民用建筑室内空气污染净化技术的研究进展

由于建筑材料、装饰装修材料、家具、家电与办公器材等造成的室内环境污染,已成为影响人们健康的一大杀手。本研究重点从技术角度研究了目前主要的室内空气污染净化技术和方法,诸如,微粒捕集净化技术、吸附净化技术、化学中和技术、臭氧氧化技术、光催化氧化技术、生物技术、负离子技术……等作用原理和应用范围并分析了各种技术的优缺点及研究进展,最后对净化技术的研究方向和前景进行了展望。     

室内空气中有毒有害物质浅述(一)

人的一生绝大部分时间是在室内度过的,因而室内空气的质量直接关系到人的健康问题。自二十世纪70年代以来,国外常有报道称某些工作人员和学生出现一些非特异性症状,主要表现为眼、鼻和咽喉刺激、干燥、甚至感到疲乏、无力、不适、头痛、记忆力减退等。由于这些症状似乎与建筑物有关,故称为“不良建筑物综合证(SickBuilding syndrome)”。虽然病因尚不十分清楚,但是由建筑和装饰材料引起的室内污染     

当前新装修住宅和非住宅建筑物室内空气污染现状探讨

随着人们生活水平的不断提高,越来越多的居民搬向新装修的住宅中,而在新装修的住宅中又存在着诸如甲醛、苯及苯系物等对人体危害极大的空气污染物,需要对其进行有效治理。基于此,本文在以当前新装修住宅和非住宅建筑物室内空气污染现状为分析基础上,探讨了有效的空气污染物治理技术,希望可以为同类的实践提供借鉴。     

纳米TiO2-ACF光催化净化室内空气污染物试验

本文提出了纳米TiO2-ACF复合光催化净化室内空气技术,分析了不同条件下复合光催化净化网的净化效率,对ACF吸附网、纳米TiO2光催化净化网和纳米TiO2-ACF复合光催化净化网净化甲醛的净化性能进行了对比分析.复合光催化净化网在高风速且污染物质量浓度较低时净化效率高于其他两种净化网的净化效率近15%.该净化网对无机和有机污染物具有较强的吸附氧化能力、较小的空气阻力、无中间副产物生成,实现了ACF的原位再生,延长了净化网的使用周期.     

室内空气净化材料及标准发展概况

本文简要介绍了目前国内市场上的室内空气净化材料,考查了净化材料对甲醛和甲苯两种有害物质的净化水平。同时,调研了蓬勃发展的净化材料领域现行的各种相关标准,并分析了各种标准的适甩范围和优缺点,介绍了由中国建筑材料科学研究总院起草的“室内空气净化功能涂覆材料净化性能”标准制定情况。     

氡与室内空气环境

氡是一种放射性气体,在室内空气中广泛存在,并对人体造成极大伤害,因此倍受人们关注。本文主要介绍室内空气中氡的特性,来源,健康影响和防治措施。     

住宅室内空气品质与通风换气

当今，国际上一些环保专家巳将“室内空气污染”问题列为继“煤烟型污染”、“光化学烟雾型”污染之后的第三代空气污染问题。ASHRAE(美国暖通空调和制冷工程师协会)标准62—1989R中，首次提出了可接受的室内空气品质的概念，定义如下：房间内绝大多数人(80％或更多)没有对室内空气表示不满意，并且空气中没有巳知的污染物达到了可能对人体健康产生严重威胁的浓度。     

Indoor Air Pollution: A Public Health Perspective

In developed and developing countries, indoor air pollutionis gaining increasing prominence as a public health problem. Time-activity studies and exposure surveys have shown the dominant contributions of indoor environments to population exposures for many pollutants. Mounting epidemiological evidence documents adverse health effects of indoor pollutants and risk assessments indicate that indoor carcinogens may contribute substantially to the population's burden of lung and other cancers. Unacceptable indoor air quality has also been identified as a common cause of symptoms. This paper addresses the public health problem posed by indoor air pollution, offering a schema for categorizing adverse health effects of indoor air pollution, and considers the complexiry of estimating the full scope of the problem     

室内环境污染及其对策

综述室内空气污染、辐射污染、噪光污染、生物污染等室内环境污染及其对人体健康的危害。指出卫星、环保、设计、建设部门要注意室内的设计、管理、监测。尤其是消费者要注意不合理的家居装修、设计等造成的室内环境污染对自身健康的威胁。     

Principles for Evaluation of Health and Comfort Hazards Caused by Indoor Air Pollution*

Abstract Consensus on simplified procedures for evaluating health consequences of occupational and outdoor exposures has existed for many years and there is no reason why a similar consensus cannot be made for normal indoor environments. A discussion of such a procedure and its limitations is the purpose of this paper. The exposure measurements should be presented to the toxicologist in the form of a list of identified compounds, concentrations of each compound reported as lifetime-integrated absorbed dose, average concentration (e.g. 24 h), peak exposures (e.g. 10–30 s), and peak exposure frequency (e.g. 90% fractile). In that perspective some of the main recommendations of this paper are that a list of compounds expected to be relevant to indoor air and the required sensitivity of the analytical procedures for these compounds must be established. These chemicals must be identified and quantified in an analysis of indoor air. Generally the investigators should pay the same interest in accurate measurements of exposure and of effects, and sampling should be made within one sampling period from measurements of health effects. The compounds of relevance to indoor air should be grouped according to the relevant toxicological principles for their evaluation. Those for which acceptable data and evaluation principles exist or can be estimated are placed on a positive list. In addition, a sub-list should be established of the remaining relevant compounds which for one or more reasons cannot be dealt with in the proposed evaluation scheme, and a consensus must be reached on the maximal acceptable fraction of compounds that cannot be toxicologically evaluated (toxicologically unknown). Finally, guidelines for evaluation of the exposures must be established including guideline values for the relevant compounds as well as procedures for sensory evaluations.     

