高端冷轧箔带形状/性能协同测控现状及趋势预测

随着柔性屏、微型机电、医疗仿生、环保节能等高端产品的快速发展和迅速产业化,不同材质、规格的特种合金箔带的市场需求和质量要求水涨船高,尤其以厚度0.1 mm以内的压延箔带原材料,在微成形、微制造、微装备等高端领域不可或缺。然而,在轧制形变过程中,大宽厚比高端箔带受晶粒、织构、表面形貌、瞬态温度和力学状态的影响明显,普遍存在不同程度的尺寸效应和局部失稳现象,不仅直接影响退火组织和精整工艺制度,使箔带生产关联工序繁多,而且形状尺寸和力学性能差异大,间接影响产品质量,导致成本激增。为了从根本上解决难变形合金箔带的形状/性能指标,提高其室温/低温冷轧形变特性和综合性能,不仅需要从微观组织和表面形貌多角度重构传统的各向同性本构关系,考虑晶粒、织构、热、力、位移差异带来的尺寸耦合特征和同步匹配关系,而且还需要从检测仪器仪表、工况误差、大数据聚类评估等角度,协同分析形变、性能之间的逻辑关系和调控规律,从而改善板形、板厚、表面质量、机械性能等指标。基于上述思路,分别从形状/性能表征、形变机理、测控过程、检测装备、数学模型等方面,阐述总结了当前冷轧箔带的研究现状,梳理了瞬态温度、组织形貌、界面形貌、形变形状和力学性能之间的关系,并针对难变形新材料的异步电轧改形改性新工艺和室温增塑增韧成形机制进行了趋势预测,尝试为大宽厚比特种合金箔带形状/性能协同测控的理论研究和快速应用提供新的思路。     

Hydro- abrasive jet machining modeling for computer control and optimization

Use of hydro-abrasive jet machining (HAJM) for machining a wide variety of materials—metals, poly-mers, ceramics, fiber-reinforced composites, metal-matrix composites, and bonded or hybridized mate-rials—primarily for two- and three-dimensional cutting and also for drilling, turning, milling, and deburring, has been reported. However, the potential of this innovative process has not been explored fully. This article discusses process control, integration, and optimization of HAJM to establish a plat-form for the implementation of real-time adaptive control constraint (ACC), adaptive control optimiza-tion (ACO), and CAD/CAM integration. It presents the approach followed and the main results obtained during the development, implementation, automation, and integration of a HAJM cell and its computer-ized controller. After a critical analysis of the process variables and models reported in the literature to identify process variables and to define a process model suitable for HAJM real-time control and optimi-zation, to correlate process variables and parameters with machining results, and to avoid expensive and time-consuming experiments for determination of the optimal machining conditions, a process predic-tion and optimization model was identified and implemented. Then, the configuration of the HAJM cell, architecture, and multiprogramming operation of the controller in terms of monitoring, control, process result prediction, and process condition optimization were analyzed. This prediction and optimization model for selection of optimal machining conditions using multi-objective programming was analyzed. Based on the definition of an economy function and a productivity function, with suitable constraints relevant to required machining quality, required kerfing depth, and available resources, the model was applied to test cases based on experimental results.     

原子层沉积技术及应用

简单阐述了原子层沉积技术的发展背景,然后概括了原子层沉积技术原理、技术特征和优势,并对化学吸附和顺次反应两种自限制机制进行了描述和比较。着重介绍了原子层沉积技术在工艺等方面的最新成果,以及在纳米催化剂、电池、半导体器件、光学、生物医学和航空航天领域中的相关应用。其中将原子层沉积在电池、半导体器件和生物医学方面的应用进行了分类介绍。电池方面包括锂离子电池和太阳能电池,半导体器件方面分为高k电介质、电容器、电阻随机存取存储器(RRAM)和光、电二极管。生物医学领域分别介绍了其在生物相容性、抑菌抗菌涂层和微观组分方向的研究进展。最后对原子层沉积技术进行了归纳总结,并展望了其未来的发展方向和应用前景。     

