L.E.FT访谈

L.E.FT是一家在纽约的设计事务所,由马克拉姆.卡迪、齐亚德.贾迈勒丁和纳吉.穆贾斯这3个建筑师合伙建立。L.E.FT最早于2001年在纽约成立,致力于研究在建成环境中文化和政治产物的交接。L.E.FT对多样化的设计任务感兴趣,对寻常事物的不寻常的注解成为他们的设计出发点。该事务所的工作在美国和国际的职业界和学术界都得到认可和奖励。该事务所曾获纽约建筑同盟颁发的极具声望的2002年轻建筑师论坛奖。最近,L.E.FT获马赛克基金会在华盛顿特区举办的阿拉伯文化中心概念竞赛的一等奖,并在“布拉格捷克建筑艺术中心”竞赛中获AIA第一提名奖。L.E.FT从事阿拉伯世界的建筑研究,并在康奈尔大学教授名为“无向性”的建筑设计课程和讲座。     

E.B.怀特给小朋友的信

<正>各位小朋友们,来听听那个写了《精灵鼠小弟》和《夏洛的网》的叫E.B.怀特的老头儿有些什么话要对你们说。Dear Reader,I receive many letters from children and can’t answer them all——there wouldn’t be time     

阿联酋AI Ain市规划

艾茵费达位于杰贝．哈费特山脚旁边，周围是艾茵市宁静的自然景观，是一处给人们保持身心健康和心境平和的地方。在那里，大自然和艾茵市的矿泉加上阿拉伯的当地传统和现代化的科技成为了和谐生命的根本元素。     

广林9号桉叶木质素的结构表征

为了综合利用桉叶资源,采用二氧六环法从广林9号桉叶中制备木质素,并对其进行了元素分析、功能基团测定、红外光谱分析、紫外光谱分析和核磁共振氢谱分析等结构表征。试验结果表明:所提取的桉叶木质素的C、H、O、N元素含量分别为w(C)=52.87%,w(H)=5.65%,w(O)=40.11%,w(N)=1.37%,甲氧基含量为16.09%,C9单元式为C9H9.86O4.69(OCH3)0.979,单元相对分子质量为222.0;桉叶木质素中酚羟基的质量分数为1.429%,羧基为1.01%,桉叶木质素每个C9单元中所含的的酚型α、酚型γ、非酚型α、非酚型γ的个数分别为0.005 0、0.003 4、0.004 7、0.005 9,总羰基个数为0.019;桉叶木质素在紫外光谱中的278和251nm处有较强吸收;红外光谱及核磁共振氢谱分析表明,桉叶木质素分子结构中含有较多数量的羟基、甲氧基、苯环等结构,属于愈创木基-紫丁香基型木质素。本研究为桉叶这一废弃性再生资源的进一步利用提供技术支持。     

建筑师的创作情商

<正>谈及创作,话题很多,而我今天主要想谈论一点:那就是建筑师的创作情商。因为这次大会的主题围绕着态度来展开,而在我看来情商说到底就是应该持有的态度,所以有必要提及这点。     

Uncertainties in stormwater E. coli levels

Although water-quality monitoring programs have been widely used to identify and understand the level of pollution in urban stormwater systems, these data are often used without due consideration of the inherent uncertainties contained within these measurements. This study focuses on the uncertainties associated with the monitored levels of Escherichia coli, a common microbial indicator, in urban stormwater. Four sites located in Melbourne, Australia, were used to assess the uncertainty of six stormwater flow and E. coli variables: (1) discrete E. coli concentration, (2) stormwater flow rate, (3) stormwater event volume, (4) event mean concentration (EMC) of E. coli (i.e. a flow-weighted average of an event's E. coli concentrations), (5) E. coli load for each measured event, and (6) site mean E. coli concentration (SMC) (i.e. a volume-weighted average of the E. coli EMCs). Uncertainties of discrete E. coli samples were greater than 30%, while the uncertainty in stormwater flow measurements averaged greater than 97%, mainly due to the high uncertainties in measurements of very low flows. Propagation of these uncertainties, through their respective formulas, found that E. coli EMC uncertainties varied between 10% and 52% and that uncertainties relating to SMC estimates ranged from 35% to 55%. These results show the importance of considering uncertainty when using monitored data sets for any application, including those relating to stormwater management decisions. Suggestions are made about how to increase the accuracies of E. coli monitoring in urban stormwater and how to balance the different sources of uncertainties so that the overall combined uncertainties are minimised while keeping costs at a minimum.     

