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1.
在海寨林场针叶林内设置样地,开展外业调查,采集地表凋落物并进行室内燃烧模拟和实验室理化性质分析,采用SPSS 26.0软件分析数据,探究海寨林场针叶林地表可燃物的特征及潜在火行为。杉木的绝对含水率为(9.40±0.65)%,热值最低为(19 878.9±48.63) kJ/kg,并且杉木的火强度和蔓延速度最小,分别为(259.64±19.73) kW/m和(0.33±0.14) m/min,所以杉木的燃烧性最差;云南松纯林可燃物载量为(0.27±0.12)kg/m2,热值为(21390.88±73.39)kJ/kg,火强度较低,为(307.26±15.83) kW/m,实际烧损率仅为(55.32±15.02)%,云南松的热值最大,容易引燃,但载量太低,无法维持正常燃烧;华山松纯林的热值低于云南松,且火强度和烧损率低于云南松-华山松混交林;云南松-华山松混交林的蔓延速度和火强度为(0.82±0.31) m/min和(564.14±13.53) kW/m,远高于其他3种,潜在火灾风险等级最高。由上述潜在火行为可知,海寨林场4种针叶林引发火灾的风险等级由高到低依次为云南松-华山松混交林、华山...  相似文献   

2.
摘 要:华南地区植被丰富,人类活动频繁,一旦发生森林火灾,后果严重。为探究华南地区森林地表可燃物种类和燃料床特性对火蔓延速度的影响规律,给扑救森林火灾提供参考数据,通过实地采样与室内燃料床火蔓延速度测量实验,定量分析了森林地表可燃物火蔓延速度特性。实验结果表明,桉树叶燃料床在5种燃料床中蔓延速度最快,加上其在该地区的种植情况,具有较高的火灾危险性。得到了桉树叶燃料床特性对火蔓延速度影响的规律,发现含水率开始增加阶段,蔓延速度衰减很少,含水率超过14%后,蔓延速度快速衰减,到18%后蔓延速度衰减再次减少;蔓延速度与厚度成幂函数关系,厚度增加使蔓延速度增加;堆积密度、宽度对火蔓延速度影响不大。  相似文献   

3.
在云南森林自然中心石关和园宝山华山松连续分布区设置样地,沿对角线设置6块2 m×2 m块小样方取样,采用200 cm×120 cm×32 cm铁质燃烧床进行实验,将燃烧床坡度设置为10°,测定可燃物的引燃时间、续燃时间、无焰燃烧时间、热辐射特征以及烧损率等参数,表征其着火特征和蔓延特征。结果表明,两处地表可燃物引燃时间为1~3 s,易引燃;石关上坡火续燃时间相对较短,约150 s;园宝山下坡火无焰燃烧持续较长,最长达345 s。园宝山上坡火速率均大于石关上坡火速率;上坡火的损烧率最高为88.29%,下坡火最高为76.13%。  相似文献   

4.
计划烧除对云南松纯林可燃物的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
在云南省玉溪市新平县照壁山云南松纯林内,连续三年在同一位置设置固定样地,通过调查、采样,观测计划烧除时的点着时间、熄灭时间、辐射热、火焰高度、蔓延速度等火行为,调查并统计未计划烧除和计划烧除样地内的灌木和草本的物种组成、丰富度和频率。结果表明:随着计划烧除次数增加,灌木、草本以及蕨类的高度均降低,降低了林内的垂直连续性,即使发生火灾也很难导致树冠火的发生;经过三年连续的观测、调查,地表可燃物平均载量为 0.85±0.25 kg/m2,计划烧除的烧除效果与可燃物载量密切相关;短时间内,计划烧除样地内的灌木和草本的物种丰富度显著减少;计划烧除后紫茎泽兰重要值降低,蕨菜重要值明显增加。  相似文献   

