风电预应力混凝土-钢混合塔架设计优化研究

风电预应力混凝土-钢混合塔架建设成本是结构选型的重要影响因素,该文基于改进粒子群算法与有限元方法提出一种优化方法,以2.5 MW风力机塔架为对象,取造价为目标函数,考虑上下塔段强度、刚度、稳定性、疲劳、塔顶位移以及结构自振频率等约束条件,实现了塔架截面及塔段高度优化。结果表明:风电混合塔架最不利荷载组合应取切出风速工况下水平气动力为第一可变荷载的荷载组合情况;钢塔段厚度对造价影响最大,其次为混凝土段高度与厚度;塔架的混凝土段高度约占塔架总高的75%时造价最低。     

风力机混凝土塔架最小成本优化设计

讨论有粘结预应力混凝土风力机塔架的结构计算,并从提高经济性和方便施工角度,利用自动分组遗传算法(AGGA)研究混凝土塔架优化设计问题。首先根据风力机塔架受力特点,提出混凝土塔架承载力和正常使用极限状态的设计要求,并参考国内外现行规范,给出计算这些设计要求的方法。在此基础上,建立以塔架最小建造成本为目标,考虑两种极限状态下多项设计要求和反映施工复杂程度的设计变量分组要求的优化模型。AGGA求解该优化问题,获得满足要求的最小成本设计。36 m混凝土塔架算例可表明优化方法的效果。     

基于粒子群优化算法的风力机塔架结构优化设计

为了降低风力机塔架成本以及提高塔架的结构性能,编制粒子群优化算法程序,在算法程序中嵌入有限元方法,选取塔架壁厚、塔底直径及塔顶直径为设计变量,以强度、刚度、振动性能及稳定性为约束条件,建立了以质量最轻为目标函数的塔架优化数学模型,对某1.5 MW风力机塔架结构进行了优化设计。结果表明,优化后塔架的结构性能得到了改善,塔架变形对壁厚变化较为敏感,塔架质量减少了16.3%,说明了计算模型的有效性,可为同类塔架的设计提供参考。     

基于均匀设计的风力机塔架结构参数优化研究

针对大型水平轴风力机塔架结构优化过程中主要影响要素不显著问题,以塔架塔顶与机舱底座连接处为研究对象,采用均匀设计法对连接处2要素(厚度、高度)进行U*9(92)静强度试验设计并进行数值仿真模拟。研究结果表明:塔架最大变形值与最大应力值与连接处2要素(厚度、高度)呈线性与双曲抛物面函数关系,其中高度变化较厚度变化对塔架的应力值变化影响更大,优化塔顶结构参数后比原塔架最大应力值减小0.89%,最大位移值减少0.22%,质量降低0.24%,该研究为风力机塔架多目标结构优化设计提供理论依据。     

基于遗传算法的风力机塔架最优化设计方法

探讨了遗传算法在风力机塔架结构优化设计中的应用.通过对经典遗传算法进行改进,建立了存在约束条件的遗传算法优化设计模型;考虑结构受力特点,给出了塔架体系在屈曲性能约束条件下的最优化设计方法.另外,针对遗传算法容易收敛到局部最优点的缺陷,改变各变量相应初始界限值,进行两次遗传算法操作运算,使工作效率提高,且结果更为精确.最后,对某风力机塔架进行在简化荷载作用下的最优化设计,得到了较满意的结果.     

大型风力机叶片气动与结构耦合优化设计研究

针对大型风力机风轮气弹效应对叶片结构的影响作用,对叶片结构优化设计的理论模型建模方法进行研究。采用叶素动量理论和梁理论,并结合遗传算法,将叶片各截面弦长、扭角和铺层厚度3个形状参数作为优化设计的变量,提出一种以叶片最小重量作为结构优化设计目标的理论模型。以1.2 MW风力机叶片为例,对优化前后叶片的3个形状参数与风力机功率特性间关系进行的计算分析表明,考虑叶片气弹变形的影响作用不仅能提高风轮的风能利用系数,且能减小叶片的截面质量线密度,进而降低叶片的制造成本。     

风力机塔架动力学有限元分析系统

基于有限单元法,利用VC开发了ANSYS平台下的风力机塔架有限元建模和动力学分析系统.在VC程序中使用APDL语言封装ANSYS,由系统生成的APDL数据文件直接驱动ANSYS进行塔架的动力学性能分析.通过和风力机全系统载荷分析及优化设计软件的集成,实现了从风场计算、气动载荷计算到结构动力学分析的一体化.计算结果的对比分析表明,该软件的计算模型正确,能很好地用于风力机总体设计过程中对塔架结构的动力学分析.     

