纯环路型和混合型行波热声发动机的对比实验

研制了以陶瓷为板叠的行波热声发动机实验装置,进行了纯环路型与混合型行波热声发动机热力性能的对比实验研究,分析了系统的起振和消振过程及机理,研究了加热端温度、冷却端温度和回热器对系统性能的影响。结果表明,混合型行波热声发动机比纯环路型行波热声发动机具有更低的起振温度;且随着冷却端温度的升高,系统的起振温度也随着升高;回热器孔径对系统的性能有较大的影响,本实验中回热器孔径为0.8mm时系统起振温度最低;实验过程中还发现了"二次起振"现象。     

以氦气为工质的行波热声发动机研究

随着对热声热机研究的深入，特别是行波热声发动机概念的提出，热声发动机效率得到了质的提高。为了实现热声发动机与制冷机的良好匹配，以氦气为工质时热声发动机需具有较低的起振温度、较大的压力波强度、较好的单频率特性。本文对自行研制的新型热声发动机进行了深入研究，以氦气为工质，在充气压力为2．0MPa时获得了1．19的压比，系统频率稳定在约73Hz，为利用新型热声发动机驱动脉管制冷机或其它热声制冷机创造了有利条件。此外，该热声发动机起振温度较低，初步具备了利用工业废热等低品位能源驱动的条件。     

外加扰动对热声发动机起振特性的影响

热声发动机利用热声效应将热能转化为声功，系统中没有任何运动部件，具有结构简单、效率高、环境友好等突出优点。为了充分发挥热声发动机可利用低品位热能的优势，进一步降低系统的起振温度对热声热机的应用具有重要意义。该文首次提出利用外加扰动降低系统起振温度的设想，并在自行研制的多功能行波热声发动机实验台上进行了实验验证。初步实验结果表明，外加扰动可以大幅降低热声发动机的起振温度。实验以氮气为工质，当系统充气压力为0．9MPa时，通过加入压力扰动使系统的起振温度由原来的219℃降低到193℃。系统研究了外加扰动对热声发动机整个起振和消振过程的影响，获得的结果对加深热声系统起振机理的认识及热声发动机的实用化研究具有重要的指导意义。     

安装倾角对热声发动机性能影响的试验研究

为充分利用太阳能作为驱动热源,开展了驻波型热声发动机在不同安装倾角下热力性能的试验研究.试验结果表明,热声发动机的安装倾角对热声系统的起振温度、消振温度以及起振时板叠中的温度梯度等参数有着显著的影响,当系统中氮气压力为1.3MPa时,在试验的7种角度下.最高起振温度484℃,最低起振温度428℃,该特性为选择合适角度以降低系统起振温度提供了试验依据;而当系统稳定振荡时,安装倾角的变化对系统的压比和压力振幅等热力特性的影响较小,该特性为利用自动跟踪太阳能集热器在不同角度下驱动稳定振荡的热声发动机创造了有利条件.试验结果为设计太阳能驱动的热声发动机提供了试验依据.     

废热利用的新途径--热声模块技术

提出较低温度的余热废热利用的新方法-热声模块技术.该模块的实施可以充分发挥出热声热机的特有优势,同时又可以提高余热废热利用的效率,计算表明,与环境温度温差为250K的余热或废热,采用热声模块技术的效率可以接近30%.     

弯尾管Helmholtz型无阀自激脉动燃烧器压力特性

建立了弯尾管Helmholtz型无阀自激脉动燃烧器实验系统,研究了燃烧室内的压力振荡特性,分析了尾管结构参数、热负荷和过量空气系数对燃烧室内压力振幅的影响.结果表明:所设计的弯尾管脉动燃烧器能产生稳定的脉动燃烧,脉动压力振幅较大、频率较低,压力振荡波形接近正弦曲线;压力均值和压力振幅沿90°弯尾管展开长度方向减小,弯尾管内的压力分布与1/4波形管分布接近;燃烧室内的压力振幅随尾管弯曲角度的增大而减小,弯曲位置在尾管出口处时的压力振幅较在尾管入口处时小;在不改变燃烧器结构参数的条件下,压力振幅随热负荷和过量空气系数的增大而增大,实验结果与理论预测值定性一致.     

二次再热机组滑压运行方式变化经济性影响研究

通过分析某二次再热机组主汽压力、超高压缸效率、给水泵功耗等参数对机组经济性的定量影响,建立滑压运行方式变化对二次再热机组经济性影响的评估方法,计算得出该二次再热机组在4种运行条件下滑压方式改变后的经济性变化结果,为今后二次再热机组经济运行提供参考。     

回热器参数耦合对热声发动机声功增益率的影响

基于线性热声理论,研究热声发动机回热器的几何参数和声场参数的耦合对其声功增益率的影响.较小的相对水力半径(几何参数)耦合负的近行波阻抗相角(接近0°相角)及较高的无量纲阻抗幅值(声场参数),可以有效提高回热器的声功增益率.在此基础上分别研究了驻波型、行波型和混合型热声发动机回热器的几何参数和声场参数的耦合特性,计算分析...     

