对流换热可控温差场分布原则

应用火积概念导出了对流换热过程的火积耗散表达式,进一步基于火积耗散极值原理讨论了换热器N股冷、热流在不同情况下参与换热的优化。研究表明,若参与换热的任何冷、热流之间的温差可以独立调控,在总换热量一定寻求火积耗散最小或在总火积耗散一定的条件下寻求换热量最大,则整个换热系统冷、热流之间的温差分布均匀时换热最优;若参与换热的任何冷、热流体之间的换热量或火积损耗可独立确定,则换热冷热流之间的温差分别保持各自的均匀温差分布时换热最优;若在任何冷、热流之间存在可能换热的情况下,无论是总换热量一定时寻求火积耗散最小,还是总火积耗散一定时寻求换热量最大,整个换热系统不同的冷热流换热的优化温差并不是同一个常数。     

换热器新评价标准——火积耗散均匀性系数

定义了火积耗散均匀性系数,选用倾角β=30°～70°的复合人字形板式换热器为研究对象,利用三维CFD数值模拟软件ANSYS-CFX模拟分析换热器的火积耗散率、火用损失率以及系统火积耗散均匀性.结果表明:相同流量时,β=30°的复合人字形板式换热器的火用损失率最少;相同换热量时,β=30°的复合人字形板式换热器的火积耗散率最小;相同传热单元数与有效度时,β=30°的复合人字形板式换热器的火积耗散率最小且系统火积耗散均匀性最优.     

基于火积耗散理论的并联热管传热特性仿真分析

根据火积耗散理论,建立了热管内气液二相介质的火积耗散率数学表达式,并将其编译成C语言程序嵌入到Fluent计算中,模拟分析并联分离式重力热管的传热特性.研究结果表明：热管传热过程中的不可逆损失主要由温差传热和相变两部分组成,在热管冷凝段,相变火积耗散数集中分布在热管顶端,约占冷凝段总火积耗散数的97.7%;此外,热管内总火积耗散数与加热功率呈正相关,随着加热功率的增加,热管内总体的不可逆程度增大.     

一维稳态导热过程的传递规律及计算

利用一维稳态(火用)传递方程,对平壁在第一类边界条件下的一维稳态导热过程的(火用)传递做了数值计算,并就导热系数为定值与变值的两种计算结果进行了比较。结果表明,由于传递过程的不可逆性,过程中(火用)流密度是下降的,(火用)传递系数不仅与材料的几何尺寸有关,还与其热物性和内部温度分布有关。因温度对导热系数和(火用)流密度均有影响,只有在导热系数较大的情况下,(火用)传递计算中取导热系数为定值才能保证误差比较小,该结论与实际情况符合得较好。     

基于火积耗散原理的热网加热器优化设计与分析

为使热网加热器具有最优的换热性能,基于粒子群优化算法,以火积耗散数为目标函数,提出热网加热器优化设计的最小火积耗散优化方法.与传统的热网加热器设计计算不同,本文的优化设计不预先设定热网加热器的结构,通过优化确定热网加热器的最佳尺寸,同时,热网加热器优化设计考虑了工质的相变,以潜热修正值对壳侧蒸汽凝结的对流换热系数进行修正.对一热网加热器优化设计结果表明,通过优化设计,热网加热器的效能增加7.8%,同时热网加热器功率消耗下降19.6%,表明当热网加热器的热力性能最优时,其功耗达最小值.     

火积耗散理论在平行流热管换热器性能评价中的应用

火积耗散作为传热过程可逆性判断依据,可应用于换热器优化. 分析探究了热管换热器的温差、充液率、倾角及迎面风速对火积耗散的影响,利用焓差实验室进行平行流热管换热器性能试验. 随温差增大,火积耗散增大. 随充液率增大,火积耗散先增大后减小,温差越大,火积耗散变化幅度随充液率增大而增大. 增加倾角,火积耗散比未倾斜时小. 随迎面风速增大,火积耗散减小,且减小幅度随温差增大而增大. 相同传热量,火积耗散值最小时,为系统最优工况.     

