盾构穿越临近地下挡土结构土压力及沉降影响模型试验

为了探讨盾构隧道穿越临近地下挡土结构时对挡土结构土压力和地表沉降的影响,自制了试验装置,采用活动门下沉模拟隧道地层损失,分别考虑隧道埋深与宽度比、隧道埋深与侧限宽度比、隧道埋深与距离比,进行了15组模型试验。利用挡土板上的18块悬臂式载荷计测得挡土结构土压力。利用粒子图像测速技术,获取地表沉降曲线,得到侧限条件下挡土结构土压力和地表沉降的影响规律。结果表明:盾构穿越临近地下挡土结构时,挡土墙底部土压力急剧减小,一定高度处土压力出现反转。隧道埋深与宽度比越小,底部土压力减小值变大,转折点提高,地表最大沉降增大;隧道埋深与侧限宽度比越大,土压力减小的范围越大,地表最大沉降越大;隧道埋深与距离比越大,对挡土结构土压力影响越大,地表最大沉降也越大。引入地表沉降最大值修正系数C_1和沉降槽修正系数C_2,建立了C_1,C_2的计算式,得到修正的Peck沉降预测公式,结果与模型试验实测值较为吻合。     

隧道开挖诱发地表沉降的三维预测模型构建及应用分析

基于地层损失原理,对隧道开挖诱发地表沉降三维理论解进行了修正。以重庆市某在建隧道工程为背景,综合应用了室内相似模型试验和三维扫描技术,分析了隧道埋深和开挖进尺对地表沉降变化的影响规律,验证了三维地表沉降修正理论解的可行性。结果表明：随着隧道埋深增加,沉降槽区域也随之增大,地表最大沉降值逐渐减小;隧道开挖进尺的增加对沉降槽和地表最大沉降值的影响并不显著。     

浅埋暗挖隧道横向倾斜地表变形规律研究

对横向倾斜地表地层条件下浅埋暗挖法施工引起的地表沉降规律进行研究,以V级围岩双线铁路隧道为研究对象,根据不同横向地表倾斜角度(水平、1∶20、1∶10、1∶8)和10 m隧道埋深的条件进行组合,共4个模型,通过对沉降曲线形态、沉降槽宽度、反弯点位置、沉降范围进行分析并初步揭示倾斜地表情况下浅埋暗挖隧道施工引起的地表沉降规律.     

泥水盾构开挖面稳定影响因素及参数优化研究

泥水盾构掘进对开挖面的扰动引起地层沉降,主要影响因素有隧道埋深、泥浆重度、刀盘开口率、推进速度、送浆压力、土层性质(包含黏聚力和内摩擦角)及施工过程中的其他工程措施。基于正交试验原理,利用有限差分软件FLAC3D进行影响因素的全局敏感性研究,同时对掘进参数进行了探讨。结果表明：内摩擦角对沉降量指标的影响最为显著,推进速度、黏聚力及泥浆重度相应次之,属于主要影响因素;而隧道埋深、刀盘开口率和送浆压力的大小对沉降量的影响程度基本一致,属于次要影响因素;在实际施工中,盾构推进速度和泥浆重度主要控制地表沉降,而泥浆重度、刀盘开口率主要影响盾构自身稳定性。     

地铁双线盾构区间地表横向沉降槽参数分析

城市地铁盾构隧道的横向变形特点是确定工程影响区域和影响范围的重要依据。对我国22个建设城市的58条地铁线路、126个区间、964个地表横向沉降槽资料进行分析,研究了地铁双线盾构区间隧道的地表横向变形特点。根据地层条件的不同,对不同地层区域的沉降槽Peck公式拟合参数进行统计分析,得出了地层损失率和宽度参数的分布形态、相关统计值以及与隧道相对埋深的相关性。研究结果表明:(1)地层损失率和宽度参数的数理统计结果可以很好地指导不同地层区域地铁双线盾构隧道工程的影响区划分和影响范围的确定;(2)建议各地结合地层条件特点,对地表沉降槽进行深入研究,以提出更为适宜的地表横向沉降槽预测参数。     

