地铁列车典型地板饰面材料燃烧危险性研究

为了对地铁车厢内典型地板饰面材料的特性进行全方位的表征和分析,采用锥形量热仪测得了材料燃烧过程中热释放速率、总热释放量、CO 与CO2 释放速率以及总烟释放量等参数。通过热重-红外联用仪使其材料在程序控温条件下进行热解,获得了不同温度下材料热解过程的红外吸收光谱图。使用场发射扫描电镜仪对其材料燃烧完成后残渣的形貌结构进行了表征。实验结果表明：材料在燃烧过程中生成了阻燃炭层结构,在一定时间内起到了隔热、隔氧的作用,延缓了燃烧反应;材料在8 min 内燃烧反应完全,一旦发生火灾,所产生的热危害和烟危害较大;材料热解过程可分为4 个阶段,从350 ℃开始热解,于440 ℃达到热解高峰期,产生大量的H2O、CH4和芳香族化合物。     

常见保温材料的单体燃烧试验研究

本文采用EPS板、XPS板、酚醛板、岩棉板、橡塑保温材料和聚氨酯泡沫保温材料作为研究对象进行单体燃烧试验,获得其燃烧增长速率指数、600s内的热释放量、烟气生成速率指数、600s内的总产烟量、燃烧滴落物/颗粒物等参数,分析其火灾危险性。研究表明:材料火灾危险性由大到小排列依次为,聚氨酯保温板橡塑保温板XPS板EPS板酚醛板岩棉板。     

基于锥形量热仪的锂离子电池电解液火灾危险性研究

频发的电动汽车着火事故引起了对离子电池火灾危险性与燃烧特性的关注。以锥形量热仪对常用的几种锂离子电池电解液溶剂的燃烧特性进行了,探讨了不同溶质对其燃烧特性的影响。借助火灾危险综合指数（IFHI）和闪燃特性指数对锂离子电池电解液的火灾危险性进行了评估,发现含LiPF6 溶剂热危险性从大到小依次为：LiPF6 +DMC、LiPF6 +DEC、LiPF6 +EMC、LiPF6 +EC;通过闪燃特性进行评价发现,中等火灾危险等级的有：LiPF6+EC;超高等火灾危险等级的有：LiPF6+DEC、LiPF6+DMC、LiPF6+EMC。     

汽车外饰材料火灾燃烧特性研究

对汽车外饰所用材料的燃烧特性进行研究,从氧指数测试、锥形量热仪测试及垂直火蔓延试验等方面分析了试样的火灾危险特性。结果显示,实验材料在空气中容易点燃,并且燃烧剧烈;材料在有外界火源作用下,燃烧将更加迅速,热释放速率随外界热源功率的增加也有显著提升;外饰材料燃烧时具有明显的熔融、滴落现象。研究表明,汽车外饰材料具有非常高的火灾危险性。     

高强玻璃纤维复合材料热解动力学研究

利用热重—差热同步分析仪研究典型高强玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料在不同升温速率、不同载气气氛影响下的热解特性规律。升温速率取5、10、20、30、40℃/min;气氛取空气及氮气气氛(50 mL/min);实验温度范围为25~800℃。研究表明,随着升温速率的增大,热解反应各阶段起始温度、终止温度、最大失重速率温度均向高温方向移动。空气气氛下,玻纤复合材料热解分为两个阶段,分别是环氧树脂基材热解的两个阶段,玻璃纤维自身不分解;氮气气氛下,玻纤复合材料热解反应一步完成。相同升温速率下,玻纤复合材料与环氧树脂基材的热解初始分解温度、热解温度范围基本一致,玻纤复合材料的热解终止温度及热解各阶段失重速率明显小于环氧树脂基材。运用Kissinger法和Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法进行热解动力学分析,得到玻纤复合材料热解各阶段的表观活化能,两种计算方法所得结果基本一致。热解第二阶段表观活化能明显高于第一阶段,其热稳定性在热解过程中逐渐增强。     

高压低氧气体保温材料XPS燃烧特性

利用实验装置模拟潜艇封舱灭火时形成的高压低氧环境,通过改变氧浓度和压力、材料放置角度,对XPS的燃烧特性进行了研究。结果表明,在低氧浓度和高压力的耦合作用下,压力对XPS燃烧特性影响较小,氧体积分数的变化起主导作用,氧体积分数越低,对燃烧的抑制作用越显著;各燃烧特性参数随着放置角度绝对值的增大而增大,负角度时可能产生流淌火。     

室内装修材料燃烧特性的对比研究

本文通过运用锥形量热仪横向比较了室内装修材料的点燃时间、热释放速率（HRR）、质量损失速率、发烟量等燃烧特性，并分析其在火灾发生时的危险性，综合实验结果证实，地板和地毯材料的火灾危险性较大。同时提出室内装修材料的研究方向，指出要完善室内装修设计、施工的规范及标准。     