基于火积理论的级间导热二级相变蓄热装置优化

相变蓄热是一种有效的热量储存方式,二级相变蓄热装置性能优于单级装置.级间导热是蓄热装置性能的影响因素之一,但在之前的研究中常被忽略.基于火积理论,对考虑级间导热的二级相变蓄热装置进行了优化分析,给出了蓄热材料的相变温度匹配准则式.和无级间导热的结果相比,入口段的相变温度降低,出口段提高.由于级间导热的存在,二级相变蓄热装置相对于单级装置的性能优势被减弱.设备传热单元数NTU较小时,相变温度匹配受到的影响较大.因此,在设计二级相变蓄热装置时,需考虑级间导热的影响,优化选取相变材料.但无需过度强调级间隔热的设计需求,尤其是在设备传热单元数NTU较少时.结果可用于对二级蓄热装置的合理设计和性能优化,也为多级装置优化研究提供参考.     

势容损耗及熵产与导热优化

热量传递势容(势容)反映了物体的导热能力,在导热过程中势容有损耗,对应于势容损耗最小的导热过程效率最高,传热速率最大。熵反映了过程的可逆性,在导热过程中熵有增加(熵产),对应于熵产最小的过程是 损失最小的过程,这种过程最大程度地保持了系统作有效功的能力。讨论了势容损耗和熵产在导热优化中的作用,以圆形导热管为例,分析了这两种优化目标函数的差异。     

热声热机换热器性能的分析

热声换热器热量传递的速率与效率直接影响着热声热机的性能. 　　耗散理论能更好地揭示换热器的传热优化特性,在热声换热器研究中引入　　耗散理论,针对顺流和逆流两种情况,计算了热声换热器的　　耗散热阻,并和最小熵产原理的结果进行了对比分析. 结果表明,在一定条件下,顺流比逆流情况下的不可逆损失要大;当换热器低温端流体的热容量小于高温端流体热容量时不可逆损失较小,结果最优.     

倾斜螺旋片强化的套管换热器数值模拟

为了减小螺旋片强化的套管换热器的摩擦阻力系数f,提出倾斜螺旋片强化的方法.基于RNGk-ε模型对倾斜螺旋片强化的套管换热器进行模拟;将Re=2 362~16 860的螺旋升角α=35°,螺旋片倾斜角β=5°、10°、15°时的传热性能与光滑管以及α=35°的普通螺旋片强化管的传热性能进行对比;考察f、Nu和综合传热性能PEC值的变化规律;并运用火积耗散理论对传热性能进行分析.结果表明:模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好,证明模拟方法是可行的;普通螺旋片和倾斜螺旋片均有强化传热的作用,与普通螺旋片相比,倾斜螺旋片能够有效地减小f,且对f的减小程度随着β的增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势,分别减小了1.7%~3.3%、12.5%~14.5%和6.3%~7.8%;Nu随着β的增大呈现先减小后增大的趋势,但变化不大;倾斜螺旋片的PEC值均高于普通螺旋片,当β=10°时PEC值最高,相对于普通螺旋片的1.26~1.62,增大到1.38~1.71;采用倾斜螺旋片强化的火积耗散率均低于采用普通螺旋片强化的火积耗散率,当β=10°时,火积耗散率最小,与等泵功条件下所得出的结论吻合.     