等离子喷涂熔滴快速撞击基体非稳态凝固行为研究进展

涂层成形过程中的缺陷含量、残余应力、沉积效率、组织结构及力学性能等指标均会随着工艺参数与基体预处理状态的不同而发生显著变化,因而需要从更加微观的角度深入理解等离子喷涂涂层的微观构筑过程,即单个熔滴的铺展凝固现象。本研究分别从熔滴凝固的类型与机理、不同因素对熔滴凝固过程的影响及凝固斑点形态的定量表征方法 3个方面详细综述了等离子喷涂熔滴撞击基体快速凝固过程的研究现状。结果表明,熔滴的铺展形态主要可以分为5类,包括圆盘型、破碎型、放射型、花瓣型及气泡型,影响铺展过程的因素主要包括熔滴特性(速度、温度、粒径、材料属性、熔化状态等)与基体状态(表面粗糙形貌、表面化学状态、吸附物及冷凝物、界面润湿性及接触热阻等)2大类,综合采用一系列参数对熔滴铺展几何形态进行表征,可实现熔滴沉积质量的定量评价。     

Effect of trace tungsten on the microstructure of TiAl alloys containing Nb and B

New TiAl alloys, containing 45 at.% A1, 7 at.% Nb, x at.% W, and 0.15 at.% B （x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.7） were prepared by arc melting and drop casting consequently. Using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and electron superprobe technologies, the effects of tungsten on the microstructural evolution of the TiA1 alloys, including the colony size and lamellar spacing, were analyzed. It was found that cellular structures and dendrites were formed in the as-cast TiA1 alloys, and heavy metals, such as niobium and tungsten, tend to segregate strongly at the interface of the cellular structures and dendrites. Trace tungsten can effectively impede the grain growth and narrow the interlamellar spacing. 0.4 at.% tungsten is more effective in refuting the microstructure of the TiAI alloys.     

Emerging Science and Research Opportunities for Metals and Metallic Nanostructures

During the next decade, fundamental research on metals and metallic nanostructures (MMNs) has the potential to continue transforming metals science into innovative materials, devices, and systems. A workshop to identify emerging and potentially transformative research areas in MMNs was held June 13 and 14, 2012, at the University of California Santa Barbara. There were 47 attendees at the workshop (listed in the Acknowledgements section), representing a broad range of academic institutions, industry, and government laboratories. The metals and metallic nanostructures (MMNs) workshop aimed to identify significant research trends, scientific fundamentals, and recent breakthroughs that can enable new or enhanced MMN performance, either alone or in a more complex materials system, for a wide range of applications. Additionally, the role that MMN research can play in high-priority research and development (R&D) areas such as the U.S. Materials Genome Initiative, the National Nanotechnology Initiative, the Advanced Manufacturing Initiative, and other similar initiatives that exist internationally was assessed. The workshop also addressed critical issues related to materials research instrumentation and the cyberinfrastructure for materials science research and education, as well as science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) workforce development, with emphasis on the United States but with an appreciation that similar challenges and opportunities for the materials community exist internationally. A central theme of the workshop was that research in MMNs has provided and will continue to provide societal benefits through the integration of experiment, theory, and simulation to link atomistic, nanoscale, microscale, and mesoscale phenomena across time scales for an ever-widening range of applications. Within this overarching theme, the workshop participants identified emerging research opportunities that are categorized and described in more detail in the following sections in terms of the following: three-dimensional (3-D) and four-dimensional (4-D) materials science. Structure evolution and the challenge of heterogeneous and multicomponent systems. The science base for property prediction across the length scales. Nanoscale phenomena at surfaces—experiment, theory, and simulation. Prediction and control of the morphology, microstructure, and properties of “bulk” nanostructured metals. Functionality and control of materials far from equilibrium. Hybrid and multifunctional materials assemblies. Materials discovery and design: enhancing the theory-simulation-experiment loop. Following an introduction, these emerging research opportunities are discussed in detail, along with challenges and opportunities for the materials community in the areas of instrumentation, cyberinfrastructure, education, and workforce development.     

