周期多帧任务的固定优先级调度算法的调度分析

实时操作系统的核心问题－－实时任务的调度是实时系统研究的重点之一。主要讨论了周期多帧任务的固定优先级调度算法的调度情况,证明了对于周期多帧任务DM算法不是最优的,同时也证明了对于累积单调周期多帧任务的DM算法是最优的。     

面向抖动优化的任务静态优先级指派算法

对任务相对截止时限进行优化设置是一种减少输出抖动的有效方法,但现有方法均是针对最早时限优先调度算法,不能适用于任务集采用静态优先级调度算法的场合.为此,提出通过优化优先级指派实现任务集的整体抖动最小化,并给出一种启发式的优先级指派算法.根据单调速率调度算法确定任务的初始优先级,以最小化局部抖动方式依次对任务的优先级进行再调整,从而得到近似最优的优先级指派.仿真实验结果表明,该算法能有效减少任务集的整体输出抖动.     

基于模型的窗口限制实时系统的分析与研究

在研究基于（m，k）模型的窗口限制实时系统的基础上，提出了一种受（m，k）限制的窗口限制实时系统．首先对该实时系统的调度性进行了分析与研究，得出了一些结论．然后提出了一种新的动态窗口调度算法，该算法充分利用了（m，k）限制的特点来提高实时任务的可调度性，减少窗口限制违例．同时，还进行了大量的模拟研究，这些模拟以传统的动态窗口调度算法为基准，将其应用于受（m，k）限制的窗口限制实时系统时的窗口限制违例情况并与新算法进行比较．模拟结果表明，新算法的表现优于传统的动态窗口限制的调度算法．最后进行了总结与展望．     

The EDL Server for Scheduling Periodic and Soft Aperiodic Tasks with Resource Constraints

In this paper, we are concerned with the problem of serving soft aperiodic tasks on a uniprocessor system where periodic tasks are scheduled on a dynamic-priority, preemptive basis and exclusively access to critical sections. Scheduling of tasks is handled by the Dynamic Priority Ceiling Protocol working with an Earliest Deadline scheduler. Our analysis determines the maximum processing time which may be stolen from periodic tasks without jeopardizing both their timing constraints and resource consistency. It provides the basis for an on-line scheduling algorithm, the EDL Server, to deal with the minimization of response times for soft aperiodic tasks.     

采用抢占阈值调度的具有释放抖动和特定释放偏移的最大响应时间计算方法

当采用抢占阈值调度时,如果任务具有释放抖动并且对释放偏移有特定要求,任务最大响应时间的计算就很复杂.通过将对响应时间有影响的任务实例划分为4个集合,分别分析得出达到最大响应时间的各种条件,从而进一步得到具有释放抖动和特定释放偏移的周期任务最大响应时间的计算方法.试验结果表明：这种方法的运行时间要远低于采用模拟运行方法时的运行时间.     

基于多处理机的混合实时任务容错调度

提出了一种混合实时任务容错调度算法．该算法采用Rate Monotonic(RM)算法完成周期任务的静态调度；采用预订处理机时间方法和Earlier Deadline First(EDF)算法动态调度非周期任务；采用主／副版本备份技术确保系统的容错能力．通过充分利用周期任务的剩余处理机时间调度非周期任务和主动备份与被动备份相结合的方法有效地减少了处理机数．仿真结果证明了算法的有效性．     