美发明微型热声发电机可将热变成声波发电

美国犹他大学的科学家研制出一种微型装置——热声热机,可将热变成声波,进而变成可用电能。热声热机每台只有1．8毫米长,如果把多台热声热机集成在一起,每立方厘米能产生1瓦特的电。这种装置将可望首先安装在以天然气或煤为燃料的发电厂里,将来可以用于发电厂、汽车、电脑,甚至可以用来生产新一代太阳能电池。     

球墨铸铁活塞在燃气发动机中的应用

以缸径为200 mm的某型号天然气发动机活塞为研究对象,采用高硅铝和球墨铸铁600两种材料,使用有限元法对此活塞的温度场进行了仿真分析。比较了在相同热边界条件下两种活塞头的温度分布,以及在各自温度场下的热应力和热变形,并计算了在15 MPa活塞顶面压力下的热机耦合应力及热机耦合变形。计算结果表明,采用铸铁活塞能承受更高的爆压,还能改善发动机的HC排放。     

Performance of an air-cooled looped thermoacoustic engine capable of recovering low-grade thermal energy

An air-cooled looped thermoacoustic engine is designed and constructed, where an air-cooled cold heat exchanger (consisting of copper heat transfer block, aluminum flange, and aluminum fin plate) is adopted to extract heat and the resonant tube is spiraled and shaped to fit to the available space. Experiments have been conducted to observe how onset temperature difference and resonant frequency are affected by mean pressure, working fluid, and diameter of compliance tube. Besides, the influences of temperature difference, mean pressure, working fluid and diameter of compliance tube on pressure amplitude, output acoustic power, and thermal efficiency of the system have been investigated. The air-cooled looped thermoacoustic engine can start to oscillate at a lowest temperature difference of 46°C, with the working fluid of carbon dioxide at 2.34 MPa. A highest output acoustic power obtained is 6.65 W at a temperature difference of 199°C, with the working gas of helium at 2.58 MPa, and the thermal efficiency is 2.21%. This work verifies the feasibility of utilizing low-grade thermal energy to drive an air-cooled looped thermoacoustic engine and extends its application in the water deficient areas.     

A miniature thermoacoustic stirling engine

A miniature thermoacoustic stirling engine was simulated and designed, having overall size of length 0.65 m and height of 0.22 m. The acoustic field generated in this miniature system has been described and analyzed. Some efforts had been paid to coupling and matching, and a miniature thermoacoustic engine and some extra experimental components have been constructed. Analysis and experimental results showed that to obtain better performance of the engine, the diameter of the resonance tube must be chosen appropriately according to the looped tube dimension and the input heating power. It provided an effective way to miniaturize the thermoacoustic stirling heat engine. The experimental results showed that the engine had low onset temperature and high pressure amplitude and ratio. With the filling helium gas of 2 MPa and heating power of 637 W, the maximal peak to peak pressure amplitude and pressure ratio reached 2.2 bar and 1.116, respectively, which was able to drive a refrigerator, a heat pump or a linear electrical generator. The operating frequency of the engine was steady at 282 Hz.     

Performance of solar powered thermoacoustic engine at different tilted angles

In this study, the thermodynamic performance of a thermoacoustic engine charged with different working fluids were examined at different tilted angles ranging from ?90° to 90° with 45° angular interval. The results suggest that the influence of the tilted angle on the onset temperature of the engine depends on the viscidity of the working gas. The lower the viscidity is, the more obvious the influence is. The difference between the maximum and the minimum onset temperature of the engine charged with nitrogen could be as high as 52 °C, but the difference for system charged with helium is only about 1.5 °C. The tilted angle has little or no effect on the pressure oscillation amplitude, pressure ratio, resonance frequency and the relation of the temperature versus heat power. They are mainly affected by the properties of the working gas. Furthermore, the interactions of the oscillatory motion and the natural convection of the working gas within the thermoacoustic core were also examined. The properties are of importance for the thermoacoustic engine driven by two-axis solar collector, for the tilted angle of the engine varies with the sun position.     