5.
在云南省新平县照壁山云南松纯林分布区域设置样地,通过外业调查、采样,在实验室燃烧床内用热电偶等测定火行为,包括点着时间、熄灭时间、辐射热、火焰高度、长度和火强度等。结果表明,云南松纯林地表可燃物的含水率低于10%,容易被引燃。无论是上坡火还是下坡火,火焰高度都在70 cm以下,阴燃时间都未超过4 min,火强度都低于370 kW/m,热辐射在7.21 kW/m~2左右,烧除率低于60%,属于低强度火。上坡火比下坡火的最高温度高,维持和达到最高温度的时间较短,变化对比较显著。  相似文献   

6.
摘 要:树种燃烧性研究是森林可燃物调控的基础,可以为多种可燃物调控措施的制定提供理论依据和数据支撑。利用锥形量热仪对滇中地区9个树种和草本植物紫茎泽兰的2~4,5~8,9~12 mm直径枯枝(枯茎)燃烧性进行测定,对单一性燃烧性能进行分析,结果如下:随枯枝直径的增加,各树种点燃时间、持续燃烧时间、热释放速率峰值时间和有效燃烧热峰值时间变长,热释放速率峰值和质量损失速率峰值随枯枝直径的增加逐渐降低;直径越小,热释放速率峰值和质量损失速率峰值(pMLR)越明显,随着枯枝直径的增加,热释放速率峰值和质量损失速率峰值逐渐不明显;有效燃烧热峰值和比消光面积峰值与枯枝直径相关性不大;各树种随枯枝直径的增加,质量损失速率峰值时间逐渐增长;比消光面积峰值时间除桉树随枯枝直径增加而降低外,其他树种逐渐增长;草本植物紫茎泽兰与9个树种比较,点燃时间(TTI)、持续燃烧时间、热释放速率峰值时间、有效燃烧热峰值时间、质量损失速率峰值时间和比消光面积峰值时间最小,容易燃烧,火灾危害性大,易引燃树冠火;圆柏和藏柏热释放速率峰值高,华山松和云南松点燃时间和热释放速率峰值时间小,这4个树种易燃性高,着火后易引发连续树冠火,火强度大,容易造成大的损失。在森林可燃物调控过程中,要及时清理林下枯枝,特别是直径较小的枯枝。  相似文献   

7.
以长白山黄松蒲林场6 种主要森林类型林地内凋落物为对象,研究长白山林区地表凋落物的燃烧性。在长白山黄松蒲林场的白桦林、针叶混交林、针阔混交林、落叶松林、阔叶混交林和杨树林6 种主要森林类型林地内设置样地,通过外业调查、混合采样的方式收集地表凋落物并进行燃烧实验,测定火蔓延传播的速度、燃烧温度和质量变化。通过改变实验风速、坡度和坡向,研究不同条件对火行为、火蔓延速度和烧损率的影响。实验结果表明:长白山地区地表凋落物的火强度从大到小排序为白桦林、针叶混交林、针阔混交林、落叶松林、阔叶混交林、杨树林,白桦林的火强度最大,为460.23 kW/m,杨树林的火强度最小,为367.09kW/m;风速越大,地表凋落物火蔓延速度越大;风速为6 m/s 时,燃烧过程平均温度最大,烧损率最高,当风速小于2 m/s 或大于8 m/s 时,可燃物无法完全燃尽;上坡火坡度增加时,地表凋落物的火蔓延速度增加,烧损率减小;下坡火坡度增加时,地表凋落物的火蔓延速度减小,烧损率增加。  相似文献   

8.
针对风机机舱内软质聚氨酯吸音泡沫和润滑脂等典型(半)固态可燃物,通过锥形量热仪测试获取不同外加热辐射功率下的热释放速率、总释放热、比消光面积、烟气释放速率、总释放烟气量等。结合以上单项参数发展的FPI、FGI及SP复合参数进行综合潜在火灾危险性评估。利用热薄型积分模型,推导两者的最小点火辐射能,从本质安全的角度出发评价其火灾安全性。结果表明:随热辐射功率增加80%,聚氨酯峰值热释放速率增大约97.5%,点燃时间缩短92%,容易形成机舱火灾中首项可燃物;热辐射功率为75 kW/m~2时,润滑脂引燃时间较聚氨酯增加81.8%,其峰值热释放速率约是聚氨酯的29.5倍。  相似文献   