阿拉尔耕地沙土与65Mn摩擦行为的研究

目的 探究阿拉尔耕地沙土与65Mn的摩擦学行为,为高速犁结构设计、优化和材料选择提供理论基础。方法 采用摩擦磨损试验机,选择土壤含水率、平均粒径、载荷、转速和摩擦时间等5个参数进行单因素多水平试验,研究沙土对65Mn的摩擦行为,并对各因素水平下金属磨损形貌进行分析。结果 随着含水率的增加,土壤黏附力和润滑水膜的厚度增大,摩擦因数减小,磨损量呈二阶抛物线规律;随着平均粒径的增加,微观接触面积减小,摩擦因数、磨损量与粒径呈负相关;随着载荷的增加,磨料挤压嵌入金属表面,使得微观切削量增加,摩擦因数呈小幅上升趋势,磨损量呈大幅上升趋势;随着转速的增加,摩擦因数、磨损量变化较缓和;随着摩擦时间的增加,因热量的累积,摩擦因数和磨损量呈上升趋势,土壤与金属的摩擦逐渐演变为土壤之间的摩擦。分析磨损形貌发现,65Mn金属磨损表面始终伴随着磨料磨损造成的犁沟、疲劳和剥落,还发现了腐蚀磨损造成的裂纹,表面金属材料被腐蚀成金属盐结晶体,2种形式的磨损交互影响,加剧了65Mn的磨损。结论 方差分析表明,与土壤含水率、载荷、转速相比,平均粒径和摩擦时间对沙土与65Mn的摩擦因数的影响较大,平均粒径对65Mn的磨损的影响最大。     

智能表面工程

表面工程自其诞生以来,经历了从传统表面工程向复合表面工程、纳米表面工程及表面工程自动化的发展,正在信息技术、生物技术、纳米科技等前沿领域中萌生。随着智能时代的来临,智能表面工程应运而生。智能表面工程是对摩擦表面赋予智能调控性能,使之具有自感知、自适应、自愈合能力,从而实现摩擦学行为的智能控制。介绍皮肤自感知、关节自感知、消化道自适应和表皮自愈合等人体表面智能性,触屏自感知表面、损伤自感知表面、摩擦自感知表面和触压自感知表面等自感知表面创新,自适应表面变色、自适应调光涂层、自适应疏水涂层、自清洁除尘表面、自适应隐身表面、自硬化耐磨表面和自减摩超滑表面等自适应表面创新,植物自愈合、自愈合聚合物膜、自愈合导电皮肤、自愈合离子皮肤、自修复防腐涂层、自愈合蛋白质体、自愈合关节软骨和自愈合磨损划痕等自愈合表面创新。以往的表面工程是对材料表面强化以提高其物理、化学、力学性能的技术和方法,而智能表面工程则是赋予材料表面自润滑、自抗磨、自耐蚀、自修复等功能的智能表面技术和方法。未来的智能装备离不开摩擦智能,摩擦智能必须有智能表面。智能表面制造须要深入研究仿生科学与表面工程技术交叉融合,因此在摩擦学、仿生...     