A thermoacoustic engine capable of utilizing multi-temperature heat sources

Low-grade energy is widespread. However, it cannot be utilized with high thermal efficiency directly. Following the principle of thermal energy cascade utilization, a thermoacoustic engine (TE) with a new regenerator that can be driven by multiple heat sources at different temperature levels is proposed. Taking a regenerator that utilizes heat sources at two temperatures as an example, theoretical research has been conducted on a traveling-wave TE with the new regenerator to predict its performance. Experimental verification is also done to demonstrate the benefits of the new regenerator. Results indicate that a TE with the new regenerator utilizing additional heat at a lower temperature experiences an increase in pressure ratio, acoustic power, efficiency, and exergy efficiency with proper heat input at an appropriate temperature at the mid-heater. A regenerator that uses multi-temperature heat sources can provide a means of recovering lower grade heat.     

Thermodynamic analysis of onset characteristics in a miniature thermoacoustic Stirling engine

This paper analyzes the onset characteristics of a miniature thermoacoustic Stirling heat engine using the ther-modynamic analysis method. The governing equations of components are reduced from the basic thermodynamic relations and the linear thermoacoustic theory. By solving the governing equation group numerically, the oscillation frequencies and onset temperatures are obtained. The dependences of the kinds of working gas, the length of resonator tube, the diameter of resonator tube, on the oscillation frequency are calculated. Meanwhile, the influences of hydraulic radius and mean pressure on the onset temperature for different working gas are also presented. The calculation results indicate that there exists an optimal dimensionless hydraulic radius to obtain the lowest onset temperature, whose value lies in the range of 0.30 0.35 for different working gases. Furthermore, the amplitude and phase relationship of pressures and volume flows are analyzed in the time-domain. Some experiments have been performed to validate the calculations. The calculation results agree well with the experimental values. Finally, an error analysis is made, giving the reasons that cause the errors of theoretical calculations.     

A solar-powered traveling-wave thermoacoustic electricity generator

Traveling-wave thermoacoustic electricity generator is a new external-combustion type device capable of converting heat such as solar energy into electric power. In this paper, a 1 kW solar-powered traveling-wave thermoacoustic electricity generation system is designed and fabricated. The system consists of a traveling-wave thermoacoustic electricity generator, a solar dish collector and a heat receiver. In the preliminary tests, using electric cartridge heaters to simulate the solar energy, a maximum electric power of 481 W and a maximum thermal-to-electric efficiency of 15.0% were achieved with 3.5 MPa pressurized helium and 74 Hz working frequency. Then, after integrating the traveling-wave thermoacoustic electricity generator with the solar dish collector and the heat receiver, the solar-powered experiments were performed. In the experiments, a maximum electric power of about 200 W was obtained. However, due to the solar dish collector problems, the heating temperature of the receiver was much lower than expected. Optimizations of the collector and the heat receiver are under way.     

Influence of acoustic pressure amplifier dimensions on the performance of a standing-wave thermoacoustic system

A standing-wave thermoacoustic engine, employing an acoustic pressure amplifier (APA), is simulated with linear thermoacoustics to study the influence of APA’s dimensions on performance of the thermoacoustic system. Variations of operating parameters, including pressure ratio, acoustic power, hot end temperature of stack etc., versus length and diameter of APA are presented and discussed based on an analysis of pressure and velocity distribution in APA. Simulation results indicate that a largest amplification effect of both pressure ratio and acoustic power output is achieved at a critical length for the occurrence of pressure node and velocity antinode in APA, close to but less than one fourth of the wavelength. The distribution characteristics of pressure and velocity in APA are similar to a standing-wave acoustic field, which is the reason for the amplification effect. From the viewpoint of energy, the amplification effect results from the changed distribution of acoustic energy and acoustic power loss in the thermoacoustic system by APA. Experiments have been carried out to validate the simulation, and experimental data are presented.     

CFD simulation of a thermoacoustic engine with coiled resonator

Thermoacoustic energy conversion is based on the Stirling cycle. In their most basic forms, thermoacoustic devices are comprised of two heat exchangers, a porous medium, both placed inside a resonator. Work is created through the interaction of strong sound waves with the porous medium that is subject to external heating. This work explores the effect of resonator curvature on the thermoacoustic effect. A CFD analysis of a whole thermoacoustic engine was developed and the influence of a curved resonator on the thermoacoustic effect is discussed. The variation of pressure amplitude and operating frequency serves as metrics in this investigation. It was found that the introduction of curvature affects the pressure amplitude achieved. Severely curved resonators also exhibited a variation in operating frequency.     

Experimental Investigation of Self—sustained Oscillation in a Traveling Wave Thermoacoustic System

A traveling wave thermoacoustic engine consisting of a loop tube with a resonator has been tested. The onset characteristic together with the transition of oscillation mode from traveling wave to standing wave and the periodic shifting between modes in this system are investigated experimentally. The process of self-sustained thermoacoustic oscillation in this heat engine is described and analyzed through phase space distribution reconstructed from the time series of acoustic signal.