PdNi-(7-15)V和PdNi-(16-24)Cr-(6-15)V(质量分数,%)在Si3N4陶瓷上的润湿性.结果表明,在1250℃/30min的真空加热条件下,4种钎料均在Si3N4母材上润湿铺展,PdNi-(16-24)Cr-(6-15)V钎料不但润湿角小,而且形成了无缺陷的润湿界面.该钎料与Si3N4形成的扩散反应层中,Cr和V优先与从母材扩散出的N反应生成相应的Cr-N和V-N相;只有少量的Si参与反应生成相应的Cr-Si和V-si相;钎料基体区中主要是溶有少量Si的Pd-Ni固溶体以及Pd-Si和Ni-Si相.Cr相对于V更容易向界面扩散.     

填充泡沫Ti/AlSiMg的SiC陶瓷钎焊接头的组织与性能

为丰富SiC陶瓷钎焊所用钎料的设计思路,提出了一种泡沫Ti/AlSiMg新型复合钎料,通过Ti元素的溶入提高钎料与SiC陶瓷之间的界面结合力,利用泡沫Ti与Al基钎料之间的界面反应获得原位增强的钎缝,从而提升接头力学性能. 采用钎焊温度700 ℃、保温时间60 min和焊接压力10 MPa进行SiC陶瓷真空钎焊,利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱分析、X射线衍射、电子探针和万能试验机对接头组织、成分和性能进行分析,探索泡沫Ti/AlSiMg复合钎料在SiC陶瓷钎焊中的可用性. 结果表明,填充泡沫Ti/AlSiMg复合钎料所得接头结构为SiC/Al/Ti(Al,Si)₃/Ti(Al,Si)₃原位增强Ti基钎缝/ Ti(Al,Si)₃/Al/SiC,断裂发生在铝合金界面层和SiC陶瓷之间,Ti元素的溶入提高了铝合金界面层与SiC陶瓷之间的界面结合力,接头抗剪强度达111 MPa.     

Ni-Fe-Cr-Ti及Co-Ni-Fe-Cr-Ti(Si,B)系高温钎料对Si3N4陶瓷的润湿与界面连接

采用座滴法研究了Ni-Fe-Cr-(14-29)Ti(质量分数,%,下同)合金在Si3N4陶瓷上的润湿行为结果表明,在1493 K,10 min的真空加热条件下,随着含Ti量的增加,合金的润湿性逐渐改善,含Ti量为24%-29%时合金的润湿角达到27.3°.微观分析表明,钎料中的元素Cr向Ni-Fe-Cr-(24-29)Ti/Si3N4界面区扩散和富集,生成了复杂的Cr-Ni-Fe-Si四元化合物.分析了Ti元素含量的增加对于合金润湿性改善的原因.合金中加入元素Co并降低Ni含量可增强Ti,Cr的活性,导致形成不同的界面反应产物并对合金润湿能力及界面结合能力产生重要影响.成分调整后的Co-Ni-Fe-Cr-(14-20)Ti合金对Si3N4的润湿角可达到20.0°,形成牢固的润湿界面.     

PdNi-Cr-V钎料钎焊SiC陶瓷的接头组织及性能

采用座滴法研究了PdNi-Cr-V合金钎料对SiC陶瓷的润湿性.设计的PdNi-(16-22)Cr-(7-21)V-Si-B(质量分数)钎料可用于SiC的连接,使用急冷态箔状钎料,在1190℃/10 min的连接条件下得到的接头室温三点抗弯强度平均值为84.6 MPa.微观分析表明,在靠近SiC的界面反应层中,主要是Pd和Ni优先与SiC反应生成相应的Pd-Si相、Ni-Si相和石墨;离SiC稍远的接头区域,主要是Cr和V与C和Si发生反应,生成Cr(V)-C,Cr(V)-Si,Cr(V)5Si3C等相;钎缝中心区的基体由Pd-Si,Ni-Si和V-Si相组成,其上弥散分布着块状碳化物V2C和Cr23C6.     

