压电能量采集器高效能量提取接口电路设计

压电能量采集器能把环境振动能转换为电能,该文基于如何将压电能量采集器转化电能最大化提取的研究,提出了一种压电能量采集器高效能量提取接口电路,采用有源二极管整流电路降低了整流过程中的导通压降损耗,电感同步开关电荷提取电路有效提取了寄生电容中储存的电能。利用华虹宏力0.11 μm CMOS工艺进行电路设计和版图布局。测试结果表明,接口电路可提取80.4%寄生电容中存储的电能,20 kΩ电阻负载下导通压降为20.2 mV,在加速度5g(g=9.8 m/s2)和频率40 Hz条件下平均提取功率是标准接口电路的2.58倍。该芯片可应用于基于振动能供电的无线无源传感节点等领域。     

基于压电振动能量采集器的无线监测传感节点

环境振动状况监测对设备的安全运营至关重要。通过压电振动能量采集器可实现对环境振动信息的感知,再经过智能信息处理方法无线监测设施的安全运营状态。将无线传感与深度学习相结合,在充分研究压电振动能量采集器输出信号特征的基础上,提出了优化的卷积神经网络模型,用于识别环境异常振动模式,并设计实现了智能感知无线监测传感节点。系统工作时,节点可监测环境振动、温度信息并报警异常事件。测试结果表明, 该传感节点在无线传输距离超过100 m 的情况下,实现了环境振动事件的实时监测,报警时间小于5 s,环境振动模式识别准确率可达95．7%,监测环境温度状况并准确报警异常燃烧事件的时间小于3．7 s。该节点在野外目标监测等场合有广泛的应用前景。     

基于多模态扩频理论的压电振动能量采集系统

以同时提升多模态采集和增加带宽为研究方向,结合多模态扩频理论,建立了一套多模态宽频且能多方向工作的压电振动能量采集系统。该系统包含能量采集器和电源管理电路两个模块。其中,采集器包括4种谐振频率,组成了较宽的工作频带,保证了该采集器在低频振动工作环境下高效率地收集振动能量;电源管理电路将采集到的交流电转换为稳定的直流电,再对电容或电池等储能元件充电以供微电子器件使用。经过模态和谐响应分析后,搭建了实验平台并对采集系统进行实验测试。实验结果表明,在加速度6 m/s2 简谐力激励下,工作频带为16.1~27.8 Hz,输出电压最高可达35.75 V,阻抗匹配后最优阻值为200 kΩ,此时输出功率为115.85 μW。     

基于压电材料的振动能量获取技术的研究

根据压电原理、力学理论及其电学等效模型,设计了能量收集电路,它由四倍压整流电路,3F超级电容器和微型电源管理芯片MAX1811组成。实验表明,电源管理芯片输出电压为4.17V时,PZT压电材料振动产生的电能,可通过该电路将电能储存于锂电池中。     

一种回折梁结构低频压电能量采集器

为满足振动频率在一定范围内变动,且在空间有限的环境下无线传感器系统的自供能需求,设计了一种具有3个自由度的回折梁振动压电能量采集器。基于系统结构和工作原理,进行了理论分析及建立了回折梁结构有限元模型,并对该模型进行了有限元分析和模态仿真。制作回折梁压电能量采集器的原理样机,搭建试验平台,在振动台上进行试验。试验结果表明,理论分析、有限元模拟结果与实验结果吻合,在3.5～8.5 Hz低频振动下能产生大于5 V的电压,最高输出电压约为17.5 V,是传统单梁结构的1.4倍,且具有3个输出电压峰,工作带宽为传统单梁结构的4.5倍,实现了宽频效果。所提出的回折梁结构压电能量采集器在低频、振动频率变化的环境中有效且自适应。     