非阀金属的等离子体电解氧化研究进展

等离子体电解氧化技术通常用于Al、Mg、Ti等阀金属表面形成高性能陶瓷层,较少涉及非阀金属。主要介绍了碳钢、铜、锌及其合金等“非阀金属”的等离子体电解氧化技术的最新进展。列举了碳钢在不同的电解液成分、电参数、氧化时间等工艺参数条件下制备所得涂层的相关性能,阐述了碳钢在等离子体电解氧化过程中绝缘膜击穿优于气膜击穿的成膜理论。分析了铜及其合金在硅酸盐、铝酸盐、磷酸盐及其混合电解液中的等离子体电解氧化行为,并探究了涂层的耐腐蚀和耐摩擦性能及形成机理。阐述了在不同的工艺参数下锌及其合金在耐腐蚀、耐摩擦、气敏传感和生物降解性的研究,并且论述了阀金属与非阀金属成膜的差异所在。最后,对非阀金属等离子体电解氧化技术后续的发展进行了展望。     

A rotating disk study of gold dissolution by bromine

Gold dissolution with bromine was studied using the rotating disk technique with Geobrom? 3400 as a source of bromine. The parameters studied were speed of rotation, lixiviant concentration, pH, temperature, sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid concentrations, and the concentrations of various cations (i.e., copper, iron, zinc, aluminum, manganese, potassium, and sodium) and anions (i.e., chloride, bromide, sulfate, nitrate, and iodide). According to the Lavich plot and activation energy, gold dissolution is controlled by a chemical reaction rate. Copper, iron, and manganese in their highest oxidation states, as well as aluminum, zinc, sodium, and potassium, have no effect on the rate of gold dissolution. The presence of manganous ion substantially decreases the gold dissolution rate. The kinetic performance of bromine was found to be dramatically better than the performance of cyanide and thiourea.     

Gegen Benzin,Kerosin und Mineralöle Beständige organische Werkstoffe

Gasoline, kerosine and mineral oil resistant organic materials For structural members, resistant to gasoline, kerosine and mineral oils, are successfully used organic materials in increasing amounts, as for instance high-density polyethylene (HDPE), phenolic resins, polyamides, polyesters, acrylic resins, epoxy resins and fluorcarbon resins, with and without reinforcing glass and carbon or aramide fibers. They substitute steels and other alloys. In the autocar and airplane industry, tanks and tubes for gasoline and kerosine consist of HDPE and asbestos reinforced phenolic resin. Furthermore, glass-fiber reinforced polyester can be recommended as construction material for distributors, ignition housings, gear covers and valves. Polyvinyliden-fluoride-hexafluorpropylene, a resin with 65% fluorine, has been successfully used in airplanes and rockets under severe temperature and corrosion conditions, temporarily up to 620 K, in hot oil and fuels. Particularly, polyformaldehyde is a very resistant material for alcohol containing fuels. Besides its excellent resistance in fuels and motor oils, partly fluorinated polyvinylidenfluoride is also resistant to uv-and ß-rays which makes it especially attractive as material for the spacecraft.     

Friction Stir Processing of Magnesium Alloys:A Review

Magnesium(Mg) alloys have been extensively used in various fields, such as aerospace, automobile, electronics, and biomedical industries, due to their high specific strength and stiff ness, excellent vibration absorption, electromagnetic shielding eff ect, good machinability, and recyclability. Friction stir processing(FSP) is a severe plastic deformation technique, based on the principle of friction stir welding. In addition to introducing the basic principle and advantages of FSP, this paper reviews the studies of FSP in the modification of the cast structure, superplastic deformation behavior, preparation of finegrained Mg alloys and Mg-based surface composites, and additive manufacturing. FSP not only refines, homogenizes, and densifies the microstructure, but also eliminates the cast microstructure defects, breaks up the brittle and network-like phases, and prepares fine-grained, ultrafine-, and nano-grained Mg alloys. Indeed, FSP significantly improves the comprehensive mechanical properties of the alloys and achieves low-temperature and/or high strain rate superplasticity. Furthermore, FSP can produce particle-and fiber-reinforced Mg-based surface composites. As a promising additive manufacturing technique of light metals, FSP enables the additive manufacturing of Mg alloys. Finally, we prospect the future research direction and application with friction stir processed Mg alloys.     

