大线能量焊接条件下低合金高强度钢针状铁素体形核影响因素及形核机理研究

综述了大线能量焊接条件下低合金高强度钢中针状铁素体形成的研究进展,概述了针状铁素体显微组织结构特点及其在低合金高强度钢中的主要性能,具体讨论了针状铁素体具有良好强韧性和抗断裂性等力学性能的原因,重点分析了大线能量焊接条件下影响焊接热影响区中针状铁素体形核长大的因素,包括合金元素及夹杂物的种类和尺寸,得出针状铁素体的形核机理是多种机理联合作用的结果。     

16Mn钢中交叉针状魏氏组织形成条件的研究

16Mn钢奥氏体化后冷却时,随等温温度降低及冷却速度加快,显微组织由块状铁素体变成魏氏组织;而魏氏组织中的针状铁素体由交叉分布变成平行分布。我们过去的工作表明,当形成以交叉针状铁素体为主的魏氏组织时,钢材的抗冷脆性最好。本文研究了16Mn钢中交叉针状魏氏组织的形成条件,提出了采用“双段控冷工艺”,可在较宽的工艺条件下得到交叉针状魏氏组织。     

热变形对超纯净管线钢组织的影响

研究了成分和热变形对三种低碳微合金管线钢的连续冷却转变(CCT曲线)和组织的影响．结果表明：在含碳量为0．025％的低碳微合金钢中加入0．3％的Mo能推迟铁素体、珠光体转变，扩大针状铁素体(Acicular fenite)形成的冷却速度范围；高碳含量使针状铁素体向板条铁素体(Lath ferrite)转化．热变形使针状铁素体的形成温度区间从400～500℃扩大到450～700℃，显著加速相变过程，使CCT曲线明显向左上方移动，获得针状铁素体的临界冷却速度增加，抑制板条铁素体的形成，有利于获得细的针状铁素体组织，并细化岛状组织，但对残余奥氏体量影响不大。     

低碳超低碳微合金化管线钢显微组织的研究进展

综述了纸碳及超低碳微合金钢显微组织研究的现状，介绍了奥氏体连续冷却转变时形成的各种铁素体的术语，讨论了多边及准多边铁素体、针状铁素体及晶内成核针状铁素体、粒状贝氏体铁素体等的形成机理和组织形貌。另外，还指出了文献中使用“针状铁素体”术语的一些混淆及不同理解，提出了在工程上分析复杂管线钢组织时，可将多种形态铁素体简化为铁素体及贝氏体两类。对当前西气东输管线工程中材料显微组织的判断可提供参考。     

应力波载荷作用下X70管线钢的应力-应变行为

利用Hopkinson压杆加载装置对国产轧制态X70管线钢进行了冲击压缩实验,研究了其在高速冲击过程中的组织演变和动态应力-应变行为.结果表明:轧制态X70管线钢是以针状铁素体为主的混合组织;在ε≤2.5×103s-1条件下,铁素体板条内形成了大量的位错胞亚晶结构,随着应变率增加,针状铁素体组织显著细化,致使X70管线钢产生了明显的增强增塑现象.     

基于组织的DH36钢焊缝微观应力应变模拟研究

通过试验观察和数值模拟手段,揭示了海洋平台结构用钢DH36多层多道焊缝中典型区域的微观组织分布形态等对焊缝力学性能的影响,采用仪器化压痕法研究不同焊缝组织的断裂性能,对比微区组织对启裂、变形性能的影响。研究发现,在针状铁素体和晶界铁素体混合组织中,弹塑性变形不协调,产生应力应变集中,其中应力集中发生于针状铁素体,应变集中出现在晶界铁素体并向针状铁素体延伸,晶界铁素体条状分布的强度高于晶界铁素体网状分布的强度。     

厚规格X80管线钢低温断裂行为研究EI北大核心CSCD

采用金相显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对厚规格X80管线钢微观组织和-25℃落锤撕裂试验断口形貌进行观察,研究了X80管线钢的断裂行为与组织之间的关系。研究发现,钢板从表面到厚度中心,针状铁素体体积分数逐渐降低,并出现较多的粒状贝氏体、多边形和准多边形铁素体。具有较高针状铁素体体积分数的钢板,其落锤撕裂剪切面积也越高,多边形和准多边形铁素体以及大尺寸MA岛的存在能够导致解理断裂的产生,不利于钢板的低温断裂韧性。在裂纹扩展的过程中,主裂纹附近组织出现变形,导致脆硬性的MA岛周围出现微孔,微孔与微孔之间随着组织变形相互连接而形成微裂纹。二次裂纹通常在针状铁素体周围出现转折或停滞,说明针状铁素体有利于阻碍裂纹的扩展,提高钢板的断裂韧性。     

