长白落叶松人工林采伐迹地燃烧特性研究

设置燃烧床燃烧实验,研究不同风速、坡度和燃料含水率实验条件下长白落叶松人工林采伐迹地的燃烧特性指标的变化。结果表明:火蔓延速度和火线强度随风速、坡度增加而增大,随燃料含水率增大而减小;燃烧床最高燃烧温度可接近650℃,相同土壤深度下伐根附近较远离伐根处的土壤温度高;坡度和燃料含水率增大会使火前锋滞留时间增加,而风速增大时,滞留时间减小。     

燃料载荷和含水率对平坡地表火蔓延影响实验研究

燃料载荷和含水率是森林火灾中地表火蔓延的重要影响因素.选取香樟叶和云南松松针作为研究对象,开展了不同燃料载荷和含水率条件下平坡地表火蔓延实验.研究结果表明:同一燃料载荷下,随含水率增大,火焰长度、火蔓延速率、火线强度和辐射热流减小,滞留时间增大;同一含水率下,燃料载荷增大,火焰长度、火蔓延速率、火线强度、辐射热流和滞留...     

滇中地区萌生栓皮栎地表可燃物燃烧火行为研究

为评估萌生栓皮栎林的潜在火行为以及发生火灾的危险性,森林防火紧要期内在云南森林自然中心的萌生栓皮栎林进行外业调查。通过设置样地,测量样地内栓皮栎林的高度、胸径等,采集地表可燃物进行室内燃烧试验,结合野外实际状态和实验室理化分析,测定含水率、载量、灰分含量,利用点燃性、剧烈性和消耗性等指标,研究了栓皮栎地表可燃物的三维燃烧性。研究结果表明：在防火期紧要期,栓皮栎地表可燃物的含水率为3.53%～5.04%,载量为0.44～0.69 kg/m²,灰分含量为12.3%～16.4%,引燃时间为(4.8±0.3)s,蔓延速率为(0.36±0.09)m/min,烧损率为(61.99±9.29)%。可见,栓皮栎地表可燃物的含水率极低,点燃温度低,载量低,灰分含量较高,三维燃烧性表现较差;叶片很易燃,一旦有火源就容易被引燃,引发森林火灾。研究结果有利于掌握萌生栓皮栎林地表潜在火行为相关特征,为更好预防森林火灾提供参考依据,为滇中地区的林火管理提供理论支撑。     

长白山6 种主要森林类型地表凋落物燃烧性实验研究

以长白山黄松蒲林场6 种主要森林类型林地内凋落物为对象,研究长白山林区地表凋落物的燃烧性。在长白山黄松蒲林场的白桦林、针叶混交林、针阔混交林、落叶松林、阔叶混交林和杨树林6 种主要森林类型林地内设置样地,通过外业调查、混合采样的方式收集地表凋落物并进行燃烧实验,测定火蔓延传播的速度、燃烧温度和质量变化。通过改变实验风速、坡度和坡向,研究不同条件对火行为、火蔓延速度和烧损率的影响。实验结果表明：长白山地区地表凋落物的火强度从大到小排序为白桦林、针叶混交林、针阔混交林、落叶松林、阔叶混交林、杨树林,白桦林的火强度最大,为460.23 kW/m,杨树林的火强度最小,为367.09kW/m;风速越大,地表凋落物火蔓延速度越大;风速为6 m/s 时,燃烧过程平均温度最大,烧损率最高,当风速小于2 m/s 或大于8 m/s 时,可燃物无法完全燃尽;上坡火坡度增加时,地表凋落物的火蔓延速度增加,烧损率减小;下坡火坡度增加时,地表凋落物的火蔓延速度减小,烧损率增加。     

林地腐殖质火阴燃特征研究

为了掌握林地腐殖质火阴燃温度变化特征。以南京栖霞区丁山的地表腐殖质可燃物为研究对象,将可燃物种类、可燃物燃烧深度、含水量、风速分别作为自变量,在其他条件相同的情况下分组实验对照,建立了初步的阴燃蔓延模型,得出相关实验数据。数据表明,枯立木阴燃温度最高能达到689 ℃;地表土阴燃燃烧深度越深,阴燃持续的时间就越长,发生在土层表面横向的阴燃火蔓延决定了阴燃林火的范围,此外,因为阴燃的地下燃烧特征,阴燃会在地下将可燃物烧净,而地表没有燃烧,从而呈现空洞特征;当含水率大于42.3%时,腐殖质复燃的可能性极低;通过对比观察结果,风速对阴燃的复燃影响最为显著,燃烧深度则影响阴燃时间和燃烧范围。相关研究为今后的森林消防工作提供部分理论依据和实验数据支撑。     

