唐钢50 t复吹转炉水模型的实验研究

针对唐钢50 t复吹转炉,采用1:6.35水模型的正交试验,研究了氧枪枪型、枪位、顶吹流量和底吹流量对熔池混匀时间、穿透深度、冲击面积和喷溅量的影响。结果表明,与4孔氧枪相比,使用改进后的4孔变角氧枪可增加对熔池的冲击面积,降低穿透深度和炉口溅出量,缩短混匀时间。对于50 t复吹转炉实际枪位≤1.3 m,有利于缩短冶炼时间,提高冶炼强度;顶吹流量控制在13 000～14000 m³/h,可缩短混匀时间和减少炉口溅出量。     

低枪位下氧枪射流对熔池作用的冷态实验研究

采用水力学模型进行了低枪位下顶吹射流对熔池作用的冷态实验,研究了枪位、气体流量、氧枪喷头类型等因素对冲击深度、喷溅量和熔池混匀时间等的影响.实验结果发现,喷孔倾角增大时,射流冲击深度减小,熔池喷溅量较少,混匀时间相对较短.氧枪喷孔倾角为13°和17°时,其最小混匀时间对应枪位为60mm,冲击深度比为32%～50%;而氧...     

漩流氧枪转炉炼钢熔体的喷溅行为

 转炉冶炼过程金属熔体的喷溅对于转炉反应器的性能有重要影响。氧枪作为氧气射流的产生及控制单元,决定了转炉吹炼过程熔体的喷溅行为。通过水模型试验,研究了漩流氧枪转炉冶炼过程熔体的喷溅,考察了氧枪喷孔扭转角设计及操作参数下熔体喷溅速率和喷溅的空间分布规律,基于此,分析了漩流氧枪对转炉反应器性能的影响。结果表明,相比于传统氧枪吹炼,漩流氧枪吹炼时熔体喷溅速率降低,喷溅高度下降,喷溅在径向空间分布趋于均匀,且随着喷孔扭转角的增大,该分布规律变化更为显著,扭转角大于20°时,喷溅到炉口及炉外的熔体降为零。漩流氧枪吹炼时,喷溅速率及喷溅量在不同径向和高度位置处分布随着顶吹气量的增大而增大,受枪位的影响规律与扭转角有关。     

重钢85t复吹转炉的水模型试验

通过重钢85 t复吹转炉1∶8的水模型,试验研究了顶枪枪位、底吹流量对转炉熔池混匀时间、炉口喷溅量、冲击深度和液面扰动的影响。实验表明,模型获得最大搅拌能的顶枪枪位为50~100 mm;枪位在90~110 mm时,由射流冲击引起的物理喷溅量达到最大值。建立了重钢85 t转炉复吹工艺参数:冶炼前期顶枪枪位为1600~1760 mm,底吹流量240~350 m³/h;中期两参数分别为1100~1300 mm和160~200 m³/h,后期两参数分别为1040~1120 mm和200~350 m³/h。     

莱钢高铁水比转炉冶炼工艺实践

莱钢在转炉工序采用高铁水比装入制度,由于造渣制度及枪位控制不合理、炉型控制不当及铁水流冲击,导致喷溅加剧,兑铁位侵蚀。通过优化造渣工艺、枪位控制及溅渣护炉工艺,喷溅渣量由25.5kg/t降至17.5kg/t,钢铁料消耗由1069.5kg/t降至1064.0kg/t,耐材消耗由0.42kg/t降至0.20kg/t,氧枪寿命由210炉提高至325炉。     

电弧炉氧枪搅拌特性及熔池混匀效果的试验研究

采用1∶10水模型对100t电弧炉炉壁氧枪搅拌特性和熔池混匀效果进行了试验研究。研究了炉壁氧枪水平角、垂直角、气体流量及氧枪布置等对熔池各区域搅拌效果和混匀时间的影响。试验结果表明,相对于垂直角而言,水平角对熔池各区域的流动和混匀有更为显著的影响。熔池混匀时间随气体流量的增大而减小,但气体流量增大会导致熔池喷溅量增大,且熔池液体对炉底的冲刷增强。对比两种不同的氧枪布置方案,采用原型分布且氧枪水平角为10°时,整个熔池具有最好的混匀效果。     

100t顶底复吹转炉冶炼过程的水力学模拟研究

以100 t顶底复吹转炉与氧枪工艺参数为基础,采用冷态模拟方法,研究了熔池深度、枪位、顶吹和底吹气体流量对转炉冶炼效果的影响规律。结果表明,100 t顶底复吹转炉的熔池深度控制在1.25 m以内,有利于延长炉底的使用寿命;枪位控制在60~90 mm(实际枪位为1.25~1.5 m)范围内、顶吹流量为37 Nm3/h(实际流量为21 000 Nm3/h)时,能提高搅拌强度,保证适当的熔池冲击深度以及最小的炉口喷溅量。     