隧道开挖过程中地层变形的统计分析

 以70余座浅埋暗挖法修建的隧道的实测数据为基础，对影响地层变形的各种因素进行统计分析，提出浅埋暗挖隧道的最大沉降量计算公式。同时还得到几点地层变形规律，如：最大地表沉降和拱顶下沉值的概率分布近似成正态分布；随着围岩稳定性由好变坏，地表沉降和拱顶下沉值也呈逐渐增大的趋势；隧道跨度为5～10 m时，II，III，V类围岩条件下的最大地表沉降值与上覆土层厚度关系呈凸形状，II，III类围岩的最大拱顶沉降值在埋深25 m范围内随隧道埋深增大而增大；拱顶沉降与地表沉降比值多为0.5～1.5；在埋深小于20 m范围内，沉降槽宽度多为(8～12)R(R为等效半径)。最后对50余座产生塌方隧道的坍落高度和塌方量进行统计，并对影响隧道塌方的主要因素进行分析。该研究成果为隧道进一步的设计、施工提供科学的参考依据，具有重要的实用价值。     

不同直径及埋深下盾构隧道开挖面失稳模式研究

通过应用Abaqus软件建模,分析了9种不同隧道直径、埋深对开挖面失稳模式的影响。对比分析发现,在开挖面失稳状态下,地表沉降为先增后减的沉降槽,开挖面前方的土体以水平位移为主,且随着远离开挖面而逐渐减小。隧道埋深的增加或者隧道直径的增加均会使地表沉降的范围和最值增大,使开挖面前方土体水平位移最值增大。分析结果可为类似工程提供参考。     

最近邻抽样回归模型在纵向地表沉降预测中的应用

针对传统方法在盾构法施工地表沉降预测中过于形式化和数学化的缺点,本文引入最近邻抽样回归模型(NNBR)。将盾构法施工引起地表沉降的因素分为三类:结构类、地质类和施工参数类,结合NNBR模型的计算特点对不同种类的因素采取不同的处理措施:结构类因素视为常量;按照能否形成免压拱将地质土层分为两类,计算距离系数时同类地层中的地质类因素视为常量;施工参数类因素的影响近似用隧道埋深和盾构平均掘进速度来衡量。由于NNBR模型对纵向地表沉降进行预测时可忽略常量因素,从而大大简化诸多次要因素对预测结果的影响,最终可以隧道埋深和盾构平均掘进速度为预测因子来预测纵向地表沉降。结合工程实例,证明预测因子选择的合理性以及NNBR模型在纵向地表沉降预测中的实用性。     

浅埋松软地层管棚注浆施工引起地表沉降分析

基于 ADINA 有限元程序构建三孔框构式引水隧道洞口段的二维计算模型,分别对无支护、注浆、管棚和管棚注浆加固等支护条件下隧道施工引起地表非线性变形进行数值模拟分析,揭示不同支护条件下的地表变形响应程度,管棚注浆支护引起地表沉降值的最小,其次是管棚支护和注浆支护。利用现场监测管棚变形和地表沉降,地表和管棚变形得到有效控制。研究结果表明,管棚注浆支护在浅埋松软地层隧道施工中取得良好的支护效果,从数值计算理论层面上,浅埋松软地层隧道采用管棚注浆技术是可行的,监测结果也验证管棚注浆支护技术的有效性和可靠性。     

南京复杂地层中盾构掘进地表沉降实测数据分析

通过现场实测数据,分析了南京至高淳城际快速轨道工程TA04标段3号盾构井—胜太路站区间隧道不同埋深、地质及施工参数条件下,盾构施工对地表沉降的影响规律。实测结果表明:盾构在上软下硬复合地层施工时地表沉降值显著大于在全断面硬岩地层施工工况,土舱压力对上软下硬复合地层开挖面稳定影响较大;全断面硬岩地层盾构施工引起的地表沉降值几乎不受埋深、土舱压力及同步注浆等变化的影响。结合施工过程中刀具磨损、开挖面结泥饼等施工难点,提出了根据硬岩与上软下硬复合地质条件盾构施工分别采取欠压推进和保压推进等技术措施,取得了良好效果。     

Three-dimensional finite-element analysis on ground responses during twin-tunnel construction using the URUP method

The paper presents a finite-element analysis of a metro tunnel project using the URUP method in which the shield machine is launched and received at the ground surface level. During the tunnelling process, the cover depth varied from 0.7D (D is the excavation diameter) to −0.3D in which case the shield machine was partially above the ground surface. A three-dimensional finite element model is proposed via the commercial software ABAQUS considering the actual geological condition and tunnelling procedures. Elasto-plasticity constitutive models are utilised for the top three strata in the finite element analysis (FEA). Constant gradients corresponding to material density are assumed for the face supporting pressure and the grouting pressure in the model. The ground contraction method is employed to simulate the shield-induced volume loss. The numerical model is firstly validated against the field measurement data considering the surface settlement. Parametric studies are performed subsequently to investigate the influence of some key tunnelling variables including cover-to-diameter ratio and face supporting pressure on the ground responses. According to the FEA, a critical cover depth of 0.55D is proposed for URUP method below which value instability and collapse of surrounding soils will be highly likely.     