能量传递系统强化的热力学判据

审视了传热和传质强化以及能量传递过程系统优化设计方法,指出了强化能量传递过程推动力与降低能量耗散的矛盾。基于场协同原理和火用传递过程动力学理论,导出了火用传递速率与能量损耗(火用损)及其与能量传递过程推动力的热力学关系,表明了强化能量传递过程推动力与降低能量耗散矛盾的统一性。进一步给出优化设计能量传递系统的热力学判据。依此分析了热传导和对流传热单元过程的优化设计方法。结果表明,可以通过协调不同驱动力之间的关系及其驱动力的大小,实现强化能量传递和降低能耗之间的权衡。该热力学判据具有普适性,场协同原理和最小熵产原理为该判据特例。     

An entransy dissipation-based optimization principle for solar power tower plants

The entransy theory,which can be used to optimize the heat transfer network of a solar power tower system(SPTS)and improve its energy efficiency,was introduced in this paper.Firstly,the irreversibility of the heat transfer processes in a SPTS was analyzed and the total entransy dissipation equation of a SPTS was derived.Then,two types of optimization problems(reducing the total circulating flow rate or the total heat-exchanging area)of a SPTS were solved with conditional extremum model based on the formulas of total entransy dissipation.Finally,the entransy dissipation-based optimization principle was applied to a simple SPTS without re-heater and a complex SPTS with a re-heater.The results showed that under the chosen calculation conditions the minimum total thermal conductance was 19306.03 W K?1 for a SPTS without re-heater when the total heat capacity rate of heat transfer fluid(HTF)was 3200 W K?1.The minimum total thermal conductance was about 7.9%lower than the value predicted based on the typical outlet temperature of a receiver.This meant that the total heat exchange area or initial investment could be effectively reduced under the prescribed total HTF circulating flow rate.We also studied the variation trends of the two optimized results including minimum total HTF heat capacity rate and minimum total thermal conductance.The minimum total HTF heat capacity rate decreased with the given total thermal conductance,the minimum total thermal conductance decreased first and then increased with the given total HTF heat capacity rate.We also found that for a SPTS with a re-heater,the mixing temperature and the mixing position of HTF had significant effects on the two types of optimization problems.     

Generalized constructal optimization for the secondary cooling process of slab continuous casting based on entransy theory

Based on constructal theory and entransy theory,a generalized constructal optimization of a solidification heat transfer process of slab continuous casting for a specified total water flow rate in the secondary cooling zone was carried out.A complex function was taken as the optimization objective to perform the casting.The complex function was composed of the functions of the entransy dissipation and surface temperature gradient of the slab.The optimal water distribution at the sections of the secondary cooling zone were obtained.The effects of the total water flow rate in the secondary cooling zone,casting speed,superheat and water distribution on the generalized constructal optimizations of the secondary cooling process were analyzed.The results show that on comparing the optimization results obtained based on the optimal water distributions of the 8 sections in the secondary cooling zone with those based on the initial ones,the complex function and the functions of the entransy dissipation and surface temperature gradient after optimization decreased by 43.25%,5.90%and 80.60%,respectively.The quality and energy storage of the slab had obviously improved in this case.The complex function,composed of the functions of the entransy dissipation and surface temperature gradient of the slab,was a compromise between the internal and surface temperature gradients of the slab.Essentially,it is also the compromise between energy storage and quality of the slab.The"generalized constructal optimization"based on the minimum complex function can provide an optimal alternative scheme from the point of view of improving energy storage and quality for the parameter design and dynamic operation of the solidification heat transfer process of slab continuous casting.     

重力热管蒸汽发生器热力学分析

为挖掘热管蒸汽发生器回收余热的潜能,基于耗散理论,对不考虑黏性耗散影响和考虑黏性耗散影响的两种情况,分别推导出无量纲参数（耗散数和耗散数）的表达式,并结合工程案例,分析了热管蒸汽发生器烟气侧入口处迎风面流速、热管外径及热管蒸发段长度等参数对耗散数和耗散数的影响,并给出一些有关热管蒸汽发生器设计的建议.研究表明：当不考虑黏性耗散影响时,耗散数和耗散数的变化趋势与温度耗散的变化趋势相同;当考虑黏性耗散影响时,耗散数和耗散数的变化趋势与温度耗散和压力耗散乘积的变化趋势相同,且耗散数比耗散数对迎风面流速、热管外径和热管蒸发段长度等参数变化的响应更敏感.上述方法为热管余热回收装置的热力学性能研究提供了参考.     