Feasibility Analysis of Real-Time Periodic Tasks with Offsets

The problem of feasibility analysis of asynchronous periodic task sets, where tasks can have an initial offset, is known to be co-NP-complete in the strong sense. A sufficient pseudo-polynomial test has been proposed by Baruah, Howell and Rosier, which consists in analyzing the feasibility of the corresponding synchronous task set (i.e. all offsets are set equal to 0). If the test gives a positive result, then the original asynchronous task set is feasible; else, no definitive answer can be given. In many cases, this sufficient test is too pessimistic, i.e. it gives no response for many feasible task sets.In this paper, we present a new sufficient pseudo-polynomial test for asynchronous periodic task sets. Our test reduces the pessimism by explicitely considering the offsets in deriving a small set of critical arrival patterns. We show, trough a set of extensive simulations, that our test outperforms the previous sufficient test.Rodolfo Pellizzoni received the Laurea degree in Computer Engineering from the Università di Pisa and the Diploma degree from the Scuola Superiore SantAnna, in 2004. He is presently a Ph.D. student in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. His main research interests are in real-time operating systems, scheduling theory and resource-allocation in distributed and multiprocessor systems.Giuseppe Lipari graduated in Computer Engineering at the University of Pisa in 1996, and received the Ph.D. degree in Computer Engineering from Scuola Superiore SantAnna in 2000. During 1999, he was a visiting student at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, collaborating with professor S.K. Baruah and professor K. Jeffay on real-time scheduling. Currently, he is assistant professor of Operating Systems with Scuola Superiore SantAnna. His main research activities are in real-time scheduling theory and its application to real-time operating systems, soft real-time systems for multimedia applications and component-based real-time systems.     

云计算中资源延迟感知的实时任务调度方法

绿色云计算已经成为一个研究焦点,动态整合虚拟机和关闭空闲主机是极具潜力的途径可降低云计算数据中心的能耗.当云平台的负载迅速增加时,系统需要启动更多的主机和创建更多的虚拟机来扩展可用资源.然而,启动主机和创建虚拟机需要一定的时间开销,使得紧急任务难以及时开始,从而延误了截止期.为了解决以上问题,首先提出具有机器启动时间感知的虚拟机扩展策略,以缓解机器启动时间冲击实时任务的时效性要求.基于该策略,设计算法STARS来调度实时任务和资源,以在保障任务时效性与节能2方面进行权横.最后,使用Google的负载数据进行模拟实验,比较算法STARS与其他2个算法的性能.实验结果表明,在保障任务时效性、节能和资源利用率方面,算法STARS优于对比算法.     

固定优先级混合关键偶发任务能耗感知算法

混合关键系统是将不同关键层次的应用或组件集成到同一个共享平台.由于受尺寸、重量与体积的限制,能耗对于混合关键系统而言尤其重要.能耗感知调度算法是解决混合关键系统能耗问题的关键,现有的能耗感知算法主要基于动态优先级策略且空闲时间利用率低.针对固定优先级混合关键系统偶发任务能耗感知问题,提出节能效果更好的固定优先级混合关键调度(fixed priority mixed criticality schedule, FPMCS)算法.首先,提出关键层次单调速率策略(criticality rate monotonic scheme, CRMS)调度混合关键偶发任务,分析该策略的调度可行性,且计算出能耗感知速度.其次,利用高关键层次任务预留的空闲时间,通过事件触发的方法动态更新混合关键偶发任务集的利用率来回收偶发任务到达时间不确定产生的空闲时间.再次,利用混合关键偶发任务集的利用率决定任务的执行速度以达到降低能耗的目的.最后,通过理论分析和实验验证FPMCS算法是可行的;仿真实验表明：所提出的FPMCS算法比现有的方法可以节约大约33.21%的能耗.     

周期多帧任务模型的响应时间分析

在一些实时系统应用中,经常需要计算周期任务每次请求的响应时间。针对周期性多帧任务模型,我们给出周期多帧任务请求的响应时间计算公式。模拟结果表明,该公式具有表达简单、计算量小的优点。     

截止时限为关键参数的混合关键级实时任务调度研究

混合关键级系统 (mixed criticality system)的研究源于在单一平台上执行多个重要级不同的功能,当前混合关键级调度研究,一般考虑高关键级任务在不同关键级运行模式表现为或周期或计算时间不同,即以任务释放时间间隔和最差情况执行时间为关键参数.但截至时限(dendline)也是实时任务的重要时间参数,尤其是对硬实时任务,以截止时限作为关键参数进行相应混合关键级调度的研究尚是空白.针对此问题,以截止时限作为关键参数,以响应时间分析为基础,对单处理器平台中的混和关键级任务的可调度性进行分析,并提出了一种预提升关键级的调度算法RCLA(raising critical-level in advance),在低关键级运行模式下,高关键级低优先级任务有限度地提前抢占低关键级高优先级任务的执行,既确保了满足高关键级任务在不同关键级运行模式下的截止时限,也让尽可能多的任务可以被调度执行,使得计算资源得以充分利用.仿真结果验证了RCLA算法的有效性.     