砂卵石地层土压力平衡盾构施工开挖面稳定及邻近建筑物影响模型试验研究

盾构技术在砂卵石地层中应用越来越多,砂卵石地层具有很强的不确定性特征,盾构施工的关键问题之一是保持开挖面稳定性及减小地面沉降。利用土压平衡盾构模型,研究北京砂卵石地层中不同埋深时邻近建筑物影响下的开挖面稳定性及地表沉降规律。试验中,分析柔性基础邻近建筑物及埋深对开挖面极限支护力和地表沉降的影响,揭示开挖面稳定性、土拱效应与极限支护力及地表沉降的关系。在邻近建筑物影响下,砂卵石地层中的支护压力呈非对称分布,且砂卵石地层中盾构推进引起的沉降值大于基于Peck公式的计算值,研究成果对砂卵石地层中盾构施工有重要的指导意义。     

砂卵石地层盾构开挖面稳定性分析

分析了成都砂卵石地层工程地质和水文地质条件,通过大型三轴试验对砂卵石层力学特性进行了研究。针对砂卵石层粘聚力低、离散性强的特点,选用颗粒离散元法作为数值计算工具,通过对大型三轴试验的数值模拟,对砂卵石层的细观参数进行了标定。研究了支护压力对开挖面变形、地表沉降、开挖面的最大位移和土层应力的影响。研究结果表明：1)开挖面土体破坏形状和砂土的离心试验模型相符;2)当支护压力较小时,开挖面前方土体颗粒接触力很低,颗粒流动趋势明显,因此容易引起超挖,从而导致盾构施工后形成地层中的空洞;3)开挖面前的上方土体成拱作用明显,即使土层内部形成空洞也不会立刻引起地面塌陷,这是目前成都盾构施工引发地面滞后沉降的主要原因。     

Investigation of feature contribution to shield tunneling-induced settlement using Shapley additive explanations method

Accurate prediction of shield tunneling-induced settlement is a complex problem that requires consideration of many influential parameters. Recent studies reveal that machine learning(ML) algorithms can predict the settlement caused by tunneling. However, well-performing ML models are usually less interpretable. Irrelevant input features decrease the performance and interpretability of an ML model. Nonetheless, feature selection, a critical step in the ML pipeline, is usually ignored in most stu...     

干砂盾构开挖面稳定性模型试验研究

盾构技术在地下空间开发中得到广泛应用,保持开挖面稳定性是盾构施工的关键,但这方面的大尺寸模型试验研究一直很少。利用直径1 m的盾构模型,研究了干砂地层中不同埋深比(C/D=0.5,1.0,2.0)下盾构开挖面稳定性问题。试验中分析了埋深比对开挖面极限支护力及地表沉降的影响,揭示了开挖面稳定性与极限支护力及地表沉降的关系,提出同时监测控制开挖面土舱压力及地表沉降的重要性,并给出关键控制键参数。对确定开挖面极限支护压力有重要的指导意义。     

Soil deformation induced by Double-O-Tube shield tunneling with rolling based on stochastic medium theory

The prediction of soil deformation during tunneling is very difficult for Double-O-Tube (DOT) shield tunnel construction, especially for the shield rolling. According to the characteristics of DOT shield tunneling and rolling, a calculation model of soil deformation due to tunneling-induced ground loss was established. Based on the stochastic medium theory, the theoretical solutions of soil deformations considering the rolling of DOT shield machine were derived by polar coordinate transformation and multi-subdomain integral method. The predicted surface settlement from the proposed solution is better agreement with the observed data than those obtained by the two previous methods (namely the equivalent excavated-area method (EAM) and the simple superstition method (SM)). In addition, only ground surface settlement can be estimated under no rolling of DOT shield machine using the two previous methods, while this proposed solution owns great progress in solving the subsoil deformation and the influences of rolling. In order to further study the influence of DOT shield rolling angle on soil deformation under different engineering conditions, the parameter sensitivity analyses regarding the tunnel depth h, the ground loss parameter ɛ and the influence zone angle β₀ were extensionally discussed.     