基于PyroSim的不同曲率弯曲隧道火灾特性研究

为探究弯曲隧道的火灾特性,研究曲率对弯曲隧道火灾烟气蔓延的影响规律,使用火灾动力学模拟软件PyroSim,对不同曲率弯曲隧道的临界风速、温度分布、烟气蔓延规律及顶棚温度衰减规律进行研究。结果表明：在同一火源功率和火源位置的情况下,临界风速与隧道曲率呈正相关性;由于壁面沿程阻力的特殊性,弯曲隧道内高温烟气在隧道内侧的传播速度更快,并且随着火灾持续时间增加,隧道两侧烟气传播速度的差距增大;火灾的顶棚温度衰减与曲率呈正相关,给出了曲率为0.6%、0.5%、0.3%、0.25%、0.14%的顶棚温度衰减预测模型。     

华山松林地表可燃物着火及蔓延特征研究

在云南森林自然中心石关和园宝山华山松连续分布区设置样地,沿对角线设置6块2 m×2 m块小样方取样,采用200 cm×120 cm×32 cm铁质燃烧床进行实验,将燃烧床坡度设置为10°,测定可燃物的引燃时间、续燃时间、无焰燃烧时间、热辐射特征以及烧损率等参数,表征其着火特征和蔓延特征。结果表明,两处地表可燃物引燃时间为1~3 s,易引燃;石关上坡火续燃时间相对较短,约150 s;园宝山下坡火无焰燃烧持续较长,最长达345 s。园宝山上坡火速率均大于石关上坡火速率;上坡火的损烧率最高为88.29%,下坡火最高为76.13%。     

采伐迹地燃烧物热释放及气体释放特性

设置全尺寸燃烧室,模拟采伐迹地地表可燃物的蔓延燃烧,研究不同含水率和风速条件下的热释放速率、热释放总量和O_2、CO_2、CO体积分数的变化规律。实验结果表明,含水率增加,风速不变时,燃烧床燃料在蔓延燃烧过程中,热释放速率和热释放量减小;风速变大,含水率不变时,热释放速率和热释放量增大;含水率增大,O_2体积分数较高,CO_2体积分数变小,CO体积分数增大;风速增加,O_2体积分数相对变小,CO_2体积分数增大,CO体积分数减小;CO体积分数的变化呈现出明显的双峰曲线形状,双峰之间还有一段鞍底较平稳的阶段。     

小尺度固体材料表面火蔓延实验研究

固体表面火蔓延广泛存在于建筑火灾中,其蔓延特性对于火灾的发展具有重要的影响。本文利用小尺度表面火蔓延实验,对常见固体材料水平表面火进行了蔓延特性分析,详细分析了预热阶段、热解阶段、燃烧阶段的相关特性,并对固体材料不同角度下表面火蔓延时的内部温度,表面火蔓延速度以及不同角度下的火焰形态进行了实验研究。     

滇东地区海寨林场针叶林地表可燃物潜在火行为研究

在海寨林场针叶林内设置样地,开展外业调查,采集地表凋落物并进行室内燃烧模拟和实验室理化性质分析,采用SPSS 26.0软件分析数据,探究海寨林场针叶林地表可燃物的特征及潜在火行为。杉木的绝对含水率为（9.40±0.65）%,热值最低为（19 878.9±48.63） kJ/kg,并且杉木的火强度和蔓延速度最小,分别为（259.64±19.73） kW/m和（0.33±0.14） m/min,所以杉木的燃烧性最差;云南松纯林可燃物载量为(0.27±0.12)kg/m2,热值为(21390.88±73.39)kJ/kg,火强度较低,为（307.26±15.83） kW/m,实际烧损率仅为（55.32±15.02）%,云南松的热值最大,容易引燃,但载量太低,无法维持正常燃烧;华山松纯林的热值低于云南松,且火强度和烧损率低于云南松-华山松混交林;云南松-华山松混交林的蔓延速度和火强度为（0.82±0.31） m/min和（564.14±13.53） kW/m,远高于其他3种,潜在火灾风险等级最高。由上述潜在火行为可知,海寨林场4种针叶林引发火灾的风险等级由高到低依次为云南松-华山松混交林、华山...     

Numerical study of the effect of fuel moisture content (FMC) upon the propagation of a surface fire on a flat terrain

This paper was devoted to clarify and evaluate how fuel moisture content (FMC) characterising a homogeneous vegetation layer (grass or shrubs), can affect the behaviour of surface fire. The approach used in this study was based on numerical simulations performed using a detailed fire physical model. The numerical results were analysed in terms of fire residence time, fire front depth, mass loss rate and rate of spread (ROS). Two windy conditions (calm and weak) were studied to evaluate the decay of the rate of spread (ROS) resulting from an increase of the fuel moisture content. The effect of wind velocity upon marginal burning conditions was also analysed. The numerical results were compared with empirical data of the literature.     