CuSiAlTi钎料对SiC陶瓷的润湿性

研究了CuSiAlTi钎料对SiC陶瓷的润湿性。发现元素Ti显著影响钎料对SiC陶瓷的润湿性。采用SEM，XRD对润湿界面进行了观察分析，发现在界面上存在1个含TiC的很薄的界面层和含Cu较多、含Ti元素较少的较厚的界面过渡层。分析表明，在润湿过程中钎料中的元素与SiC陶瓷中的Si，C相互扩散，Cu元素在SiC陶瓷一侧是主要的扩散元素，Cu的扩散在SiC陶瓷一侧形成了较厚的扩散层。     

Cr与B对镍基高温钎料在Cf/SiC陶瓷基复合材料上润湿性的影响

研究了Cr和B元素对镍基高温钎料在3D-Cf/SiC陶瓷基复合材料上的润湿性的影响.试验结果发现,在真空度小于10-3 Pa,工作温度1100 ℃,保温时间10 min条件下,当钎料中的Cr元素含量为15%,B元素含量为0.6%时,镍基钎料在Cf/SiC上的润湿角为10°,然而B元素含量增加到2.4%后,润湿角增大到62°,表明钎料中的元素B降低钎料在Cf/SiC上的润湿性.钎料中的活性元素Cr对润湿有重要影响.镍基钎料在Cf/SiC上的润湿过程属于反应润湿,润湿界面生成多种碳化物和硅化物.采用扫描电镜与能谱仪分析界面的微观结构与成分,通过X射线衍射仪检测界面产物.     

Al-Si过共晶钎料的制备及其对核用SiC陶瓷的焊接研究

SiC是核聚变反应堆流道插件及结构材料的优秀候选材料。为了获得大尺寸的SiC部件,通过钎焊方法连接SiC,选择50Al-50Si合金作为钎料,研究50Al-50Si合金钎料的显微组织、力学性能及在真空1100℃×10min条件下对SiC陶瓷的钎焊性能。并在此钎料基体上加入不同含量(2%,6%,10%,14%)的Ti,研究Ti的加入对钎料显微组织性能及SiC陶瓷接头力学性能的影响。结果表明,Al-Si-Ti钎料能完成SiC陶瓷的连接而获得性能优异的接头。在Ti含量增加到6%时,接头剪切强度升高至138.98MPa,随着Ti含量增多,接头剪切强度又下降。     

不同Ti含量对金基活性钎料的性能影响研究

研究了Ti含量(0wt%~7wt%)对Au-18Ni合金钎料性能的影响。结果表明:Ti的加入提高了钎料合金的峰值温度,对起始点温度影响不大;随着Ti含量的增加,钎料在95Al_2O_3陶瓷上铺展面积增大,润湿角减小;Ti提高了钎料对95Al_2O_3陶瓷的润湿性。采用扫描电镜和能谱分析仪分析界面的显微结构和元素变化趋势,得出了(Au-18Ni)+5Ti钎料钎焊的95Al_2O_3/1Cr18Ni9Ti接头效果良好的主要原因是活性元素Ti与95Al_2O_3发生反应而引起界面能的变化所致。     

Invar合金与Si_3N_4陶瓷钎焊接头界面组织和性能研究

采用Ag Cu Ti活性钎料对Invar合金和Si3N4陶瓷进行钎焊连接,研究了接头界面组织及其形成机制,分析了钎焊工艺参数对接头界面结构和性能的影响。结果表明,钎焊过程中液态钎料中的活性元素Ti与Si3N4陶瓷发生反应,在陶瓷界面形成致密的Ti N和Ti5Si3反应层;同时,Invar合金向液态钎料中溶解,与活性元素Ti反应生成脆性的Fe2Ti和Ni3Ti化合物。钎焊温度和保温时间影响Si3N4陶瓷界面反应层的厚度以及接头中Fe2Ti和Ni3Ti脆性化合物的形成量和分布,这两方面共同决定着接头的抗剪强度。当钎焊温度为870℃,保温15 min时,接头的平均抗剪强度最大值达到92.8 MPa,此时接头的断裂形式呈现沿Si3N4陶瓷基体和界面反应层的复合断裂模式。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.