Indoor Air Quality and Health: Reproducibility of Respiratory Symptoms and Reported Home Dampness and Molds using a Self-Administered Questionnaire

To test the reproducibility of a questionnaire previously used to study the association between respiratory symptoms and home dampness/mold, it was sent to the parents of 1,596 children twice, with an interval of one month between distributions. A total of 770 respondents completed the questionnaire both times and were entered into an analysis. For exposure variables, percentages of agreement between the two administrations ranged from 87% for visible mold growth in the home to 95% for basement flooding. Respective kappa scores ranged from 73% to 82%. Percentage agreements for the adults' symptoms variables ranged from 80% for upper respiratory symptoms, to 99% for physician-diagnosed asthma. Percentage agreements for children's symptoms ranged from 81% for upper respiratory symptoms to 97% for current asthma. For all symptoms kappas ranged from 59% to 90% indicating moderate to high reproducibility. Future research should now concentrate on validating the questionnaire as an indicator of mold growth.     

Coarse particles and mortality in three Chinese cities: the China Air Pollution and Health Effects Study (CAPES)

Evidence concerning the health risks of coarse particles (PM_10-2.5) is limited. There have been no multi-city epidemiologic studies of PM_10-2.5 in developing Asian countries. We examine the short-term association between PM_10-2.5 and daily mortality in three Chinese cities: Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenyang. PM_10-2.5 concentrations were estimated by subtracting PM_2.5 from PM₁₀ measurements. Data were analyzed using the over-dispersed generalized linear Poisson models. The average daily concentrations of PM_10-2.5 were 101 μg/m³ for Beijing (2007-2008), 50 μg/m³ for Shanghai (2004-2008), and 49 μg/m³ for Shenyang (2006-2008). In the single-pollutant models, the three-city combined analysis showed significant associations between PM_10-2.5 and daily mortality from both total non-accidental causes and from cardiopulmonary diseases. A 10-μg/m³ increase in 1-day lagged PM_10-2.5 was associated with a 0.25% (95% CI: 0.08 to 0.42) increase in total mortality, 0.25% (95% CI: 0.10 to 0.40) increase in cardiovascular mortality, and 0.48% (95% CI: 0.20 to 0.76) increase in respiratory mortality. However, these associations became statistically insignificant after adjustment for PM_2.5. PM_2.5 was significantly associated with mortality both before and after adjustment for PM_10-2.5. In conclusion, there were no statistically significant associations between PM_10-2.5 and daily mortality after adjustment for PM_2.5 in the three Chinese cities.     

Ambient carbon monoxide and daily mortality in three Chinese cities: the China Air Pollution and Health Effects Study (CAPES)

Ambient carbon monoxide (CO) is an air pollutant primarily generated by traffic. CO has been associated with increased mortality and morbidity in developed countries, but few studies have been conducted in Asian developing countries. In the China Air Pollution and Health Effects Study (CAPES), the short-term associations between ambient CO and daily mortality were examined in three Chinese cities: Shanghai, Anshan and Taiyuan. Poisson regression models incorporating natural spline smoothing functions were used to adjust for long-term and seasonal trend of mortality, as well as other time-varying covariates. Effect estimates were obtained for each city and then for the cities combined. In both individual-city and combined analysis, significant associations of CO with both total non-accidental and cardiovascular mortality were observed. In the combined analysis, a 1 mg/m³ increase of 2-day moving average concentrations of CO corresponded to 2.89% (95%CI: 1.68, 4.11) and 4.17% (95%CI: 2.66, 5.68) increase of total and cardiovascular mortality, respectively. CO was not significantly associated with respiratory mortality. Sensitivity analyses showed that our findings were generally insensitive to alternative model specifications. In conclusion, ambient CO was associated with increased risk of daily mortality in these three cities. Our findings suggest that the role of exposure to CO and other traffic-related air pollutants should be further investigated in China.     

空调水系统污染对室内空气品质的影响及其防止措施

根据对空调水系统的检测结果,阐述了空调水系统的主要途径及其对室内空气品质的不良影响,提出了防止空调水系统污染的技术措施。并阐明了提高新风的质和量并不是改善室内空气品质的唯一手段,防止空调水系统污染,是创造健康空调环境,并保护大环境的重要措施。     

新风量、送风方式和空调病症

叙述了新风量的大小和送风方式的不同与空调病症之间的关系。     

公路隧道施工空气污染健康损害评价

为了评估公路隧道施工空气污染对施工人员健康的影响,按照生命周期评价思想和影响路径分析方法,以NO_2、SO_2作为研究对象。结合流行病学和病理学的成果,将NO_2、SO_2的健康损害效应归类,建立公路隧道施工NO_2、SO_2浓度和健康损害定量关系,最后用伤残调整生命年(DALY)表征空气污染对施工人员造成的健康损害。研究发现相同浓度下空气污染物的健康损害能力差别显著,建议优先控制能造成更不利健康损害的空气污染物浓度。将当前关于隧道施工环境的研究范围从单纯的空气质量监测及改善方法拓宽到施工人员健康损害上,对于优化设计和施工方案,推进绿色隧道施工有直接的参考意义。     

Radon Indoors: A Risk-based Approach to Health Protection Criteria

A WHO/EURO working group met in Eilat, Israel, from 28 March to 4 April 1993, to assess the significance of risks to health associated with indoor radon, to develop a unified approach to control radon exposure, and to advise on the communication of associated health risks. A summary of the deliberations of this working group and its conclusions and recommendations are presented in this paper.