垂直取向石墨烯包覆泡沫镍复合中间层钎焊C/C复合材料与Nb的工艺及性能

二维材料如石墨烯、六方氮化硼、过渡金属硫化物和黑磷,因其优异特性在科研和工业领域备受关注,在传感、催化、储能等领域具有巨大应用潜力. 超快激光加工技术以其高精度和广泛的材料适应性,在二维材料的加工和器件制备中扮演着关键角色,实现了材料的无损或低损加工,在石墨烯的制备、还原氧化石墨烯、烧蚀和图案化转移等方面表现出优势.对于过渡金属硫化物和其它二维材料,超快激光同样能有效实现相变、剥离、减薄和表面沉积. 超快激光与二维材料的相互作用为微纳电子学、光电子学等高科技领域的应用提供了新机遇,未来研究将聚焦于成本降低、量子器件性能提升和高性能微纳器件的开发.

     

表面纳米化对材料性能影响的研究进展与展望

工程零部件失效常源于表面,微组织结构显著影响甚至决定工程零部件使役性能,表面纳米化技术可诱导材料微组织结构变化产生纳米晶结构表面层,增大表层残余压应力,对材料性能有极其重要的影响。首先综述了表面纳米化诱导微组织结构变化的过程及机理,诱导材料产生晶粒细化、位错运动、残余压应力增大、相变等微观变化,诱因有塑性变形、温度变化、元素渗入等。其次归纳了表面纳米化对材料性能的影响及其机理,上述微观变化对材料疲劳强度、耐腐蚀性、摩擦磨损性能、生物学性能等产生显著影响。总结了各个典型表面纳米化工艺的特点,相比于其他表面纳米化技术,超声振动辅助加工具有不需引入其他元素、不污染环境、原理简单、高速高质量、成本低廉、可依托于各种传统加工工艺等优势,对材料摩擦磨损性能、疲劳性能、生物学性能、表面浸润性和耐腐蚀性等具有积极作用。最后对表面纳米化工艺的未来发展做了展望,其中针对性分析了超声振动辅助加工。针对纳米晶结构表面层的数字化仿真模拟极其匮乏这一现状,将模拟仿真与试验相结合,分析微组织结构与加工参数、微组织结构与材料性能的映射关系并建立模型直观反映尚需更全面系统的研究。材料的某些性能可能不会同时达到最优值,依...     

不同尺度下石墨烯的磨损行为及其机制

石墨烯作为石墨的基本组成单元,其独特的二维结构与优异的减摩特性使其成为国内外摩擦学领域的研究热点.为了获得稳定的润滑效果,其抗磨损能力受到学者们的广泛关注.重点综述了石墨烯在不同尺度上磨损研究的进展.在微纳尺度上,详细地介绍了石墨烯的磨损行为、磨损机理和可以调控其耐磨性的微观因素(包括层数、界面作用力、缺陷、基底硬度、表面粗糙度、粘附力和自配副接触).在宏观尺度上,根据制备方法的不同,宏观石墨烯涂层主要分为两类:直接法或转移法制备的石墨烯薄膜与自组装法制备的石墨烯涂层.首先,介绍了直接法或转移法制备的石墨烯薄膜的磨损行为和机理,详细阐述了石墨烯薄膜在微纳和宏观尺度上磨损行为变化的根本原因,归纳了调控石墨烯薄膜磨损性能的典型方法.随后,介绍了自组装石墨烯涂层的磨损行为、机理及与薄膜的差异,并总结了增强其宏观磨损性能的策略与内在机制.最后,展望了石墨烯磨损研究的未来方向和实现石墨烯在宏观应用中尚待探索与解决的若干问题.     