氧煤燃烧熔分炉熔渣喷溅数值模拟

针对氧煤燃烧熔分炉在熔炼过程中的喷溅行为,采用Fluent软件中VOF多相流模型耦合Realizable k-ε湍流模型进行数值模拟,利用水模试验加以验证,对熔分炉熔渣喷溅过程进行研究,探究不同工艺参数(流量、倾角、直径和浸没深度)对喷溅高度的影响。结果表明,熔渣喷溅由残余部分动能的气泡逸出破碎产生;随着氧枪流量的增大,其喷溅高度不断增加,流量为0.28 kg/s时喷溅达到3.13 m;倾斜角度增加造成喷溅高度先增加后减小,倾角为-10°时喷溅高度最大为3.07 m;增加氧枪直径,喷溅高度先增大后减小,在直径为30 mm时喷溅最高为3.09 m;减小氧枪浸没深度有利于降低喷溅高度,当浸没深度为150 mm时,喷溅高度约为3.075 m。     

90t复吹转炉水模实验研究

进行了90t复吹转炉水模实验，研究枪位、底吹流量对溶池搅拌、喷溅、冲击深度的影响。当底吹流量控制在0.45-0.75Nm^3/h，枪位在229mm时溶池混匀时间短，且吹练喷溅量少。顶底复吹条件下，较浅的溶池冲击深度就可达到良好的搅拌效果，有利于减少对炉底的冲击。采用铝粉示踪法显示了不同吹炼条件下熔池的流谱，同纯顶吹相比，顶底复吹时（4个元件底吹）炉壁面附近区域搅拌明显改善，凹坑下面区域的流体螺旋向上流动。     

莱钢90t复吹转炉氧枪黏钢原因分析及预防措施

氧枪是转炉炼钢的重要设备,是向炉内供氧的主要工具,在转炉冶炼过程中,经常会出现氧枪黏钢的现象。对莱钢90t顶底复吹转炉氧枪黏钢的原因进行了分析,从喷溅控制、枪位控制、炉渣碱度等方面查找原因,通过控制低温喷溅、高温喷溅,实施高-低-高-低枪位、低碱度冶炼等措施,达到全过程化渣;防止炉渣过泡或返干,保持炉渣碱度适中且流动性良好,保持稳定的炉底高度,及时测量液面高度并动态掌握枪位,从而减轻了氧枪黏钢,延长了氧枪使用寿命,提高了生产节奏。     

基于声强的转炉氧枪枪位控制专家系统

针对转炉吹炼过程氧枪枪位控制,利用炉口噪声强度与炉内炉渣厚度之间的关系,建立氧枪枪位专家系统,以实现在氧枪操作时,防止喷溅及返干现象的发生,从而优化氧枪吹炼过程。仿真分析表明,该系统可平稳操作氧枪,抑制喷溅及返干效果较好,为转炉吹炼过程氧枪控制提供了一个有效的方法。     

超音速射流冲击260 t转炉熔池界面行为研究

建立了260t转炉吹炼过程中的可压缩、非等温三维VOF 模型。研究了多孔超音速射流与转炉熔池作用过程特征,阐明了射流与熔融钢水界面接触的轮廓变化。揭示了钢液喷溅机制,定量分析了冲击坑形态大小。结果表明,吹炼过程具有瞬时性,随着吹炼进行,气液界面逐渐失稳并发生喷溅,喷溅会以大块金属带和液滴两种形式共存。在2.2 m枪位53000 m³/h的工况下,进行吹炼时形成的底部死区面积约为熔池底部面积的12%~15%,冲击坑直径占比熔池直径的55%左右,冲击坑深度占比熔池深度的30%左右。工业生产实践表明,过程枪位2.2 m,吹气量53000 m³/h,吹氧15.2 min,氧耗47.7 m3/t,脱磷率83.1%,钢铁料消耗降至1115 kg/t。     

Physical and mathematical models of gas‐liquid fluid dynamics in LD converters

Fluid dynamics of gas‐liquid interactions in a LD converter to refine steel was physically and mathematically simulated. Using a water model three cases of gas supply were considered, top blowing, bottom injection and combined process top blowing‐bottom injection. Mixing time in top blowing increases with bath height and the distance between the lance of the gaseous jet and the bath surface. The jet penetration was found to be dependent on the modified Froude number. The unstable and unsteady behaviour of the bath topography, as affected by the gaseous jet, was well simulated through a multiphase momentum transfer model. In top blowing, three zones of liquid splashing were found, penetration with low splash, heavy splash and dimpling with low splash intensity. These zones depend on the gas flow rate and the distance from the lance to the bath surface. During bottom injection mixing times decrease with the number of tuyères, increases of bath height and gas flow rate. In a combined process mixing time decreases considerably due to the recirculating flow formed by the action of the top jet and the submerged jets. When a submerged jet is located just below the top jet the mixing time does not decrease as compared with the separated processes either top blowing or bottom stirring.     