直管谐振式低频压电声能量回收系统

为了高效回收环境中的声能,基于阵列式压电换能器、直管谐振腔以及能量回收电路提出了一种声能量回收系统.当声波进入直管谐振腔,管中产生谐振驻波作用于压电换能器,将声能转换为电能.本文设计了能量回收电路并且进行理论、仿真分析实验研究了压电振子数量、声波频率、声压级对输出电压的影响,分析了负载电阻对输出电压及功率的影响.实验结果表明,该装置可回收不同频率的声能量,在声波频率为96Hz时发电效果最优.当入射声压级为110dB时,不使用能量回收电路,输出交流电压有效值最高达12.9V,输出交流功率最高达到799μW;使用设计的能量回收电路,最高输出直流电压为64.2V,最高输出直流功率为473μW.该声能量回收系统不仅可以作为声能量采集器,还能对无线传感节点等独立工作的微型电子系统供能.     

一种利用门电路实现可靠启动的基准电流源

为了解决电流和模式的基准电路的潜在启动失败问题以及使电路更加低功耗、低复杂度、高稳定性,提出了一种利用数字门电路实现可靠启动的CMOS带隙基准电流源。Spectre仿真表明,在1.8 V电源电压下,功耗为180μW,电路输出20μA参考电流,温度系数为11.9 ppm,线性度为1 054 ppm/V,输出噪声电压为0.1 mV,电源抑制比为-42 dB。采用TSMC0.18μm CMOS工艺流片。测试结果表明,电路能在15.4μs内实现可靠启动,输出参考电压稳定在1.28 V,其温度系数为89 ppm。该基准电流源已经成功地应用于工业自动化无线传感网(WIA)节点芯片的频率综合器中,并取得良好的应用效果。     

基于四螺旋梁-质量块的MEMS压电能量采集器北大核心

设计了一种四螺旋悬臂梁-质量块结构的压电能量采集器,将环境振动能转换为电能。采用有限元分析软件（COMSOL Multiphysics）建立结构模型,仿真结构固有频率,计算不同振动频率下器件的位移、应力、应变和电势以及不同加速度下的电压输出,仿真得到结构的一阶谐振频率为102 Hz,为后期测试提供指导。利用溶胶-凝胶工艺完成锆钛酸铅（PZT）压电薄膜的制备,通过微电子机械系统（MEMS）工艺和引线键合工艺完成器件结构制造,将四个螺旋梁上的压电单元串联以实现输出最大化。性能测试结果表明：器件固有频率为110 Hz,输出电压随加速度的增大而线性增大,3g加速度下输出电压峰峰值为140 m V。     

风车型低频压电振动能量采集器的研究与设计

基于微机电系统（MEMS）设计了风车型结构的压电振动能量采集器,通过压电效应将低频振动能量转化为电能,用以解决环境中低频能量采集的问题。风车型结构的压电振动能量采集器以硅为基底,以PZT 5A为压电材料,包含上、下电极;4条悬臂梁旋转连接中心质量块与四周固定端,类似于风车结构。数学建模与有限元仿真分析表明,在结构尺寸与材料相同的情况下,圆弧风车型结构的谐振频率较直接连接、直角连接结构的谐振频率更低;4条悬臂梁距离中心质量块越远,谐振频率越低;在0.1g(g=9.8 m/s2)加速度谐振状态下,输出电压约为6.2 V,最大位移接近1.2 mm。基于MEMS工艺,通过IntelliSuite软件研究和定义了风车型振动能量采集器的工艺流程。     

压电式点胶机驱动电源研究

为满足压电陶瓷对驱动电源连续可调和快速响应的要求,同时改善传统驱动电源效率低、输出波纹大等缺点,该文采用一种直流逆变原理和电压控制驱动方案,并进行了理论分析和实际的电路实验。结合主功率电路和控制电路,采用交流直流变换、功率转换、整流滤波输出直流电压,结合脉宽调制控制芯片,经采样反馈调节高频逆变器的占空比,从而调节输出电压的大小,采用半桥驱动方式实现负载的驱动。当驱动等效负载电容为6.4μF的压电陶瓷时,在0~1kHz频率范围内实现输出电压0~200V连续可调,波纹电压小于10mV,上升沿的时间只有75μs,能满足点胶机的工作要求。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks