异丁醇/辛酸甲酯混合燃料预混层流火焰速度的研究

针对生物柴油与醇类混合燃料燃烧机理研究的需求,采用高速纹影光学诊断方法和定容燃烧弹系统试验研究了异丁醇/辛酸甲酯混合燃料的预混层流燃烧特性。测量了不同当量比和初始压力条件下的不同配比混合燃料—空气预混合气的层流燃烧火焰速度,火焰拉伸率以及马克斯坦长度。分析了燃烧初始条件及异丁醇掺混比例对混合燃料的无拉伸层流燃烧速度及火焰不稳定性的影响规律。结果表明:异丁醇/辛酸甲酯混合燃料的拉伸层流火焰传播速度和层流火焰燃烧速度随着当量比的增加先增加后减少,随着初始压力的增加而减小;马克斯坦长度随着当量比和初始压力的增加而减小;异丁醇掺混比例的增加加快了层流火焰燃烧速度,但使得火焰的不稳定性倾向增加。     

高温高压下二甲醚—空气预混层流燃烧特性研究

在定容燃烧弹内研究了初始压力为0.5 MPa时,不同初始温度和燃空当量比下二甲醚-空气混合气预混层流火焰的层流燃烧速率和马克斯坦长度,分析了火焰拉伸对火焰传播速率的影响.基于容弹燃烧的双区模型计算了预混层流燃烧的燃烧特性参数.结果表明:随着初始温度的增加,二甲醚-空气预混合气的无拉伸火焰传播速率和无拉伸层流燃烧率增加;对于给定的初始温度,在化学当量比偏浓混合气一侧存在一个层流燃烧速度的峰值;随初始温度和当最比增加,马克斯坦长度值减小,火焰前锋面的不稳定性增加;最大燃烧压力随初始温度的增加而下降,压力升高率随初始温度的增加而降低.     

高压下氢气-乙醇球形膨胀火焰的层流燃烧速度和火焰不稳定性研究

在初始温度为400 K、不同的初始压力（0.1 MPa、0.4 MPa）、氢气比例（70%、80%）和当量比（0.7～1.4）条件下进行氢气-乙醇预混燃烧实验,使用高速纹影技术记录火焰传播图像。对氢气-乙醇球形膨胀火焰中的层流燃烧速度（LBV）进行实验研究,发现LBV随着氢气比例的增加而增加,压力升高却有着负影响。对火焰发展不同阶段的火焰形貌进行了研究。当火焰表面的大裂纹分裂出现小裂纹并且导致新细胞再生时,火焰变得不稳定。通过热膨胀比、火焰厚度和刘易斯数等参数考察了流体动力学效应和热扩散效应对火焰固有不稳定性的影响。结果表明,流体动力不稳定性随着压力的增加而增加,热扩散不稳定性对压力变化的敏感性较低。此外,增加氢气比例或初始压力会导致火焰更早遭受不稳定。     

高温高压条件下乙醇-空气-稀释气预混合气层流燃烧特性研究

利用定容燃烧弹和高速纹影摄像手段研究了不同初始压力、初始温度、气体稀释度和燃空当量比下乙醇-空气-稀释气预混层流燃烧特性的基础特征参数,如绝热火焰温度、层流燃烧速度、层流燃烧质量流量、层流燃烧火焰厚度和已燃气体Markstein长度。研究结果表明:在给定初始压力、初始温度和气体稀释度的情况下,绝热火焰温度、质量燃烧流量和层流燃烧速度的最大值均出现在当量比1.0～1.1,层流火焰厚度在当量比1.1处取得最小值;已燃气体Markstein长度随当量比的增加呈下降趋势;在给定当量比条件下,绝热火焰温度随初始压力、初始温度的增加而增加,随氮气稀释度的增加而降低;层流燃烧速度随初始压力和氮气稀释度增加而降低,随初始温度增加而增加;层流质量燃烧流量随初始压力和初始温度的增加而增加;随氮气稀释度增加而减小;层流火焰厚度和已燃气体Markstein长度随初始压力和初始温度的增加而减小,随氮气稀释度的增加而增加。     