厚规格X80管线钢低温断裂行为研究

采用金相显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对厚规格X80管线钢微观组织和-25℃落锤撕裂试验断口形貌进行观察,研究了X80管线钢的断裂行为与组织之间的关系。研究发现,钢板从表面到厚度中心,针状铁素体体积分数逐渐降低,并出现较多的粒状贝氏体、多边形和准多边形铁素体。具有较高针状铁素体体积分数的钢板,其落锤撕裂剪切面积也越高,多边形和准多边形铁素体以及大尺寸MA岛的存在能够导致解理断裂的产生,不利于钢板的低温断裂韧性。在裂纹扩展的过程中,主裂纹附近组织出现变形,导致脆硬性的MA岛周围出现微孔,微孔与微孔之间随着组织变形相互连接而形成微裂纹。二次裂纹通常在针状铁素体周围出现转折或停滞,说明针状铁素体有利于阻碍裂纹的扩展,提高钢板的断裂韧性。     

管线用超低碳钢中针状铁素体的形成及强韧化行为

通过对一种管线用超低碳钢的变形奥氏体相变工艺的分析，提出了能够获得针状铁素体为主的组织的控制热加工工艺（TMCP）制度，研究了针状铁素体的结构特征和力学特性，结果表明，与管线用中，低碳钢相比较，实验用钢尽管具有很低的碳含量（0．025％），但在当前优化的TMCP工艺下能够获得优良的力学性能，即具有相当的强度和高的冲击韧性，针状铁素体的结构特征提高了材料的力学性能。值得注意的是，在当前肝硬化的TMCP工艺下，针状铁素体晶界上存在一层薄膜，这层薄膜对管线用超低碳钢的强韧性具有重要的作用。     

针状铁素体焊缝金属腐蚀行为的研究

低合金高强钢广泛应用于油气管道钢结构件的焊接生产中.对于其焊缝中包含的大量的针状铁素体组织的腐蚀行为,国内外尚未进行广泛的研究.本文针对多种焊接工艺规范:1.91kJ/mm, 2.70kJ/mm 及 4.78kJ/mm条件下的针状铁素体焊缝金属,分别对其进行了25℃空气中、25℃通N2除氧及50℃通N2除氧3种NACE溶液中腐蚀行为的研究.极化曲线测试结果表明,随着焊缝熔敷金属中针状铁素体比例的增加,阴极电流不断变大,熔敷金属的极化电阻迅速减小,从而影响了焊缝熔敷金属在腐蚀介质中的耐腐蚀性.     

0Cr18Ni5和AF1410高强度钢的腐蚀行为研究

采用失重法和XRD法研究了0Cr18Ni5钢和AF1410钢在中性盐雾环境中的耐蚀性能.结果发现0Cr18Ni5钢由于高含量的Cr元素而只发生了轻微的点蚀,而AF1410钢则发生了严重的全面腐蚀,腐蚀产物主要由FeOOH和Fe3O4组成.采用恒载荷应力腐蚀拉伸和剩余力学性能测试法,并结合SEM断口形貌分析,研究了两种高强钢在3.5% NaCl(质量分数)水溶液中应力腐蚀行为.结果表明,0Cr18Ni5钢和AF1410钢在该环境中都表现出应力腐蚀敏感性.最后,结合实验结果提出了一种简易快速评价材料抗应力腐蚀性能的方法.     

多边形铁素体/针状铁素体双相管线钢的应变硬化行为

对X70管线钢进行临界区热处理,制备出四种铁素体/针状铁素体(PF/AF)体积分数不同的双相管线钢。用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)分析了PF含量对这种双相管线钢的晶粒尺寸、大角度与小角度晶界的比例以及几何必要位错密度(GND)的影响;通过Hollomon和修正C-J方程分析了这种钢的应力比与应变硬化指数(n值)的关系,以及不同PF体积分数双相管线钢的塑性变形和应变硬化的机理。结果表明,PF/AF双相管线钢的应变硬化能力几乎与应力比无关,而应变硬化指数与均匀延伸率表现出特定的线性关系。随着PF体积分数的提高,这种钢的颈缩点后移且应变硬化行为由两阶段向三阶段转变。PF体积分数的改变,对其第I和第II阶段的应变硬化能力有显著的影响。     

Relationship between microstructure and hydrogen induced cracking behavior in a low alloy pipeline steel

Hydrogen induced cracking(HIC) behaviors of a high strength pipeline steel with three different microstructures, granular bainite lath bainite(GB + LB), granular bainite acicular ferrite(GB + AF), and quasi-polygonal ferrite(QF), were studied by using corrosion experiment based on standard NACE TM0284. The HIC experiment was conducted in hydrogen sulfide(H_2S)-saturated solution. The experimental results show that the steel with GB + AF and QF microstructure present excellent corrosion resistance to HIC, whereas the phases of bainite lath and martensite/austenite in LB + GB microstructure are responsible for poor corrosion resistance. Compared with ferrite phase, the bainite microstructure exhibits higher strength and crack susceptibility of HIC. The AF + GB microstructure is believed to have the best combination of mechanical properties and resistance to HIC among the designed steels.     