焊接缺陷对聚乙烯管道焊接接头强度的影响

聚乙烯燃气管道由于其耐腐蚀、柔性好、施工效率高等优良特性,已逐渐在城镇燃气运输中取代钢制管道,成为主要的输送方式。聚乙烯管道的安装主要采用电熔和热熔焊接方式,存在的主要焊接缺陷有过焊、冷焊、氧化皮未去除、电阻丝错位、孔洞等,文中研究了不同焊接缺陷对聚乙烯焊接接头强度的影响程度及影响机理。采用拉伸、压扁、SEM和EDS测试方法对带有人为缺陷的焊接接头进行分析测试。拉伸、压扁力学性能结果表明,影响聚乙烯管道焊接接头强度的主要缺陷为冷焊、过焊、氧化皮未去除、电阻丝错位,其中氧化皮未去除对接头强度的影响最大,为正常焊接断裂应力的0.4%;SEM和EDS测试结果表明,含有氧化皮的管材分子链易交联、断链,流动性差,热氧老化的硬质斑块和机械划伤阻碍了聚乙烯母材大分子链的扩散,同时在紫外线、光、热等作用下,氧与聚乙烯表面分子链发生反应,形成大量羟基自由基团,使得聚乙烯分子链发生热氧老化和降解,大大降低了聚乙烯接头强度。     

铁液化学成分对铸铁熔炼增碳效果的影响

对铁液中C、Si、Mn、S和P等成分对铸铁熔炼增碳效果的影响进行了研究,结果表明,化学成分C、Si、Mn、S、P对增碳效果有不同的影响,Si影响最大,C、Mn、S次之,P影响较小;铁液中的初始碳量过高不利于碳的吸收和增碳,Si、S、P也阻碍碳的吸收和增碳,而Mn有助于碳的吸收和增碳。在实际铸铁熔炼增碳过程中,应先增锰,再增碳,最后增硅,而且要严格控制铁液中的S、P含量。     

电液泵发展现状与关键技术综述

作为新的研究方向,电液泵(高度融合式一体化电机泵)融合了液压技术、电机技术、控制技术、机械学、材料学、摩擦学、传热学等学科内容,将电机和液压泵合二为一进行高度融合设计,具有体积小、噪声低、振动小、散热好等优点,具有广阔的应用前景。介绍国内外的研究进展和应用现状,对传统电机-泵组、屏蔽式电机泵和电液泵进行比较,分析现有电液泵的结构特点和实现方案,列出关键技术和需要解决的重点、难点问题,并指出具有高度融合特点的电液泵将是未来液压动力源的发展方向。     

聚乙烯膜表面能提升改性的研究进展

聚乙烯膜表面改性的目的是在膜表面引入极性基团,提高膜表面的粗糙度,消除弱界面层,提高膜表面能.综述了聚乙烯膜的几种表面改性方法,包括化学改性法、火焰及热处理法、表面接枝法、等离子体处理法、电晕处理法、共混改性法、共同作用法等,并对比了各改性方法的优缺点.聚乙烯是非极性材料,表面能比较低(30～32 dynes/cm),...     

特色研究报告：低维电磁功能材料研究进展

电磁功能材料在军事隐身、信息对抗等国防军工以及电磁辐射防护、微波通信等民用技术领域有着广阔的应用前景。特别是,低维电磁功能材料具有独特的电磁特性,在电磁波吸收与屏蔽、通信与成像、传感与检测等方面受到越来越多的关注。总结了曹茂盛研究小组在低维电磁功能材料方面取得的重要研究进展,主要包括碳纳米管、石墨烯、碳化硅、氧化锌、过渡金属及其化合物、多铁材料等。系统论述了低维材料的电磁响应,包括电荷输运、偶极极化、磁共振、磁涡流等。重点总结了在电磁响应方面提出的重要的模型和公式,包括电子跳跃(EHP)模型、聚集诱导电荷输运(AICT)模型、类电容结构、等效电路模型以及等效串联电路方程和电导网络方程等。揭示了低维材料电磁响应与电磁屏蔽和吸收之间的重要联系,即电磁能量转换机制,包括极化弛豫和电荷输运协同竞争机制以及界面散射、微电流、微天线辐射和介质弛豫的竞争协同作用等。最后,深入剖析了该领域的发展进程,提出了该领域面临的重大挑战,并预测了未来的研究方向。