二乙醚-空气预混合气层流燃烧速率测定

在定容燃烧弹内利用高速纹影摄像法系统地研究了不同初始压力、不同初始温度和不同燃空当量比下二乙醚-空气预混合气的层流燃烧特性。利用球形发展火焰分析得到了不同初始压力、不同初始温度和不同燃空当量比下二乙醚-空气预混合气的无拉伸层流火焰燃烧速率、马克斯坦长度等层流燃烧参数。研究结果表明:无拉伸层流火焰燃烧速率随初始温度的增加而增加,随初始压力的增加而降低;马克斯坦长度随着初始温度的增加而减小,随初始压力的增加而减小,随当量比的增加而减小,表明火焰前锋面不稳定性随初始温度和初始压力的增加而增加,随混合气浓度的增加而增加。基于试验数据获得了二乙醚-空气预混合气无拉伸层流燃烧速率的关系式。     

氢气乙醇混合物层流燃烧速度及火焰不稳定性研究

氢气是一种高效的添加剂,可改善乙醇燃料的燃烧特性,为更好地应用于燃烧装置,有必要研究其层流燃烧特性。在初始压力为0.1及0.4 MPa,初始温度为400 K,等效比范围为0.7～1.4,氢气比例为20%、50%和80%下进行实验,采用定压法(constant pressure method, CPM)得到层流燃烧速度(laminar burning velocity, LBV)。对火焰发展不同阶段的火焰形貌进行研究,当火焰表面的大裂纹分裂出现小裂纹,并导致新细胞再生时,火焰变得不稳定;还研究流体动力学效应和热扩散效应对火焰固有不稳定性的影响。结果表明：LBV随着氢气比例的增加而增加,在富氢状态下其提升效果更加显著;流体动力不稳定性随着压力的增加而增加,热扩散不稳定性对压力变化不敏感;此外,增加氢气比例或初始压力将使火焰更早变得不稳定。     

天然气-氢气-空气混合气的层流燃烧速度测定

在定容燃烧弹内研究了常温常压下天然气-氢气-空气混合气的火焰传播规律,得到了不同掺氢比例（氢气在天然气中的体积掺混比例为0％～100％）和燃空当量比（0．6～1．4）下混合气的层流燃烧速率和马克斯坦长度,通过对马克斯坦长度的测量,分析了拉伸对火焰传播的影响。结果表明,随着天然气中掺氢比例的增加,混合气的燃烧速率呈指数规律增加,马克斯坦长度值减小,火焰的稳定性下降。各掺氢比例下,随当量比的增加,马克斯坦长度值增加,火焰的稳定性增强。通过对试验结果的数据拟合,得到了计算天然气-氢气-空气混合气层流燃烧速率的关系式。     

二甲醚-空气混合气层流燃烧速度的测定

在定容燃烧弹中利用高速纹影摄像法系统地研究了不同燃空当量比和初始压力下二甲醚-空气混合气的层流燃烧特性.利用球形扩散火焰理论分析纹影照片,获得了不同初始压力和当量比下的二甲醚-空气混合气层流燃烧速率.结果表明：随着初始压力的增大,层流燃烧速率显著减小,层流燃烧速率的峰值向浓混合气侧偏移.拉伸层流燃烧速率随拉伸率的增加而增加,拉伸层流质量燃烧速率随拉伸率的增加而减小.根据球形扩散火焰模型得到混合气的马克斯坦长度值表明：在各初始压力下,随着当量比的增加,二甲醚-空气混合气的马克斯坦长度值逐渐减小,火焰前锋面的不稳定性增加.     

丙烷-空气-稀释气层流燃烧速率测定

利用高速纹影摄像法和球型发展火焰研究了常温常压下丙烷-空气,丙烷-空气-稀释气预混层流燃烧特性,获得了不同稀释系数(0、10%、20%、30%)和燃空当量比(0.6～2.0)下混合气的层流燃烧速率和马克斯坦长度值,分析了拉伸对火焰传播速率的影响.结果表明:丙烷-空气混合气的无拉伸火焰传播速率和无拉伸层流燃烧率在当星比1.1时达到最大值,随当量比的增加,马克斯坦长度值降低,火焰前锋面不稳定性趋势增加.当量比为1.4时,马克斯坦长度值由正值转为负值.丙烷-空气-稀释气混合气随稀释系数的增加,火焰传播速率和层流燃烧速率降低,在当量比小于1.4时,随稀释系数的增加,马克斯坦长度值增加,火焰前锋面的稳定性趋势增加.有无稀释气时无拉伸层流燃烧速率的比值仅与稀释系数有关并成线性关系而与混合气浓度无关.     