北京地区5个针叶树种抗火性研究

摘 要：冬春季节,是北京地区森林火灾的高发期。为了选取合适营造生物防火林带的树种,阻止森林火灾蔓延,减少森林火灾带来的损失,对北京地区5个常见针叶树种抗火性进行了研究。分别测定了不同针叶树种树皮和树叶的含水率、树皮厚度、树叶表面积与体积比、树叶燃点、树叶热值和树叶粗灰分含量等指标,利用因子分析法对树种的抗火性能进行综合评价和排序,通过对不同树种的7个抗火性单变量进行因子分析,得出5个树种抗火性能的综合排序为:刺柏＞白皮松＞油松＞圆柏＞侧柏。     

Numerical simulation of surface forest fire in Brazilian Amazon

This paper investigates fire spread through surface fuels of the Brazilian Amazon by using a three-dimensional, fully transient, physics-based computer simulation approach. Computer simulations are obtained through the solution to governing equations of fluid dynamics, combustion, heat transfer and thermal degradation of the vegetative fuel. Surface fuel fires composed mostly of dead leaves and twigs were numerically simulated and the calculated rate of spread was compared to findings from field observations. The importance of air humidity, vegetation temperature, moisture content, surface to volume ratio and bulk density was evaluated through the variation of each one individually in numerical simulation runs. Conclusions show that in the range of parameter variation considered, the most important parameters are the vegetation moisture, surface area to volume ratio, and bulk density. The vegetation initial temperature and air humidity, in the range of variation studied, did not influence the fire rate of spread. The numerical simulations also showed that the radiation process is very important and directly affects the fire rate of spread. Convection is less important because of the absence of external wind. The model is able to capture the main effects of a surface forest fire typical of the Amazon, and can be used as a numerical tool for studying such fires.     

历史文化街区、传统村落活化利用消防设计研究

摘 要：我国要求在城乡建设中系统保护、利用、传承好历史文化遗产,对于历史文化街区、传统村落的活化利用形成一批可复制可推广的经验。然而近年来相关火灾事故频发,火灾隐患整治和消防能力提升活动持续进行。归纳总结了国内外相关标准规范情况,针对历史文化街区、传统村落活化利用过程中消防设计难以遵照现行消防规范执行的现状,总结提炼出针对性消防设计的思路,从区域、建筑、监控管理三个层面提出消防设计策略。     

Characterization of Fuel Properties and Fire Spread Rates for Little Bluestem Grass

Rapid urban sprawl and population decentralization in recent decades have increased the size of the wildland-urban interface and resulted in higher community risk and vulnerability to wildfire. This paper primarily focuses on understanding grass-fueled fires common to Texas and improving the understanding of the physics and fire dynamics that are inherent in the grassland and prairie flame spread problem. Little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) grass was chosen as the grassland fuel due to its prevalent coverage in the Texas area and its relevance to grassland fires in Texas. The methodology in this study relies on a framework to characterize fuel properties of little bluestem grass using small- and intermediate-scale experiments to better predict full-scale fire behavior. An intermediate-scale numerical flame spread model was developed for grass fuels that accounts for fuel moisture content to calculate the mass versus time of a burning little bluestem plant. The results of the small- and intermediate-scale experiments were used to develop input parameters for a field-scale numerical simulation of a grass field using a physics-based computational fire model, Wildland-urban interface Fire Dynamics Simulator (WFDS). A sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the effect of varying WFDS input parameters on the fire spread rate. The results indicate that the fuel moisture content had the most significant impact on the fire spread rate.     

Critical mass flux for flaming ignition of wet wood

Wood is a common building material and can constitute the bulk of the fuel load in structures. Cellulosic, woody material is also the fuel in a wildland fire. Wood and forest fuels are porous and hygroscopic so their moisture content varies with the ambient temperature and relative humidity. A complete understanding of both structural and wildland fire thus involves understanding the effect of moisture content on ignition. The ignition criterion considered in this work is critical mass flux – that a sufficient amount of pyrolysis gases must be generated for a diffusion flame to establish above the surface. An apparatus was built to measure the critical mass flux for sustained flaming ignition of woody materials for varying environmental conditions (incident heat flux and airflow (oxidizer) velocity). This paper reports the variation of measured critical mass fluxes for poplar with externally applied incident radiant heat flux, airflow velocity, and moisture content. The critical mass flux is seen to increase with increasing levels of moisture content, incident heat flux, and airflow velocity. Future work will focus on modeling these experiments and exploring the changes in critical mass flux with species, thickness, and live fuels.     

燃料覆盖率对非连续分布固体竖向火蔓延的影响

非连续分布固体燃料是指多个固体可燃物非常靠近但被气隙隔开的状态,与连续分布燃料相比,非连续分布燃料更能够代表一些现实的火灾情况,以往的研究中较少涉及.笔者通过实验的方法分析不同燃料覆盖率下固体燃料竖直向上火焰蔓延的特点.所选用的浇筑型聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(简称"PMMA")材料广泛应用于高层建筑外立面中,呈现出一种非连续分...