A general theoretical principle for single-phase convection heat transfer enhancement

The main methods of single-phase convection heat transfer enhancement are analyzed in this paper, and the unity of contradiction between heat transfer enhancement and energy consumption (or exergy destruction) is expounded. The thermodynamic relationship between heat (or exergy) transfer efficiency and energy consumption (or exergy destruction) as well as driving forces is established, and a general theoretical principle for single-phase convection heat transfer enhancement is further obtained. The principle shows that temperature gradient field distribution and velocity field distribution constrain each other, and that the optimum heat transfer efficiency can be obtained when they are synergetic. If the level of the synergy of temperature gradient field distribution with velocity field distribution is determined, the relative uniform temperature gradient is required, and vice versa. The principle also shows the relationship of relative temperature gradient with specific heat and coefficient of heat conductivity. The deduced results can be used as a theoretical guidance for single-phase convection heat transfer enhancement and optimum design of heat exchangers.     

基于理论的相变储能换热器传热性能分析

在理论成功应用于常规换热器的基础上,将传递效率、耗散数及基于耗散的换热器热阻应用于相变储能换热器的传热性能分析中。定义广义耗散率并由此推导出相变储能换热器蓄热、放热及总过程的传递效率及其瞬时值。确定耗散数及基于耗散的换热器热阻计算中换热量的取法。选取一种相变储能装置作为分析对象,通过理论分析绘制各主要部分温度变化趋势,进一步简化得到硅油、水的出口温度表达式,作为算例分析基础。结果表明, 传递效率的应用范围最广,可用于计算相变储能换热器蓄热、放热及总过程的(瞬时)不可逆热损失,且评价结果与传热性能相符,瞬时传递效率随蓄热时间的增加先增大后不变再增大,随放热时间的增加先减小后不变再减小; 耗散数在蓄热过程和总过程中的评价结果与传递效率一致,瞬时耗散数随蓄热时间的增加先减小后不变再减小,然而在放热过程中的应用受限。基于耗散的换热器热阻的部分评价结果与实际不符,应用限制较大。蓄热过程及总过程中,当蓄热量、取热量与蓄、放热阶段时长同步变化时, 传递效率、耗散数与基于耗散的换热器热阻几乎无变化;当装置传热性能提高时, 传递效率增大, 耗散数减小,基于耗散的换热器热阻减小;放热过程中,设置参数的变化不影响装置传热性能, 传递效率基本无变化。     

传递系数的定义及其影响机制

在建立传递唯象方程的基础上,讨论了传递过程动力、阻力、速率之间的关系,指出传递研究的核心应是确定传递系数,分析其影响因素,以便控制和调节传递过程。运用量纲对比的方法推导了热量、动量及质量的传递系数,分析表明影响传递系数的宏观因素包括其对应的能量传递系数、过程不可逆性及其他非自身强度场。传递系数的分子运动理论研究,从微观层面揭示其内在机制,即传递系数本质上与分子本身的物理性质及表征分子运动剧烈程度的温度有关。     

Application of entransy dissipation extremum principle in radiative heat transfer optimization

The concepts of entransy flux and entransy dissipation in radiative heat transfer were introduced based on the analogy with heat conduction and heat convection processes. Entransy will be partially dissipated during the radiative heat transfer processes due to the irreversibility. The extremum principle of entransy dissipation was developed for optimizing radiative heat transfer processes. This principle states that for a fixed boundary temperature the radiative heat transfer is optimized when the entransy dissipation is maximized, while for a fixed boundary heat flux the radiative heat transfer process is optimized when the entransy dissipation is minimized. Finally, examples for the application of the entransy dissipation extremum principle are presented. Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (“973” Project) (Grant No. 2007CB206901)