The Outsider in Retrospect: E. A. Gutkind

When E. A. Gutkind formally began his last project, the International History of City Development, for which he is most widely known in the United States, he was already seventy years old. What is not generally known is that at that time, his accumulated works as an urban theorist and his professional experience and accomplishments as an architect and planner had already surpassed, in sheer magnitude, the creative output of most figures in the field. He had been considered one of the outstanding modern architects in prewar Germany and had been associated with some of the most brilliant and distinguished European scholars after the War. Gutkind had also participated in a number of planning projects of significant scale and impact and yet in 1968, at the time of his death, he was virtually unknown. The few people who were aware of his work, mostly colleagues, theoreticians, or scholars, considered him an anomaly–an outsider.

The purpose of this retrospective is to inquire into the life and career of this extraordinary and unusual man in an attempt to understand both his work and the circumstances which made him an outsider in a field to which he devoted his life. The first part reviews some of the important facts of his life¹, the second part examines his major ideas and works, and the third part assesses his significance and place in the field.     

解读柏林犹太人博物馆中霍夫曼花园

建筑师丹尼尔·里伯斯金的建筑以其独特的形态学方法、晦涩难懂的建筑内涵、打破常规的大胆构思而被冠以解构主义、观念建筑等“标签”。该文认为只有对建筑师操作手法进行分析，找到隐藏在建筑背后的意图，加以总结归纳，方可运用自如，从而在建筑学习过程中避免复制现有模型和单纯照搬里伯斯金式样，创作出既富内涵和独创性又具可建造性的作品。     

火灾风险评估工程法在高校宿舍中的应用

介绍火灾风险评估工程法,并应用此方法对某高校大学生公寓和普通宿舍进行现场调研和计算评估,通过比较和分析这类场所的火灾危险性,找出影响火灾危险性的主要原因,并提出相应的改进措施,同时也指出火灾风险评估工程法在应用过程中的不足。     

Soiling and decay of N.M.E.P. limestone tablets

The British National Materials Exposure Programme (N.M.E.P.) ran from 1987 to 1995 and involved exposure of a range of materials samples (including tablets of Monks Park and Portland Limestones) at over 20 sites around Britain for 1-, 2-, 4- and 8-year periods, under known climate and pollution conditions. Deterioration of the limestone tablets has previously been recorded in terms of weight change, contents of soluble salts, and visual soiling. In the present study samples from exposed and sheltered positions at Wells, Bolsover and Lough Navar have been studied using a spectrophotometer, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate the distribution and nature of particulate material and its role in soiling and decay. Clearly, recognisable pollutant particles such as perforated cenospheres, are only rarely present. Organisms and organic remains, including filamentous microorganisms and pollen grains, are widely distributed. At each site, soiling has different characteristics in terms of composition and change over time related in part to differences in climate and pollution histories. There is no general link between degree of soiling and amount of decay (in terms of surface recession) as the nature of decay is a key influence on the relation between soiling and decay.     

禽大肠杆菌病流行病学研究进展

禽大肠杆菌病是危害养禽业发展的主要细菌性传染病之一,禽大肠杆菌是其主要病原,该菌具有易产生耐药性的特点,不易控制,同时给禽产品造成大量药物残留,严重影响人类的身体健康。文章对禽大肠杆菌病流行特点进行综述。     

Photocatalytic degradation of E. coliform in water

This study aims to further investigate the total mineralization of the bacteria to the extent of death and cell-mass inactivation using a TiO2-Fe2O3 membrane photocatalytic oxidation reactor. Experimental results clearly indicated that dissolved oxygen (DO), hydraulic retention time (HRT) and concentration of the model bacteria (Escherichia coliform) affected the removal efficiency. It was found that the ultimate removal efficiency was 99% at DO level of 21.34 mg/l, HRT at 60s and high concentration of E. coli at 10(9)CFU/ml. The morphologic studies also showed that E. coliform could be further mineralized into CO2 and H2O. Dissolved organic carbon, pH and gas chromatograph analysis had justified most importantly the evolution of CO2. Experimental results revealed that the photomineralization rate of E. coliform followed pseudo-first-order kinetics by the role of DO. The derived empirical models were found consistent with the proposed reaction pathways of a combined UV breakdown on mass cell and a dual-site Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism where the rate-controlling step is the surface interaction between the adsorbed cleavage bacterial cells and hydroxyl radicals.