复合材料风力机叶片气动/结构一体化优化设计

基于多学科优化理论,提出复合材料风力机叶片气动/结构一体化优化设计方法。采用多岛遗传算法,以叶片的气动和结构性能为约束、质量为目标,对复合材料风力机叶片进行优化设计。气动性能分析采用叶素动量理论,考虑叶梢损失和轮毂损失。结构分析采用有限元方法对风机叶片三维参数化CAD模型进行分析。算例结果证明了该方法的有效性,对实际的工程设计有较强的参考价值。     

基于土-结构耦合作用的风力机塔架地震动力学响应分析

风力机塔架在地震激励下的动力学响应研究对保证风力机安全运行具有重要意义。基于有限元软件ANSYS和Wolf土-构耦合理论对Vestas1.65 MW风力机建立较高精度有限元模型,对是否考虑土-结构耦合(Soil-Structure Interaction,SSI)效应两种条件下进行瞬态动力学分析。选用摩根希尔(Morgan Hill)地震运动,土体选用软土物性参数。结果表明:考虑SSI效应会降低风力机塔架自振频率,塔架在地震激励下的塔顶位移响应、塔顶加速度响应、塔架Mises等效应力响应和塔架剪应力响应频率有较明显下降,塔顶加速度峰值减小6.7%,塔基承受剪应力增加73.5 MPa,增幅98.9%。因此,研究风力机结构抗震设计应考虑SSI效应。     

强阵风条件下风电机组钢-混凝土塔架瞬态响应分析

以陆地某5 MW大型风力机钢-混凝土组合塔架为研究对象,参考GL2010风力发电机塔架设计规范,对塔架的瞬态响应进行分析。考虑塔顶机舱风轮质量及钢-混组合结构的影响,建立了塔架有限元分析模型;采用Block Lanczos法对塔架进行了模态分析,得到了塔架前六阶固有频率和振型;通过模态叠加法求解,得到了恒定风速下塔架结构的稳态动响应与主要频率成分;分析了在瞬时强阵风作用下,塔架结构承载的变化规律与瞬态位移动响应时域历程;研究发现,在强阵风的作用下塔架横向振动会产生大幅波动,最大增加188.09%,在塔架结构设计时应给予一定的重视。     

Multidisciplinary design optimization of offshore wind turbines for minimum levelized cost of energy

This paper presents a method for multidisciplinary design optimization of offshore wind turbines at system level. The formulation and implementation that enable the integrated aerodynamic and structural design of the rotor and tower simultaneously are detailed. The objective function to be minimized is the levelized cost of energy. The model includes various design constraints: stresses, deflections, modal frequencies and fatigue limits along different stations of the blade and tower. The rotor design variables are: chord and twist distribution, blade length, rated rotational speed and structural thicknesses along the span. The tower design variables are: tower thickness and diameter distribution, as well as the tower height. For the other wind turbine components, a representative mass model is used to include their dynamic interactions in the system. To calculate the system costs, representative cost models of a wind turbine located in an offshore wind farm are used. To show the potential of the method and to verify its usefulness, the 5 MW NREL wind turbine is used as a case study. The result of the design optimization process shows 2.3% decrease in the levelized cost of energy for a representative Dutch site, while satisfying all the design constraints.     

Optimization of turbine design in wind farms with multiple hub heights,using exact analytic gradients and structural constraints

Wind farms are generally designed with turbines of all the same hub height. If wind farms were designed with turbines of different hub heights, wake interference between turbines could be reduced, lowering the cost of energy (COE). This paper demonstrates a method to optimize onshore wind farms with two different hub heights using exact, analytic gradients. Gradient‐based optimization with exact gradients scales well with large problems and is preferable in this application over gradient‐free methods. Our model consisted of the following: a version of the FLOw Redirection and Induction in Steady‐State wake model that accommodated three‐dimensional wakes and calculated annual energy production, a wind farm cost model, and a tower structural model, which provided constraints during optimization. Structural constraints were important to keep tower heights realistic and account for additional mass required from taller towers and higher wind speeds. We optimized several wind farms with tower height, diameter, and shell thickness as coupled design variables. Our results indicate that wind farms with small rotors, low wind shear, and closely spaced turbines can benefit from having two different hub heights. A nine‐by‐nine grid wind farm with 70‐meter rotor diameters and a wind shear exponent of 0.08 realized a 4.9% reduction in COE by using two different tower sizes. If the turbine spacing was reduced to 3 diameters, the reduction in COE decreased further to 11.2%. Allowing for more than two different turbine heights is only slightly more beneficial than two heights and is likely not worth the added complexity.     

组合式风力发电塔架静力学有限元分析

为解决常规的锥型风力发电塔筒在大型风电机组中的制作、加工和施工运输成本大幅上升的问题,提出了新型组合式风力发电塔架结构以及在组合式塔架连接处采用过渡段连接的改进方案。分析了组合式塔架的静力学特点和最佳过渡段设计方案,并与常规锥台型塔筒的力学性能进行了对比。结果表明,组合式塔架在额定工况和暴风工况下均满足强度和刚度要求;过渡段最佳厚度为255mm、高度为25m,改进后的塔架提高了组合式塔架的力学性能;暴风工况下,改进后的组合式塔架塔顶位移比锥台型塔筒约小17%,且总体上组合式塔架的用钢量明显小于锥台型塔筒,具有良好的经济适用性能。     

钢-混凝土组合式风力发电塔架地震响应分析

钢-混凝土组合式风力发电塔架上部为钢塔筒,下部为混凝土塔筒,高度方向具有较大的质量和刚度突变,其在地震作用下的响应和传统单管式钢塔架显著不同.利用ABAQUS对同一风电场的2.0 MW单管式钢塔架和组合式塔架建立精细化模型,选取3种场地条件,采用振型分解反应谱法计算2种塔架的地震响应并进行对比.针对3种场地条件,选取相...     