优化过程枪位控制减少复吹转炉炼钢喷溅

喷溅是转炉炼钢过程中常见的危害现象,主要分为金属喷溅、泡沫渣喷溅、爆发性喷溅,控制喷溅的关键就是控制枪位,所以合理的枪位在整个吹炼过程中尤为重要。根据莱钢特钢事业部90t复吹转炉实际生产情况,分别从吹炼前期、中期和后期喷溅进行原因研究分析,主要通过优化过程枪位控制的应用措施,使渣中聚集适当的（FeO）含量,有效减少了喷溅。并总结出优化后的大致枪位图,可供生产者参考借鉴。     

转炉氧枪枪位对熔池作用规律研究

为研究吹炼过程中枪位变化对转炉内产生的不同状态,设计吹炼过程水模型实验,并辅助相应计算,发现枪位变化对炉内的液面波动、飞溅高度、冲击直径、冲击深度有一定影响,枪位1.3 m时液面波动和飞溅影响最小。吹炼过程中枪位变化制造了炉内各种波动和高氧化性炉渣,作用于炉衬发生侵蚀。实验发现转炉内波动分2种,一是低枪位区钢渣“朝夕式”运动、二是中高枪位区钢渣“瀑布式”运动。为提高冶金效果,根据实验结论对转炉枪位控制工艺优化,将过程枪位从1.6~1.5 m降低至1.5~1.4 m、终点枪位从1.4 m降低至1.3 m。工艺调整后,吹炼时间比优化前缩短26 s,炉渣中FeO的质量分数降低7.48%,吹炼终点钢液中残锰质量分数提高了0.052%,炉衬侵蚀比优化前明显减轻。      

Splashing mechanism in combined blowing

Abstract

In combined BOF blowing, lance parameters and the combination of bottom or side wall tuyeres have an influence on splashing behaviour. The aim of this study was to clarify the interaction of the lance jet cavity with the bottom blowing plume and the side wall blowing jet and to determine its effects on splashing. According to the water model tests, three basic axioms existed in the combined blowing. First, when the bottom tuyere (or side wall tuyere) was located exactly beneath the lance jet, the lowered cavity turned the direction of splashes to lower trajectories. Second, the total amount of splashing was constant and the splashing peak was generated on the wall above the bottom plume. Third, both the plume and the side wall jet formed a so called protected zone beyond it. The model experiments showed clearly that the combination of bottom tuyeres and interaction of cavities and plumes play a very important role in splash generation in real converters.     

Combined blowing with three ‐ hole lance in a sidewall blowing converter

Traditionally, in stainless steelmaking converters, oxygen has been blown by a one‐hole lance (1 HL) and sidewall tuyères. In order to reduce the tap‐to‐tap time, the multi‐hole lance has been used for oxygen blowing. The aim of this work was to develop blowing practise for a multi‐hole lance to reduce the tap‐to‐tap time and minimise metal splashing and spitting in the sidewall blowing converter (chromium converter). In the chromium converter the chemical energy of liquid ferrochrome (which contains 4 % silicon and 7 % carbon) is utilised for scrap melting by oxidising the silicon and the part of carbon. The research has been made by a dynamically scaled water model and full‐scale converter. Used parameters were the gas flowrate from sidewall tuyères and lance, lance height, charge weight and position of multi‐hole lance. Splashing has been measured during blowing from walls (splashing) and mouth of the converter model (spitting). The model tests indicated less splashing and spitting by the three‐hole lance (3 HL) than traditional 1 HL. The 1 HL caused strong skulling of the converter cone. By 3 HL blowing the position of the lance has a remarkable effect on the direction and the amount of splashing and lance life. Because of hot metal‐slag splashes, the life time of the 3 HL was halved by position 1 (compared to 1 HL). With the lance position 2 the splashing decreased by approx. 50% in model tests and lance life time increased by ~ 50% (compared to 1 HL) in the full‐scale converter. The model agreed well with the full‐scale converter. According to the process tests, the nominal productivity of the chromium converter has increased 15 % and depending on the refining practise and the silicon content of ferrochromium the lining life has increased 20 ‐ 30 %. In the future the multi‐hole lance will be tested in the AOD vessel.