在建多层建筑火灾数值模拟分析

以某大学在建学生宿舍为研究对象,分析火灾事故的风险因素,结合燃烧火灾特征,利用FDS对室外保温材料起火、室内木板材料起火、储存在室内的保温材料起火的火灾场景进行模拟,得到火灾特征参数值的变化规律。结果表明:外墙保温板燃烧时,高温会引燃室内堆积的可燃物,发生二次燃烧;木模板燃烧时,烟气迅速充满整栋建筑,短时间内CO体积分数达到危险临界值。对比木模板与保温板火灾模拟结果发现,相同环境下,木模板燃烧的危险性更大。     

木质复合板材竖向火蔓延特性实验研究

为得到木质复合板材两面临空竖向火蔓延特征,利用小尺寸燃烧特性实验,研究木质复合板材在5、10、15 cm宽度下的竖向火蔓延特征。测得试样竖向燃烧时热解前锋、火焰蔓延速率和火焰高度等燃烧特性参数,给出不同宽度下试样热解前锋位置的拟合公式。实验结果表明:在一定宽度范围内,热解前锋、火焰高度随着试样宽度的增加而增高,宽度为15 cm时,热解前锋、火焰高度最高,10 cm时次之,宽度为5 cm时最低。通过对热解前锋进行数据拟合,得出热解前锋随时间变化满足y=a+bx~c的函数关系,相关系数均接近于1,拟合程度好。     

室内典型装饰材料的热解特性研究

在火灾发生发展过程中,可燃装饰材料的热解失重行为极大地影响着室内火灾的发生和蔓延。本文利用TGA851e型热重分析仪对4种装饰材料在不同升温速率(10,15,20℃/min)、空气流速(10,30,50 m L/min)条件下的热解特性进行研究,并找出一般性规律。     

Toxicity characteristics of commercially manufactured insulation materials for building applications in Taiwan

The use of thermal insulation materials for building applications is a promising technique but further investigations are needed in this area in order to enhance fire prevention. An experimental study has been carried out to determine toxicity characteristics of commercially manufactured insulation materials, according to UK Naval Engineering standards 713 (NES-713) and colorimetric analysis. Four materials, covering organic foamy and inorganic materials of most of insulation materials used in Taiwan, have been chosen. The various colorimetric gas reaction tubes were used to measure toxic constituents and contents. Toxicity index (TI) was then calculated to evaluate the combustion characteristic of the specimens. The influences of toxic constituents and contents on the toxicity characteristic of testing materials were examined. It was found that significant differences existed between organic foamy and inorganic materials. The results showed that the organic foamy materials, polyethylene foam and polyurethane foam, which did not meet the requirements of the low fire hazard material and were unfavorable in the building’s fire prevention. Finally, it was also observed that the results promote the real knowledge of these insulation materials by using the quantitative analysis to explicate the toxicity chemicals and types and can be important references for fire hazard analysis and developing materials in the future.     

酚醛树脂/玻璃纤维型飞机货舱衬板复合材料火灾危险性评价

应用锥形量热仪和烟密度箱测试分析飞机货舱衬板在不同火灾环境下的燃烧特性,结合锥形量热仪实验数据对玻璃纤维/酚醛树脂复合材料的火灾危险性进行评价.结果表明:不同热辐射强度对货舱衬板的影响有区别,热辐射强度越大,热分解越快,点燃时间越短,热释放速率峰值越大,最大峰值为98.5 kW/m2,最大总热释放量为7.7 MJ/m2...     

ZR-BV单芯铜线过电流熔断痕迹形成过程

模拟聚氯乙烯绝缘阻燃（ZR-BV）单芯铜线在不同电流值时的过电流故障，借助高速摄像、视频截帧等技术，研究导线的发热过程及熔断痕迹形成过程。研究表明：导线发生过电流故障时，I≤3.5Ie，过电流导线仅出现线芯发热，绝缘热解破坏；I≥4Ie，过电流导线会发生熔断，引起绝缘层的燃烧。燃烧发生时，I<4.5Ie，导线绝缘层的燃烧仅能从熔断点蔓延至其两侧一定位置处；I≥4.5Ie，导线绝缘层的燃烧会从导线熔断点处向两侧持续蔓延，直至导线端部。导线的绝缘燃烧是结疤熔痕形成的必要条件,枝晶偏析组织是该熔痕的典型组织。在发生较大电流过电流故障时，导线会出现明火燃烧的现象。     

石墨阻燃型高效节能复合墙体保温板

保温墙体是节能建筑的重要组成部分,实现保温与结构一体化是未来节能建筑的发展方向。传统的有机保温材料发泡聚苯乙烯(EPS)与发泡聚氨酯(PU)已被广泛用于墙体保温。随着GB 50016—2014《建筑设计防火规范》对建筑防火等级要求的提高,开发阻燃型的墙体保温材料势在必行。本保温板以3~5 mm和0.5~1 mm 2种粒径的EPS颗粒为主要原材料,经级配设计后作为骨料,以PU作为胶结料,以可膨胀石墨作为阻燃剂,制成阻燃型的复合保温材料芯材;以聚合物水泥砂浆作为面层并以耐碱玻璃纤维方格网作为增强材料制成复合墙体保温板。该保温板可以作为节能建筑外墙、外侧梁柱混凝土施工的模板,经热工分析,复合板材可以达到节能65%以上的总体要求,可以在节能建筑工程中推广使用。     