A review of friction stir welding of steels: Tool,material flow,microstructure, and properties

Considerable progress has been achieved in friction stir welding (FSW) of steels in every aspect of tool fabrication, microstructure control and properties evaluation in the past two decades. With the development of reliable welding tools and precise control systems, FSW of steels has reached a new level of technical maturity. High-quality, long welds can be produced in many engineering steels. Compared to traditional fusion welding, FSW exhibits unique advantages producing joints with better properties. As a result of active control of the welding temperature and/or cooling rate, FSW has the capability of fabricating steel joints with excellent toughness and strength. For example, unfavorable phase transformations that usually occur during traditional welding can be avoided and favorable phase fractions in advanced steels can be maintained in the weld zone thus avoiding the typical property degradations associated with fusion welding. If phase transformations do occur during FSW of thick steels, optimization of microstructure and properties can be attained by controlling the heat input and post-weld cooling rate.     

Enhancement of ballistic performance enabled by transformation-induced plasticity in high-strength bainitic steel

High-strength bainitic steels have created a lot of interest in recent times because of their excellent com-bination of strength,ductility,toughness,and high ballistic mass efficiency.Bainitic steels have great potential in the fabrication of steel armor plates.Although various approaches and methods have been conducted to utilize the retained austenite(RA)in the bainitic matrix to control mechanical properties,very few attempts have been conducted to improve ballistic performance utilizing transformation-induced plasticity(TRIP)mechanism.In this study,high-strength bainitic steels were designed by controlling the time of austempering process to have various volume fractions and stability of RA while maintaining high hardness.The dynamic compressive and ballistic impact tests were conducted,and the relation between the effects of TRIP on ballistic performance and the adiabatic shear band(ASB)for-mation was analyzed.Our results show for the first time that an active TRIP mechanism achieved from a large quantity of metastable RA can significantly enhance the ballistic performance of high-strength bainitic steels because of the improved resistance to ASB formation.Thus,the ballistic performance can be effectively improved by a very short austempering time,which suggests that the utilization of active TRIP behavior via tuning RA acts as a primary mechanism for significantly enhancing the ballistic performance of high-strength bainitic steels.     

Investigations of ferritic/martensitic super heat resistant 11‐12 %Cr steels for 650 °C power plants

The investigations of advanced ferritic/martensitic 11–12 %Cr steels for 650 °C power plant components focus on the improvement of high‐temperature creep properties with respect to chemical composition. The claim of the DFG research work was the development of new heat‐resistant 12 %Cr ferritic‐martensitic steels with sufficient creep and oxidation resistance for a 650 °C application by using basic principles and concepts of physical metallurgy on the basis of the state of art and to overcome the usual trial and error industrial alloy development. Efforts are focussed on a 100,000h creep strength of 100MPa at 650 °C in combination with a sufficient corrosion resistance by a Cr content of 12 % with contents 4‐5 %W, 3.4‐5,5 %Co, V, B and 1 %Cu as well as the choice of Ta or Ti instead of Nb. The results demonstrate that the aim is not to realize with the used alloying concept. In the long term range all 12 %Cr melts have a lower creep rupture strength than the advanced 9 %Cr piping steel P92. A high creep strength could be reached with a 0.06 % Ta alloyed 11 %Cr melt, which is in addition alloyed with a higher C and B content and as well as with lower W and Co portions. The results indicate in accordance with the finding of other steel researcher that a lower Cr content allows more effectiveness for the alloying partners respectively for the generation of more stable precipitates.     

Dynamic crack resistance of steel pipe mains during crack initiation, growth, and arrest

Methods for evaluating the strength and crack resistance of steel pipe mains over a wide range of temperatures and loading rates are given. A large volume of data taken from complex studies on the dynamic strength and crack resistance of two types of pipe steels during crack initiation and arrest is examined. A quantitative analysis of the microstructure of these steels in three mutually perpendicular planes is given.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 3–16, July, 1993.     

Characteristics of static and fatigue strength and of crack resistance of welded joints in structural steels at low temperatures. Communication 1

The article presents the results of experimental investigations of the effect of low temperatures (down to 77°K) on the resistance to static and low cycle deformation and rupture of steels 09G2S, 10KhSND, 06G2AF, 20KhGSA, 07Kh3GNMYuA, and ON6. It also presents the dependences of the theoretical characteristic of low cycle fatigue m^T _e of steels at low temperature under rigid loading on the index of ductility {ie022-01} under static loading and test temperatures down to 77°K.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 2, pp. 17–22, February, 1992.     

Textures of ferritic stainless steels

Abstract

Whereas much research has been carried out on the texture development of Fe–Si steels or low carbon steels, very little attention has been given to the texture formation and investigation of the underlying mechanisms in Fe–Cr steels. Ferritic stainless steels containing between 11 and 17%Cr establish an important group of alloys owing to their good mechanical behaviour and corrosion resistance. Various industrial problems, such as roping or optimisation of deep drawability, can be tackled by means of quantitative texture analysis. Therefore, fundamental aspects concerning the inhomogeneity of the hot and cold rolled band, the origin of Goss texture after annealing, and selective particle drag during recrystallisation of alloys with finely dispersed Nb and Ti carbonitrides have been discussed.

MST/1678