甲烷/乙烷-空气预混层流燃烧特性试验和数值模拟研究

利用高速纹影摄像法在定容燃烧弹内研究了不同初始压力、初始温度、当量比和甲烷含量条件下甲烷/乙烷-空气预混层流燃烧特性,得到了马克斯坦常数和层流火焰燃烧速率等数据,并进行了化学特性分析。研究结果表明:层流火焰燃烧速率随初始压力的增加而减小,随着初始温度的增加而增加,最大值在当量比约为1.1取得,甲烷含量增加层流火焰速率略微减小;马克斯坦常数随初始压力的增加而减小,随着当量比的增加而增加;数值模拟得到的一维自由传播火焰的层流火焰速率与试验结果吻合良好。     

Study of laminar combustion characteristics of gasoline surrogate fuel-hydrogen-air premixed flames

This paper investigated the effects of hydrogen addition to gasoline surrogates fuel-air mixture on the premixed spherical flame laminar combustion characteristics. The experiments were carried out by high speed Schlieren photography on a constant-volume combustion vessel. Combining with nonlinear fitting technique, the variation of flame propagation speed, laminar burning velocity, Markstein length, flame thickness, thermal expansion coefficient and mass burning flux were studied at various equivalence ratios (0.8–1.4) and hydrogen mixing ratios (0%–50%). The results suggested that the nonlinear fitting method had a better agreement with the experimental data in this paper and the flame propagation was strongly effected by stretch at low equivalence ratios. The stretched propagation speed increased with the increase of hydrogen fraction at the same equivalence ratio. For a given hydrogen fraction, Markstein length decreased with the increase of equivalence ratio; flame propagation speed and laminar burning velocity first increased and then decreased with the increase of equivalence ratio while the peaks of the burning velocity shifted toward the richer side with the increase of hydrogen fraction.     

Experimental and numerical study on laminar burning characteristics of premixed methane–hydrogen–air flames

An experimental and numerical study on laminar burning characteristics of the premixed methane–hydrogen–air flames was conducted at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The unstretched laminar burning velocity and the Markstein length were obtained over a wide range of equivalence ratios and hydrogen fractions. Moreover, for further understanding of the effect of hydrogen addition on the laminar burning velocity, the sensitivity analysis and flame structure were performed. The results show that the unstretched laminar burning velocity is increased, and the peak value of the unstretched laminar burning velocity shifts to the richer mixture side with the increase of hydrogen fraction. Three regimes are identified depending on the hydrogen fraction in the fuel blend. They are: the methane-dominated combustion regime where hydrogen fraction is less than 60%; the transition regime where hydrogen fraction is between 60% and 80%; and the methane-inhibited hydrogen combustion regime where hydrogen fraction is larger than 80%. In both the methane-dominated combustion regime and the methane-inhibited hydrogen combustion regime, the laminar burning velocity increases linearly with the increase of hydrogen fraction. However, in the transition regime, the laminar burning velocity increases exponentially with the increase of hydrogen fraction in the fuel blends. The Markstein length is increased with the increase of equivalence ratio and is decreased with the increase of hydrogen fraction. Enhancement of chemical reaction with hydrogen addition is regarded as the increase of H, O and OH radical mole fractions in the flame. Strong correlation is found between the burning velocity and the maximum radical concentrations of H and OH in the reaction zone of the premixed flames.     

Effects of initial pressure and hydrogen concentration on laminar combustion characteristics of diluted natural gas–hydrogen–air mixture

In this study, the experiment study about the laminar burning velocity and the flame stability of CO₂ diluted natural gas–hydrogen–air mixture was conducted in a constant volume combustion vessel by using the high-speed schlieren photography system. The unstretched laminar burning velocity and the Markstein length at different hydrogen fractions, dilution ratios and equivalence ratios and with different initial pressures were obtained. The flame stability was studied by analyzing the Markstein length, the flame thickness, the density ratio and the flame propagation schlieren photos. The results showed that the unstretched laminar burning velocity would be reduced with the increase of the initial pressure and dilution ratio and would be increased with the increase of the hydrogen fraction of the mixture. Meanwhile, the Markstein length would be increased with the increase of the equivalence ratio and the dilution ratio. Slight flaws occurred at the early stage. At a specific equivalence ratio, a higher initial pressure and hydrogen fraction would cause incomplete combustion.     