希望研发出更多、更好的不燃保温材料和制品——在侨兴A1级不燃保温板新闻发布会上的发言

简要分析了高层建筑外墙保温火灾事故的原因.介绍了侨兴QX型不燃保温无机复合新材料,该材料经国家固定灭火系统和耐火构件质量监督检验中心检验,其燃烧性能达到了国标GB8624-2006《建筑材料及制品燃烧性能分级》A1级,即匀质材料不燃烧级标准.并由此展望了高层建筑外墙保温材料的发展前景.     

纤维增强发泡水泥保温板的研制

发泡水泥保温板作为一种建筑节能材料,具有A级防火、质轻、高强、耐久性好等优点,但是,又具有脆性大、易破损、施工现场损耗大等缺点,限制了发泡水泥保温板的应用。该文研制了一种纤维增强发泡水泥保温板,将发泡水泥保温板作为芯材,上下表面复合由耐碱玻璃纤维网格布和聚合物砂浆组成的增强层,制成纤维增强发泡水泥保温板,解决了发泡水泥保温板的以上缺点,其相较于普通发泡水泥保温板,抗压强度、抗折强度提高,吸水率降低,使得制品的热工性能更好、规格更大、破损率更低,能够应用在建筑保温、防火隔离带、保温装饰一体化板保温基板等方面,具有广泛的应用前景。     

Smouldering Combustion in Loose-Fill Wood Fibre Thermal Insulation: An Experimental Study

A bench-scale experimental setup has been used to study the conditions necessary for smouldering ignition in four types of loose-fill wood fibre thermal insulation, and to study the development of the smouldering process. The products varied with regard to wood species, grain size and fire retardant chemical additives. The test material was placed in an insulated open top container and heated from below. Temperatures within the sample and mass loss were measured during the tests. Both the fibre size and the level of added fire retardant seem to influence the smouldering ignition. Two different types of smouldering were identified in this study. Materials undergoing smouldering Type 1 obtained maximum temperatures in the range 380°C to 440°C and a total mass loss of 40 wt% to 50 wt%. Materials undergoing smouldering Type 2 obtained maximum temperatures in the range 660°C to 700°C and a total mass loss of 80 wt% to 90 wt%. This implies that Type 2 smouldering involves secondary char oxidation, which represents a risk for transition to flaming combustion and thereby a considerable fire hazard. This has been an exploratory project and the results must therefore be considered as indicative. The findings may, however, have implications for fire safety in the practical use of loose-fill wood fibre insulation in buildings, and further experimental studies should be performed with this in mind to obtain more knowledge about the topic.     

Heat release and flame propagation in prefabricated modular unit with GFRP composite facades

Prefabrication of modular residential and office units involves rapid manufacturing various building components off-site from different choices of materials, and transportation to construction site for the complete assembly. While this prefabrication manufacturing process could reduce construction costs, time and waste by using lightweight composite modules (LCM), significant challenge is associated with fire performance of an office modular unit using the modular units. This work aims at investigating the fire performance of a modular office unit using the LCM in terms of heat release rate and temperature history and compared with the traditional office unit model using glazing facade. The heat release and flame propagations in a selected prefabricated modular office unit are simulated with computational fluid dynamic (CFD) taking into account the complexity of the materials systems and the influences of the facade. The numerical procedure combining pyrolysis analysis of the composite sandwiches and the fire dynamic simulation of the combustion process is developed. The computational model is validated with thermal responses obtained from the cone calorimetry experiments. Kinetic parameters obtained from the TGA tests and pyrolysis analysis are used as inputs for the models measuring the fire growth index and total heat release. A multilayer sandwich composite material model is proposed to simulate the thermal responses and combustion processes of the prefabricated unit envelop. Temperatures at critical locations of the units are captured and compared with the standard fire curve to reveal the significant improvement in the fire performance of the office modular unit utilising GFRP composite.     

磷酸铁锂电池热失控行为研究进展

摘 要：磷酸铁锂(LiFePO4)电池具有安全性好、成本低、放电电压平稳、寿命长等优点,尤其适用于大型、高功率的锂离子电池体系。然而,近些年关于LiFePO4电池热失控事故的报道逐渐增多,LiFePO4电池的安全性成为人们关注的焦点。对LiFePO4电池热失控机理、材料热稳定性以及失控过程中的热行为研究进展进行了分析综述,期望能提高人们对LiFePO4电池安全性的认识,并对其安全性能的改善进行了展望。