9.
在昆明地区草本紫茎泽兰连续、致密分布区设置样地,进行外业调查、采集样品,在实验室燃烧床内模拟野外垂直状态的燃烧,测定和计算枯死紫茎泽兰的火行为参数:引燃时间、熄灭时间,辐射热,火焰高度和火强度等。结果表明:箐沟和山脊枯死紫茎泽兰的点燃时间都很短,仅为2、1 s,非常易燃;着火后维持燃烧都超过6 min;最大火焰高度达到2 m左右;烧损率和火强度分别为82.24%、87.83%和1 322.6、1 162.7 kW/m2,都为中强度火。尽管都是中强度火,但垂直燃烧特征与水平状态有一定区别,一旦着火,成水平、垂直过火通道,蔓延迅速,且可能沿着梯状可燃物烧成树冠火。  相似文献   

10.
采集重大森林火烧迹地地盘松幼林的地表可燃物,以铁质燃烧床为主要实验仪器测试其燃烧特性。结果表明:地盘松幼林地表可燃物燃烧时产生的火强度属于低强度火,其中火焰热辐射、蔓延速率、火焰高度、火焰最高温度、火焰维持时间和火强度分别为(2.71±0.74) kW/m2、(0.41±0.11) m/min、(37.10±15.52) cm、(462.90±60.26) ℃、(4.24±1.07) min、(185.31±131.53) kW/m。无焰燃烧时的热辐射和温度分别为(2.40±1.52) kW/m2、(325.00±64.97) ℃。地盘松幼林的阻滞时间为100 s左右。距离火焰30~150 cm处,30~133 s内温度呈现急剧上升后急剧下降的趋势,且只有一个峰值;距离火焰10 cm处维持高温的时间较长,火灾隐患较大,灭火时应多注意防止发生复燃的现象。  相似文献   

11.
Flammability Assessment of Mediterranean Forest Fuels   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4  
The time-to-ignition of various dominant Mediterranean forest fuels was measured during laboratory tests, in order to develop a relative flammability classification and determine the moisture of extinction of these fuels. The tests were performed with an ignition apparatus manufactured according to the ISO standards (ISO 5657-1986E) and under a wide gradient of fuel moisture contents, ranging from air-dry to fresh foliage. Moisture content was the single most significant factor that affected fuel flammability. Regression models were developed between the time-to-ignition and the moisture content values of all the fuels tested, and subsequently, were used for the relative flammability ranking of these fuels. Fuel moisture of extinction was assessed to have a threshold value ranging from 40% to more than 140% o.d.w. for the species tested. The flammability ranking of natural fuels can be useful in fuel hazard assessment and fire danger rating, thus facilitating the judicial fire management planning in wildlands and at the rural-urban interface.  相似文献   

12.
Wood is a common building material and can constitute the bulk of the fuel load in structures. Cellulosic, woody material is also the fuel in a wildland fire. Wood and forest fuels are porous and hygroscopic so their moisture content varies with the ambient temperature and relative humidity. A complete understanding of both structural and wildland fire thus involves understanding the effect of moisture content on ignition. The ignition criterion considered in this work is critical mass flux – that a sufficient amount of pyrolysis gases must be generated for a diffusion flame to establish above the surface. An apparatus was built to measure the critical mass flux for sustained flaming ignition of woody materials for varying environmental conditions (incident heat flux and airflow (oxidizer) velocity). This paper reports the variation of measured critical mass fluxes for poplar with externally applied incident radiant heat flux, airflow velocity, and moisture content. The critical mass flux is seen to increase with increasing levels of moisture content, incident heat flux, and airflow velocity. Future work will focus on modeling these experiments and exploring the changes in critical mass flux with species, thickness, and live fuels.  相似文献   