Aeroservoelastic design definition of a 20 MW common research wind turbine model

Wind turbine upscaling is motivated by the fact that larger machines can achieve lower levelized cost of energy. However, there are several fundamental issues with the design of such turbines, and there is little public data available for large wind turbine studies. To address this need, we develop a 20 MW common research wind turbine design that is available to the public. Multidisciplinary design optimization is used to define the aeroservoelastic design of the rotor and tower subject to the following constraints: blade‐tower clearance, structural stresses, modal frequencies, tip‐speed and fatigue damage at several sections of the tower and blade. For the blade, the design variables include blade length, twist and chord distribution, structural thicknesses distribution and rotor speed at the rated. The tower design variables are the height, and the diameter distribution in the vertical direction. For the other components, mass models are employed to capture their dynamic interactions. The associated cost of these components is obtained by using cost models. The design objective is to minimize the levelized cost of energy. The results of this research show the feasibility of a 20 MW wind turbine and provide a model with the corresponding data for wind energy researchers to use in the investigation of different aspects of wind turbine design and upscaling. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of wind speed at the top of the tower on the performance and energy generated from _thermosyphon solar turbine

Energy generated from wind turbine depends to a great extent on the wind speed at its inlet. The use of thermosyphon solar tower is an attempt to increase the air velocity at inlet of the wind turbine and of course to increase its power. The wind speed in a certain location changes always with time and with the height above ground surface. In this work, the effect of wind speed at the top of the tower on the performance as well as on the energy generated from thermosyphon solar turbine was studied theoretically. One location in Egypt was chosen for this study. The calculations were achieved mainly with the solar turbine located at tower bottom. For the purpose of comparison, the energy generated from the solar turbine was compared with that generated from free wind turbine at tower height with the absence of solar tower. It was found that, the wind speed at the top of the tower results in a pressure drop which affects the performance of the thermosyphon solar turbine. This pressure drop increases with the rise in wind speed and will be zero only when the wind speed at the top of the tower reaches zero. It was found also that, there is an increase in friction losses through the tower and a decrease in both temperature difference between inlet and outlet of the tower and in heat losses from tower walls with the rise in wind speed in location. The inlet air velocity to the solar turbine and consequently its specific power were found to be increased with the increase in wind speed at the top of the tower. Therefore, the effect of wind speed at the top of the tower must be taken into account during thermosyphon solar tower calculations. By comparing the performance of solar turbine and the free wind turbine located at tower height with the absence of thermosyphon solar tower, it was found that the mean inlet air velocity to the solar turbine located at tower bottom and consequently its specific power are higher than these values for free wind turbine. The mean inlet air velocity to the solar turbine is found to be 117% of its value for a free wind turbine. The yearly specific energy generated from solar turbine is expected to be 157% of its value for free wind turbine.     

大型风力发电机组塔架优化设计

鉴于塔架对风力发电机组的承载能力、使用寿命与安全的影响,因此对塔架进行科学、合理的设计尤为重要。提出了风力发电机组塔架的设计思路,总结了静强度、屈曲稳定及模态分析等理论基础的特点,通过整合这些理论基础给出了优化设计步骤,并以湘潭电机股份有限公司某大型风机为例,采用Matlab对塔架进行了优化设计。结果表明,采用基础理论对塔架进行优化设计是简单有效的方法之一,且在满足各项安全指标的前提下,有效地控制了塔架重量,适合推广应用。     

Scenario analysis for techno‐economic model development of U.S. offshore wind support structures

Challenging bathymetry and soil conditions of future US offshore wind power plants might promote the use of multimember, fixed‐bottom structures (or ‘jackets’) in place of monopiles. Support structures affect costs associated with the balance of system and operation and maintenance. Understanding the link between these costs and the main environmental design drivers is crucial in the quest for a lower levelized cost of energy, and it is the main rationale for this work. Actual cost and engineering data are still scarce; hence, we evaluated a simplified engineering approach to tie key site and turbine parameters (e.g. water depth, wave height, tower‐head mass, hub height and generator rating) to the overall support weight. A jacket‐and‐tower sizing tool, part of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's system engineering software suite, was utilized to achieve mass‐optimized support structures for 81 different configurations. This tool set provides preliminary sizing of all jacket components. Results showed reasonable agreement with the available industry data, and that the jacket mass is mainly driven by water depth, but hub height and tower‐head mass become more influential at greater turbine ratings. A larger sensitivity of the structural mass to wave height and target eigenfrequency was observed for the deepest water conditions (>40 m). Thus, techno‐economic analyses using this model should be based on accurate estimates of actual metocean conditions and turbine parameters especially for deep waters. The relationships derived from this study will inform National Renewable Energy Laboratory's offshore balance of system cost model, and they will be used to evaluate the impact of changes in technology on offshore wind lower levelized cost of energy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.