面向运动控制的调度抖动问题的研究

通用处理器以其优异的性能已经越来越广泛地应用到实时控制系统中，但其所采用的体系结构会引起指令执行时间的不确定性，导致基于它的实时系统存在调度抖动问题,调度抖动是实时控制系统的重要性能指标之一，本文讨论了抖动测试和分析技术，并介绍了减少抖动的补偿技术．     

Analysis of Checkpointing for Real-Time Systems

Predictable performance in the event of failuresis of paramount importance in most safety critical real-timesystems. Various hardware as well as software fault-toleranttechniques are employed towards this goal among which checkpointingis a relatively cost-effective scheme. Since checkpointing schemesdepend on time redundancy, they could affect the correctnessof the system by causing deadlines to be missed. This paper providesexact schedulability tests for fault tolerant task sets undera specified failure hypothesis and employing checkpointing toassist in fault recovery. The effects of checkpointing strategieson task response time are analysed and some insights for optimalcheckpointing are provided. The emphasis here is on utilizingthis analysis as an off-line design support tool.     

无线传感器网络混合任务的系统级低功耗实时调度算法研究

现有的无线传感器网络节能研究主要集中在无线通信上面,针对传感器节点CPU节能的研究还不够充分.本文以多任务、多跳网络传输的实时无线传感器网络为研究对象,从节点的调度分析出发,在保证其实时性的前提下,结合动态电压调节技术,提出两个低功耗实时调度算法:(1)基于任务最坏执行时间来计算任务CPU速度的静态低功耗调度算法;(2)将任务在实际执行过程中产生的空闲时间,分配给余下将要执行的任务,进一步调整其电压等级,即动态低功耗调度算法.仿真实验结果表明,本文提出的算法能够有效降低节点CPU能耗.     

改进的基于抢占阈值调度的任务响应时间分析方法

基于抢占阈值调度的任务响应时间分析方法是一种新型实时系统任务可调度性判定技术。然而已有的研究工作,有时对以前的任务请求检查过少,可能导致对响应时间估计过低。同时对任务响应时间的分析忽略了任务释放抖动和时钟嘀嗒调度对任务响应时间的影响,造成任务错过期限的现象,系统任务可调度性判定存在潜在的不精确因素。针对上述缺点不足,本文提出改进的基于抢占阈值调度的任务响应时间分析方法,在修正已有方法缺陷的同时,考虑任务释放抖动和时钟嘀嗒调度的影响,引入额外的时间需求,使用改进的任务参数计算系统任务时间需求函数。仿真对比结果表明,改进后的方法较单纯固定优先级抢占阈值调度下的任务响应时间分析方法得到更加精确可调度性分析结果。     

一种帧间相关的窗口限制实时系统的分析与研究

在研究窗口限制实时系统的基础上提出了一种受窗口限制的帧间相关周期模型。首先对该模型的调度性进行了分析与研究,得出了一些结论,然后提出了相应的动态双窗口限制调度算法,该算法充分利用了帧间相关的特点来提高实时任务的可调度性,减少窗口限制违例。同时,还进行了大量的模拟研究,这些模拟以传统的动态窗口限制调度算法为基准,将其应用于帧间相关的周期模型时的窗口限制违例情况与新算法进行比较,模拟结果表明,新算法的表现优于传统的动态窗口限制调度算法。     