Prediction of shield tunneling-induced ground settlement using machine learning techniques

Predicting the tunneling-induced maximum ground surface settlement is a complex problem since the settlement depends on plenty of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. This study investigates the efficiency and feasibility of six machine learning (ML) algorithms, namely, back-propagation neural network, wavelet neural network, general regression neural network (GRNN), extreme learning machine, support vector machine and random forest (RF), to predict tunneling-induced settlement. Field data sets including geological conditions, shield operational parameters, and tunnel geometry collected from four sections of tunnel with a total of 3.93 km are used to build models. Three indicators, mean absolute error, root mean absolute error, and coefficient of determination the (R²) are used to demonstrate the performance of each computational model. The results indicated that ML algorithms have great potential to predict tunneling-induced settlement, compared with the traditional multivariate linear regression method. GRNN and RF algorithms show the best performance among six ML algorithms, which accurately recognize the evolution of tunneling-induced settlement. The correlation between the input variables and settlement is also investigated by Pearson correlation coefficient.     

Optimized back-analysis for tunneling-induced ground movement using equivalent ground loss model

Application of an optimization technique for the back-analysis of tunneling-induced ground movement is presented in this paper. The conjugate gradient method was adopted for the optimization procedure and the gap parameter model was utilized to evaluate the ground movement. According to the results of back-analysis using the monitoring data of the Taipei Rapid Transit System, the angle of the influence zone of ground settlement is approximately 45° for tunneling in clayey soils, and that for sandy layers ranges from 30 to 50°. Backfill grouting will reduce the physical gap of shield machine in the order of 60–80% for tunneling in clayey soils and in the range of 70–85% for sandy layers. Semi-empirical equations were established to predict the tunneling-induced ground movement in the silty clay and silty sand of Taipei basin. Case studies were presented to demonstrate that the adoption of the method can provide a reasonable prediction of the ground settlement due to shield tunneling.     

软土层中类矩形盾构掘进施工引起地层竖向变形实测与分析

 类矩形盾构断面形状、机械配置与圆形盾构的差异必然引起地层变形规律有所不同,以国内首例软土层中类矩形盾构地铁隧道工程为背景,依据现场实测地表变形、土体分层沉降数据,分析类矩形盾构隧道施工引起地层竖向变形的基本规律,并结合变形机制对施工控制提出建议。结果表明：类矩形盾构施工引起地表沉降最大值约50 mm,开挖面前方影响范围约20 m;地表竖向位移随时间发展呈现出缓慢沉降(隆起)、急剧隆起、快速沉降、平稳沉降4个阶段,沉降主要发生在盾构通过后,由软土地层受扰动后固结引起。地层竖向变形主要受土仓压力、盾尾注浆、盾构姿态等因素的影响,其中,盾构掘进姿态控制是盾构两侧土体竖向位移方向相反的主要原因,盾构姿态对周围地层变形影响比单圆盾构更显著。     

黄土地层盾构隧道施工的掘进试验研究

 黄土是一种典型的非饱和结构性土,其强度与土体结构特征密切相关。黄土地层中盾构法隧道施工开挖面稳定性受施工参数影响较大,控制不当容易造成开挖面土体松动或坍塌,严重影响隧道结构安全及周围环境。针对我国首次在黄土地层中修建的地铁盾构隧道西安地铁2号线,采用自主研制的土压平衡式模型盾构机开展室内掘进实验,研究黄土地层条件下盾构掘进对地层的扰动情况以及盾构施工关键参数的匹配问题。研究结果表明,黄土地层中盾构掘进引起的地层横断面沉降曲线与黏性土地层存在差异,曲线形式具体表现为下部呈深V型、上部区域呈缓和的盆状,并得到地层损失率K和地表沉降槽宽度系数i;地表位移时程曲线具有突变性,存在明显的三阶段特点;盾构顶推力的变化直接影响隔舱土压力的变化,掘进过程中隔舱土压力和出土率表现出一定的随机性,出土率有随顶推力的增大而呈减小的趋势,并与推进速度成反比。