Laminar burning velocity and Markstein length of nitrogen diluted natural gas/hydrogen/air mixtures at normal,reduced and elevated pressures

Flame propagation of premixed nitrogen diluted natural gas/hydrogen/air mixtures was studied in a constant volume combustion bomb under various initial pressures. Laminar burning velocities and Markstein lengths were obtained for the diluted stoichiometric fuel/air mixtures with different hydrogen fractions and diluent ratios under various initial pressures. The results showed that both unstretched flame speed and unstretched burning velocity are reduced with the increase in initial pressure (except when the hydrogen fraction is 80%) as well as diluent ratio. The velocity reduction rate due to diluent addition is determined mainly by hydrogen fraction and diluent ratio, and the effect of initial pressure is negligible. Flame stability was studied by analyzing Markstein length. It was found that the increase of initial pressure and hydrogen fraction decreases flame stability and the flame tends to be more stable with the addition of diluent gas. Generally speaking, Markstein length of a fuel with low hydrogen fraction is more sensitive to the change of initial pressure than that of a one with high hydrogen fraction.     

Measurements of laminar burning velocities and onset of cellular instabilities of methane–hydrogen–air flames at elevated pressures and temperatures

An experimental study on laminar burning velocities and onset of cellular instabilities of the premixed methane–hydrogen–air flames was conducted in a constant volume combustion vessel at elevated pressures and temperatures. The unstretched laminar burning velocity and Markstein length were obtained over a wide range of hydrogen fractions. Besides, the effects of hydrogen addition, initial pressure and initial temperature on flame instabilities were analyzed. The results show that the unstretched flame propagation speed and the unstretched laminar burning velocity are increased with the increase of initial temperature and hydrogen fraction, and they are decreased with the increase of initial pressure. Early onset of cellular instability is presented and the critical radius and Markstein length are decreased with the increase of initial pressure, indicating the increase of hydrodynamic instability with the increase of initial pressure. Flame instability is insensitive to initial temperature compared to initial pressure. With the increase of hydrogen fraction, significant decrease in critical radius and Markstein length is presented, indicating the increase in both diffusional-thermal and hydrodynamic instabilities as hydrogen fraction is increased.     

Effect of initial pressure on laminar combustion characteristics of hydrogen enriched natural gas

Flame propagation of premixed natural gas–hydrogen–air mixtures was studied in a constant volume combustion bomb. Laminar burning velocities and mass burning fluxes were obtained under various hydrogen fractions and equivalence ratios with various initial pressures, while flame stability and their influencing factors (Markstein length, density ratio and flame thickness) were obtained by analyzing the flame images at various hydrogen fractions, initial pressures and equivalence ratios. The results show that hydrogen fraction, initial pressure as well as equivalence ratio have combined influence on both unstretched laminar burning velocity and flame instability. Meanwhile, according to flame propagation pictures taken by the high speed camera, flame stability decreases with the increase of initial pressures; for given equivalence ratio and hydrogen fraction, flame thickness is more sensitive to the variation of the initial pressure than to that of the density ratio.     

Effect of initial pressure,temperature and equivalence ratios on laminar combustion characteristics of hydrogen enriched natural gas

In this study, the flame propagation characteristics of premixed natural gas–hydrogen–air mixtures were studied in constant volume combustion bomb by using the high-speed schlieren photography system. The flame radius, laminar flame propagation speed and the flame stretch rate were obtained under different initial pressure, temperature, equivalence ratios and hydrogen fractions. Meanwhile, the flame stability and their influencing factors were obtained by analyzing the Markstein length and the flame propagation schlieren photos under various combustion conditions. The results show that the stretched laminar propagation speed increases with the increase of the initial temperature and hydrogen fraction of the mixture, and will decreases with the increase of the initial pressure. Meanwhile, according to the Markstein length and the flame propagation pictures, the flame stability decreases with the increase of the temperature and hydrogen fraction, and the slight flaws occurred at the early stage; at larger flame radius, the flame stability is more sensitive to the variation of the initial temperature and hydrogen fraction than to that of initial pressure and equivalence ratio.