13.
Managed and wild fires play a significant role in the ecology of heathlands in the UK but we currently have little ability to forecast fire behaviour or the likelihood of accidental wildfires. Like many shrubland fuel types, heathlands display significant structural complexity and the role of different fuel components in governing flammability has not been clear. Using a series of small, field-based ignition tests, we demonstrate the critical importance of the moisture content of dead fine fuels in the lower canopy for determining when sustaining fires in the vegetation canopy can develop. At moisture contents above c. 70% both spot and line ignitions failed but where moisture contents were less than c. 60% fires developed rapidly. The initial rate of spread of successful ignitions was primarily controlled by the moisture content of the lower canopy and the moss/litter layer. Models that predict the moisture content of elevated dead fuels and the moss litter layer are urgently needed in order to protect heathlands from wildfire and to allow forecasts of the suitability of conditions for prescribed burning to be developed.  相似文献   

14.
燃料载荷和含水率是森林火灾中地表火蔓延的重要影响因素.选取香樟叶和云南松松针作为研究对象,开展了不同燃料载荷和含水率条件下平坡地表火蔓延实验.研究结果表明:同一燃料载荷下,随含水率增大,火焰长度、火蔓延速率、火线强度和辐射热流减小,滞留时间增大;同一含水率下,燃料载荷增大,火焰长度、火蔓延速率、火线强度、辐射热流和滞留...  相似文献   

15.
摘 要:冬春季节,是北京地区森林火灾的高发期。为了选取合适营造生物防火林带的树种,阻止森林火灾蔓延,减少森林火灾带来的损失,对北京地区5个常见针叶树种抗火性进行了研究。分别测定了不同针叶树种树皮和树叶的含水率、树皮厚度、树叶表面积与体积比、树叶燃点、树叶热值和树叶粗灰分含量等指标,利用因子分析法对树种的抗火性能进行综合评价和排序,通过对不同树种的7个抗火性单变量进行因子分析,得出5个树种抗火性能的综合排序为:刺柏>白皮松>油松>圆柏>侧柏。  相似文献   

16.
A series of real scale fire experiments were performed to determine the size and mass distribution of firebrands generated from Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) trees. The results of the real scale fire experiments were used to determine firebrand sizes to perform reduced scale ignition studies of fuel beds in contact with burning firebrands. The firebrand ignition apparatus allowed for the ignition and deposition of both single and multiple firebrands onto the target fuel bed. The moisture content of the fuel beds used was varied and the fuels considered were pine needle beds, shredded paper beds, and shredded hardwood mulch. Firebrands were constructed by machining wood (Douglas Fir) into small cylinders of uniform geometry and the size of the cylinders was varied. The firebrand ignition apparatus was installed into the Fire Emulator/Detector Evaluator (FE/DE) to investigate the influence of an air flow on the ignition propensity of fuel beds. Results of this study are presented and compared to relevant studies in the literature.  相似文献   

17.
通过外业调查、采样并测定昆明周边4 种主要林型的地表可燃物特征,在实验室内开展燃烧火焰实验,测定引燃时间、火焰维持时间、火焰最大高度、最高温度、火焰颜色和热辐射等,得到火焰特征。结果表明:(1)林内的载量华山松林3.37 kg/m2,云南松林2.35 kg/m2,麻栎林2.24 kg/m2,柏木林1.47 kg/m2,达到较大值。(2)火焰颜色都是暗红色,柏木、麻栎的引燃时间为3 s,云南松和华山松皆为1 s,容易被引燃;华山松火焰维持时间最长,为6.34 min,麻栎3.89 min,云南松3.45 min,柏木2.28min;麻栎最大火焰高度为90 cm,云南松70 cm,华山松50 cm,柏木20 cm;云南松火焰最高温度达到897.5 ℃,柏木877.5 ℃,麻栎657.5 ℃,华山松563.3 ℃;麻栎最大火焰深度为105 cm,云南松85 cm,华山松63 cm,柏木35 cm;麻栎最大热辐射为7.31 kW/m2,云南松6.92 kW/m2,华山松6.70 kW/m2,柏木3.18 kW/m2。火焰特征差异很明显。  相似文献   

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