Response Time Analysis of Asynchronous Real-Time Systems

In asynchronous real-time systems the time when all events occur can not be predicted beforehand. Systems with sporadic tasks, or that operate a protocol for sharing resources like the priority ceiling protocol, for example, are asynchronous real-time systems. In this paper, we present a sufficient and efficient response time based analysis technique for computing R _i(k), the worst case response time at each invocation k of the periodic tasks of real-time asynchronous systems. In addition, efficient idle time computation for asynchronous systems is presented. This analysis technique can be applied to the analysis of several process models including weakly hard real-time systems, and slack management techniques like aperiodic servers and slack stealing algorithms. It is also shown that the pattern of response times of tasks in a hyperperiod is pseudoperiodic and that the maximum response time instants tend to occur evenly separated within the hyperperiod.     

异构分布式系统中实时周期任务的容错调度算法

提出一个基于抢占性实时周期任务的可靠性调度模型,该模型与现有可靠性模型相比充分考虑了单处理机故障容错情况下的系统可靠性,因而更加接近现实和精确.在此基础上,提出一个基于异构分布式系统的实时容错调度算法IRDFTAHS,IRDFTAHS算法以提高系统的可靠性为目标来进行任务的分配,从而在不增加硬件代价的前提条件下通过调度增加了系统的可靠性.该算法同时支持主动和被动两种方式的副版本,使得容错调度算法具有更大的灵活性.最后,通过仿真实验对IRDFTAHS和现有的调度算法在几个方面进行比较.实验结果表明,IRDFTAHS算法的综合性能优于现有算法.     

Dynamic Real-time Scheduling of Firm Periodic Tasks with Hard and Soft Aperiodic Tasks

In this paper, we address the problem of the dynamic scheduling of skippable periodic task sets (i.e., period tasks allowing occasional skips of instances), together with aperiodic tasks. Scheduling of tasks is handled thanks to the merging of two existing approaches: the Skip-Over task model and the EDL (Earliest Deadline as Late as possible) aperiodic task server. The objective is to provide two on-line scheduling algorithms, namely EDL-RTO and EDL-BWP, in order to minimize the average response time of soft aperiodic requests, while ensuring that the QoS (Quality of Service) of periodic tasks will never be less than a specified bound. We also extend our results to the acceptance of sporadic tasks (i.e., aperiodic tasks with deadlines). We show that these novel scheduling algorithms have better performance compared to related algorithms regarding aperiodic response time and acceptance ratio. Audrey Marchand guaduated in Computer Engineering at the Ecole polytechnique of the University of Nantes (France), in 2002. She is currently a PhD student at the University of Nantes. Her research interests include real-time scheduling theory, aperiodic service mechanisms, quality of service guarantees in soft real-time systems, and Linux-based real-time operating systems and applications. Maryline Chetto received the degree of Docteur de 3ème cycle in control engineering and the degree of Habilitée à Diriger des Recherches in Computer Science from the University of Nantes, France, in 1984 and 1993, respectively. From 1984 to 1985, she held the position of Assistant professor of Computer Science at the University of Rennes, while her research was with the Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires, Rennes. In 1986, she returned to Nantes and is currently a professor with the Institute of Technology of the University of Nantes. She is conducting her research at IRCCyN. Her main research interests include scheduling and fault-tolerance technologies for real-time applications. She has published more than 60 journal articles and conference papers in the area of real-time operating systems. She is the leader of a French national R&D project, namely Cleopatre, supported by the French government, which aims to provide free open source real-time solutions.     

一种帧间相关的弱硬实时系统的分析与研究

随着嵌入式系统的发展，实时操作系统越来越受到人们的重视，实时操作系统的一个关键问题是实时调度问题，在研究弱硬实时系统的基础上提出了一种受弱硬实时限制的帧间相关周期模型．首先对该模型的调度性进行了分析与研究，得出了一些结论，然后提出了相应的基于双距离的优先级调度算法，该算法充分利用了帧间相关的特点来提高实时任务的可调度性，最后进行了总结与展望．